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[German version] Deity of Sabine origin whose name in Antiquity was translated as virtus or ἀνδρία/ andría, ‘manliness’, and fortitudo, ‘strength’, ‘bravery’ (Gell. NA 13,23,7; Lydus, Mens. 4,60). Nerio is derived from Indoeuropean * ner-, ‘man-’, which is preserved in many Italian dialects, but was replaced in Latin by uir-, except in the personal names Nerio and Nero [1. 438f.]. It is an attractive hypothesis that M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus was thinking of the Sabine Nerio when dedicating anew the santuary of Honos outside the Porta Capena…

[German version] Lat. 'announcer' of vaticinationes, 'prophecies', which occur by means of divine inspiration and are, according to Cicero, part of the 'natural' divination (Cic. Div. 1,4; 1,34 et passim; Divination VII: ill. of the communication pattern); occasionally, however, representatives of the 'artificial' divination (Haruspices; Augures) are also called vates (such as Liv. 2,42,10). The vates speaks in verse ( canere since Enn. Ann. 207; carmina: Sall. Hist. 1,77,3 et passim) and is thus part of a general ancient tradition of prophetically inspired text p…

[German version] (φυλακτήριον/ phylaktḗrion, literally 'means of protection') refers to a religious formula used to ask for protection (PGM VII 317f.) as well as to an amulet believed to offer safety, Latin amuletum (Char. 1,15; [1]). Since amulets were worn around the neck, head, arms and legs or attached to clothing, they were also called in Greek περιάμματα/ peri(h) ámmata or περίαπτα/ perí(h)apta (Plat. Resp. 426b; cf. Pind. Pyth. 3,52f.: peri(h)áptōn phármaka); in Latin, ligamenta or ligaturae (Aug. Serm. 4,36; cf. Cato Agr. 160: adligare), 'tied-on objects'. Here ancient …

[German version] As the social category of the human 'sense of shame', pudor is an element of Roman discourse on values from its earliest mention on (e.g. Plaut. Epid. 166). Yet only in the intensified moral discourses of the Augustan Period  - in imitation of the Greek a idṓs - does it come to the fore as an appellative and person. Amongst poets the mention of pudor can sometimes evoke Pudicitia (Serv. Auct. Aen. 4,27; Hor. Carm. saec. 57; [1. 89]). Admittedly, unlike the personification of female chastity, p udor was not formally worshipped. However, its combination with Copia, Fi…

[German version] V. is a goddess ( dea) of the city of Rome, recorded only in Val. Max. 2,1,6, whose small sanctuary ( sacellum) still stood on the Palatine at the time of Tiberius [II 1]: couples used to go there (but no longer in the time of Valerius Maximus) to resolve marriage difficulties by mutual exchange of their arguments. The name of the goddess was explained, entirely in the sense of a moralizing strategy by the author, with the etymology a placandis viris, 'from placating husbands'. With the aid of problematic 19th and 20th cent. religious and evolutionist categori…

[German version] A subterranean pit, presumably expanded into a chamber, associated in Rome and other Italic cities with religious cult. A possible architectonic parallel is the subterranean sanctuary of Dionysus in Volsinii (Bolsena) from the 3rd cent. BC [1 Fig. 1]. There is agreement neither on the etymology of the Latin word mundus [2], nor on the origins or the function of the religious mundus. It has been associated with a pre-deistic form of worship of the spirits of the dead, but also with primitive agrarian and fertility rituals (critica…

[German version] ('College of seven men'). Founded at Rome in 196 BC by resolution of the people, initially as a college of three men (Liv. 33,42,1), later (perhaps under L. Cornelius [I 90] Sulla) enlarged to seven, and finally, by Caesar, to ten members (Cass. Dio 43,51,9), the Roman urban priestly college known as the tresviri, later septemviri epulonum (e.g. InscrIt 13,2 p. 114 f.) or epulones ( epulo ; e.g. Liv. 33,42,1; Paul. Fest. 68 L.), took its name from its arrangement of the Iovis epulum , the sacrificial banquet ( ludorum epulare sacrificium: Cic. De or. 3,73) for Jupiter, …

[German version] (Πύθιοι/ Pýthioi). In the political organization of Sparta - according to tradition established by Lycurgus [4] - each of the two Spartan kings chose two ambassadors which were dispatched to obtain the oracles of Apollo Pythios in Delphi. In the Greek poleis, these ambassadors were usually called theoprópoi or theōroí; the name Pýthioi at Sparta thus reflects a special relationship between this polis and the Delphic oracle. The Pýthioi were allowed to dine in the skēnḕ dēmosía - at the expense of the dḗmos - as fellows in the kings' tent ( sýskēnoi) and at their table ( sýssit…

(Πάνθεος/ Pántheos, Πάνθειος/ Pántheios, Lat. Pantheus). In antiquity, P. ('all-god' or 'universal deity') referred (Auson. Epigrammata 32 Green; CGL V 318,38) to a deity which, within a differentiated polytheistic system, combined in itself the attributes, traits and identities of several or all gods (syncretism). [German version] I. Ancient concepts of a universal god In Mesopotamia, Greece and Rome, gods were structured into a hierarchic pantheon [1. 107-113; 177-181] analogous to hierarchic human social structures (cf. ruler). This structure e…

[German version] Mentioned in the Republican libri sacerdotum as an addressee of prayers (Gell. NA 13,23,2). In the Augustean period, the MM received a supplicatio every 12 May (Feriale Cumanum, InscrIt 13,2, p. 279). This supplication is connected with the natalis templi of the sanctuary of Mars Ultor in the Forum Augustum and with the ludi for Mars on the same day (Mars I.C.). The compound moles belli, ‘the dangers’ or ‘privations of war’, inspired by the mṓlos Árēos (since Hom. Il. 2,401), is present in Roman poets and historians from the 2nd cent