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[German version] Of the broad spectrum of meanings of the Latin work, including the designation of a Roman rank ( ornamenta ), only the technical rhetorical term, 'rhetorical decoration', is dealt with here. The first systematic treatment of stylistic ornatus is in Theophrastus' teachings on the virtues of speech ( virtutes dicendi ). Here, ornatus appears as the fourth virtue, after Hellēnismós/ Latinitas (linguistic correctness), saphḗneia/ explanatio, perspicuitas (clarity) and prépon/ decorum, aptum (appropriacy) (Cic. Orat. 79; the Stoics later also added brevitas …

[German version] [1] P. Orator, 1st cent. BC C. is mentioned in Cic. Brut. 205 as copyist (ed.?) of the speeches of P. Sulpicius and as an extremely eloquent orator (positive, in Cic. Clu. 29, 50, 73f.), whereas Aper in Tac. Dial. 21,1 regards him as too old. He was not a senator, but appeared in the trial of Oppianicus (Clu. 58). The passive use of admirari in the only quote in Prisc. Gramm. 2,381,12f. leads to the conclusion that C. was an analogist. …

(γένη τῶν λόγων ῥητορικῶν; génē tôn lógōn rhētorikôn). …

[German version] The designation Asiatici for orators occurs for the first time in Cic. De or. 3,43 and is used again with a negative connotation in Brut. 51 and Orat. 27. In Sen. Controv. 1,2,23 and Quint. Inst. 12,10,1 the form Asiani is encountered. This designation arose about…

[German version] The first systematically composed form of brevitas in expression is the laconism (Pl. Prt. 342bc). In Plato's view, it not only consisted of dart-like short phrases and sentences but even more it reflected Spartan philosophy and view of the world. Demetrius (elocutiones 7; 242f.) explains laconic brevitas as: ‘orders are short and sharp’. This corresponds to the brevitas imperatoria of Tac. Hist. 1,18. Plato also provides the first example of philosophical striving for brevitas; in Prot. 329b; 335a-c and Gorg. 449bc Socrates pokes fun at the macrology …

(χαρακτῆρες τῆς λέξεως, charaktêres tês léxeōs). [German version] A. Concept and Classifications Genera dicendi ( GD) is taken as the usual term for the doctrine of style (as in Cic. Orat. 20; 69; Quint. Inst. 12,10,58; Isid. Orig. 2,17 H.), alongside elocutionis genera (Iul. Vict. rhet. 22 p. 438,8 H., 92,12 Giom.-Celentano; Aquila rhet. 27,10f.H.; Mart. Cap. 479,5 H.; Consultus Fortunatianus 3,8 [5. 510,5f.] as sing. genus e.). In the earliest Latin attestation (Rhet. Her. 4,11), elocutio and genera are linked, albeit separated by twelve words; genera elocutionis does not exist…

[German version] (Rubellius?, see Tac. Ann. 6,27). According to Seneca the Elder, who quotes him on several occasions (Controv. 1,7,10; 1,7,13; 2,5,13ff.; book 7 passim; in detail: Suas. 2,8), B. was probably the first teacher of rhetoric in Rome from the ranks of the equites (Controv. 2, pr. 5) at the end of the 1st cent. BC, probably between 15 and 9 BC. In spite of some Asianic touches -- he imitated a maxim of the Asianist Adaeus (Controv. 10,4,20) -- Flavianus, for instance, turned to him after he had left the school of the Asian  Arellius Fuscus in order to concentrate on B.'s philosophical declamation. Calboli, Gualtiero …

Plebeian family name, attested since the 1st cent. BC; also occurred in Praeneste (ThlL, Onom. 354f); the family is politically insignificant [2]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] C. Architect in the late republican period Architect of the pons Cestius between the right bank of the Tiber and Tiber Island, probably during the late republican period; otherwise unknown. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [I 2] C., C. Praetor (?) 44 BC Praetor (?) 44 BC; probably proscribed by Antonius in 43. Elvers…

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[German version] (λέξις; léxis). When first mentioned (Cic. Inv. 1,9) and discussed (Rhet. Her. 1,3; 4,10ff.) in Latin, elocutio was seen as the third stage of the work of the orator (  officia oratoris ). According to these sources, elocutio consists of four parts, the aretaí tês léxeōs ( virtutes elocutionis): 1. ἑλληνισμός ( hellēnismós), latinitas: grammatical correctness; 2. σαφήνεια ( saphḗneia), explanatio: clarity; 3. πρέπον ( prépon), decorum, aptum (missing in Rhet. Her.; according to Cic. De or. 1,132, it is impossible to teach decere in an ars): aptness; 4. κατασκευή ( kataskeuḗ), d…

Roman gentilicium. [German version] [1] Historian, 1st cent. BC 1st cent. BC, published a work of history or epic probably about the first Punic war ( bellum Carthaginiense Fest. 158 M), perhaps identical to no. 5 [1]. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [2] Banker Banker (Hor. Epod. 2,67). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] [3] Marius, 2nd half of 3rd cent. BC Marius, Campanian, fell in 215 BC fighting against Rome (Liv. 23,35,13; 19). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) …

[German version] (φωνασκοί/ phōnaskoí, Latin phonasci). Voice coaches whose professional teaching skills were called upon first of all by heralds, then by singers, actors, choreuts, rhapsodists, orators, itinerant teachers, and people who read out loud in public. Their technique, phōnaskía, is already mentioned at Dem. Or 18,280 and Or. 19,255. The phōnaskoí as a profession are mentioned for the first…

Name of a Roman plebeian family, probabl…

[German version] [1] L. Annaeus S. The Elder, Latin rhetor and historian, first years of Principate (Seneca the Elder, Seneca Rhetor). Calboli, Gualtiero (Bologna) [German version] I. Life Latin orator, born at Corduba (modern Córdoba) between 61 and 55, probably 55 BC (it was only because of the civil war that he was unable to hear Cicero, Sen. Controv. 1 praef. 11). He came from a wealthy equestrian family, and owned estates (wine, olives) in the same region [8. 6]. He made two lengthy sojourns at Rome (Sen. Controv. 4 praef. 3), where he heard the most famous orators and declaimers of his age: Asinius [I 4] Pollio, Arellius Fuscus, Albucius [3] Silus, L. Cestius [II 4], Papiriu…