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[German version] (Γραία/ Graía, Γραῖα/ Graīa). A settlement in Boeotia mentioned in the Homeric catalogue of ships (Il. 2,498), located between Oropus and Tanagra. Its location was probably known as far back as the archaic period but then lost. There were already several identifications in antiquity; possibly located on the Boeotian coast of the Euboean Gulf west of Oropus. References: Str. 9,2,10; Paus. 9,20,1; Steph. Byz. s.v. Γ., s.v. Ὠρωπός. Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography H. Beister, Auf der Suche nach dem homer. G. in Böotien, in: E. Olshausen (ed.), Stuttgarter Kolloq…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Oracles | Boeotia, Boeotians (Ὑηττός; Hyēttós). A city in Boeotia north of the Copais, northeast of Orchomenus, east of modern Loutsi; localized by inscriptions for Septimius Severus and Caracalla (IG VII 2833f.). Settled at least from the archaic to the Byzantine periods, bishop's seat in the 5th and 6th cents. AD. Numerous remains, rich epigraphical material (IG VII and [1]). Member of the Boeotian League, provided two Boeotarchs in the 5th/4th cents. BC together with Orchomenus (Hell. Oxy. 19,3,390: Ὑσιαῖοι/ Hysiaîoi)…

(Θεράπναι/ Therápnai). [German version] [1] City in Crete City in Crete, probably in the central north (presumably between Eleutherna and Cydonia; [cf. 1. 198]), reckoned one of the island's more important towns (Mela 2,113; Plin. HN 4,59). Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) Bibliography 1 P. Faure, La Crète aux cents villes, in: Κρητικὰ Χρονικά 13, 1959, 171-217. [German version] [2] Place in Laconia This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta Cult site in Laconia (Laconica) on the left bank of the Eurotas, c. 2 km to the southeast of Sparta on a foothill of the Parnon…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Punic Wars (Φοινίκη; Phoiníkē). Polis of Epeirotic Chaones near modern Finiq (Albania), on a hill protruding steeply out of the Bistrica Valley and stretching from the north-west to the south-east, c. 5 km north-east of the harbour of Onchesmus that belongs to it, c. 17 km north of Buthrotum. Settlement is evidenced from the 5th cent. BC to the Byzantine period [1. 219ff.]. P. appears in the 4th cent. BC on theōrodókoi lists from Epidaurus (IG IV2 1,95,29) and Argos (SEG 23, 189 I 12). After the fall of the kingdom …

[German version] [1] River in central Greece (Κηφισ(σ)ός; Kēphis(s)ós). Main river of central Greece (Pind. Ol. 14,1; Pind. Pyth. 4,46). Its perennial main source is in  Lilaea (Phocis) at Mount Parnassus (Hom. Il. 2,523; Str. 9,2,19; Paus. 9,24,1; 10,33,4f.; Plin. HN 4,27; around the spring was an important sanctuary whose priests were eponymous for Lilaea: FdD 3,4,2, p. 206-209, no. 132-135); further non-permanent sources were in Doris. The C. passes through Phocis and Boeotia, and flows at Orchomenus…

[German version] (Θούριον; Thoúrion). Chain of mountains (511 m high) in western Boeotia between Lebadea and Chaeronea; modern T. In a depression on the northwestern edge there is a temple to Apollo Thourios [1. 383 f.; 2. 43 f.]. Part of the Orthopagus (Plut. Sulla 17,4; modern Agios Demetrios), the northwestern section of the T., and rising above Chaeronea (Paus. 9,41,6) is Petrachus, where Cornelius [I 90] Sulla was victorious over Archelaus [4] in the first of the Mithridatic Wars (86 BC; Plut. Sulla 17,4-19,5; Paus. 9,40,7). Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 Fossey 2 Sch…

[German version] (Ἴσος; Ísos). Location uncertain, at the time of Strabo already a desolate area (ἴχνη πόλεως, Str. 9,2,14) near Anthedon in Boeotia. Vestiges at the north-east end of Lake Paralimni can probably be identified as I. ([1. 457f.; 2. 257-261], contrastingly [3. 62f.]). Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 F. Noack, Arne, in: MDAI(A) 19, 1894, 405-485 2 Fossey 3 P. W. Wallace, Strabo's Description of Boiotia 1979.

[German version] [1] River in Boeotia (Θερμώδων; Thermṓdōn). River (Hdt. 9,43,2: potamós; Paus. 9,19,3: cheímarros, ‘torrent’) of uncertain location in Boeotia, between Tanagra and Glisas, probably closer to Glisas. Possibly the modern Kalamítis, which flows on the south side of the Hypatus mountains (modern Sagmatás) and passes Glisas to the south [1. 222f.]. Identification with the Haemon [6] (Plut. Theseus 27,6; Plut. Demosthenes 19) is incorrect. Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 Fossey. [German version] [2] River in Asia minor Coastal river (modern Terme); r…

[German version] (Τευμησσός; Teumēssós). Town or mountain in Boeotia (Hom. h. ad Apollinem 224), modern Mesovouni; about 7 km to the northeast of Thebae [2] ([2. 212-217]; contra [4. 96-98]: about 4 km to the southeast of this near the district of Soula on the modern Paliobouna) on the route to Chalcis [1] (Paus. 9,19,1); evidence of a sanctuary of Athena Telchinia without cult image [3]; cf. Str. 9,2,24; Steph. Byz. s. v. T., further sources in [1]. Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 C. Fiehn, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 1134 f. 2 Fossey 3 Schachter, vol. 1, 129; vol. 3, 40 4 P. W. Wallace,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Macedonia, Macedones | Boeotia, Boeotians (Αὐλίς; Aulís). Boeotian coastal town on the Euboean Gulf, c. 3 km south of Euripus; with Artemis sanctuary. In the north of A. lies a smaller, in the south, c. 1 km away, a larger bay (βαθὺς λιμήν, bathỳs limḗn). In the epic tradition, the collection point of the Greeks for the journey to Troy and the place where Agamemnon sacrificed his daughter  Iphigenia to Artemis to ensure favourable winds for the journey. In 396 BC, demonstrative starting…

[German version] (Τράφεια; Trápheia). Polis in Boeotia (Nic. Ther. 887-889), known for cattle breeding (Steph. Byz. s. v. T.), either where the combined Rivers Ismenus and Thespius flow into the southeastern bay of Hylice, where there was an extensive settlement [1. 244-246], or on the other bank at the kastron of modern Hylike [2. 2222]. Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 Fossey 2 E. Kirsten, s. v. T., RE 6 A, 2221-2223.

[German version] (Πτώιον/ Ptṓion, Πτῷον/ Ptôion, Πτῶν/ Ptôn). Mountain range in north-eastern Boeotia, stretching east of Lake Copais to the Gulf of Euboea (cf. Boeotia, map), height in the east reaching 781 m (Petalás), in the west the main massif at 725 m (Hagia Pelagia). Below this to the west, at the crossing of important pass roads by the powerful spring of Perdikovrysi near Acraephia, was the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, whose oracle was said never to lie (Paus. 9,23,7). Ptous was the name of a lo…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Acarnanians, Acarnania | Grain Trade, Grain Import (Πάλαιρος; Pálairos). City in western Acarnania, to the east of Leucas (Str. 10,2,21) on a mountain spur of the mostly impassable peninsula of Plagia, which at the time P. was at its zenith predominantly belonged to its territory; the name is Illyrian. The citadel in the modern district of Kechropoula (epigraphical identification: [2]) commands the fertile plain of Zaverda (modern P.) to the east and the south. In 431 BC the Corinthian town (πόλισμα/ pólisma) of Sollium and…

[German version] (Κωπαίς; Kōpaís). Northern Boeotian basin, formerly with a lake that had no drain above ground. The rivers  Cephis(s)us [1] (therefore Κηφισίς ( Kēphisís), Hom. Il. 5,709; Paus. 9,24,1) and Melas as well as the streams and revmata from the surrounding mountains flowed into it. It was named after the city of  Copae on the north-eastern shore; the existence of different regional parts named after the main cities along the shore is documented [2. 16]. The area of the C. plain comprised c. 350 km2, the expansion of the lake had strong seasonal variations and did not exceed c. 2…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Grain Trade, Grain Import | Macedonia, Macedones | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Pompeius | Attica | Education / Culture | Boeotia, Boeotians (Τάναγρα/ Tánagra). City in east Boeotia on the eastern foothills of the Ceryceum mountains, north of the point where the Laris flowed into the Asopus [2], c. 4,5 km southeast of modern T. (formerly Vratsi). The extensive remains have not been systematically excavated [1; 6]. The Mycenaean settlement and the necropolis near Vratsi, with its many la…

[German version] (Σόλλιον; Sóllion). Originally a Corinthian settlement (Thuc. 2,30,1: πόλισμα; Steph. Byz. s. v. Σ.: πολίχνιον) with a harbour in the area of the Plagia peninsula, which is to the east of Leucas; unlocated (suggestions: [1. 21 f.]). Mentioned only when captured by the Athenians in 431 BC, after which S. was permanently annexed to Palaerus (Thuc. 2,30,1; 5,30,2). Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 M. Schoch, Beiträge zur Topographie Akarnaniens in klassischen und hellenistischen Zeit, 1997. Chr. Wacker, Palairos, 1999, 47-54.

[German version] (Ὄλμωνες; Ólmōnes). Town in Boeotia to the north of Copais and east of Orchomenus [1], bordering in the south on Hyettus; identified with the kastro of Pavlon  ([2. 297f.; 3. 2491], contra: [1. 24-27]), limited remains. Described by Paus. 9,24,3 as a 'village' (κώμη/ kṓmē), but the ethnicon Olmṓnios (Ὀλμώνιος, IG VII 2808,13ff., 3rd cent. AD) may suggest later autonomy. Fell, Martin (Münster) Bibliography 1 R. Etienne, D. Knoepfler, Hyettos de Béotie ..., 1976 2 Fossey, 296-299 3 E. Kirsten, s.v. O., RE 17, 2490ff.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture | Boeotia, Boeotians (Ἀνθηδών; Anthēdṓn). Harbour town in northern  Boeotia ((Hom. Il. 2,508 calls it ἐσχατόωσα; eschatóōsa, ‘the farthest’), situated on the foothills of Mount  Messapion, on the gulf of  Euboea, c.14 km west of  Chalcis, 2 km north of the modern Loukisia. It was inhabited from the Mycenaean period until at least into the 6th cent. AD; its main income derived from fishing and seafaring. Under the rule of Epaminondas (middle of the 4th cent. …

(Δήλιον; Dḗlion). The name of several sanctuaries of Delian Apollo. [German version] [1] Sanctuary of Apollo with small settlement This item can be found on the following maps: Peloponnesian War Sanctuary to Apollo with a small settlement (πολίχνιον) and harbour on the Boeotian east coast, south-east of the modern Dilesi; a Theban, later Tanagran possession. The town was settled from the Mycenaean to the Byzantine period; few traces survive. Shared cult with Artemis and Leto. Frequently mentioned by sources, in particular ow…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Peloponnesian War (Ὄλπαι/ Ólpai, Ὄλπη/ Ólp ē). Fortified location on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Ambracia (Thuc. 3,105,1: τεῖχος ἐπὶ λόφου ἰσχυρόν/ teîchos epì lóphou ischyrón, 'strong wall on the crest of a hill'; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ὄλπαι: φρούριον/ phroúrion, 'fort') in the territory of the Amphilochi (fortification, Dorian temple on the Agrilovouni near Arapi). O. also served as an arbitration venue (κοινὸν δικαστήριον/ koinòn dikastḗrion) in disputes between the Acarnanians and the Amphilochi (Thuc. 3,1…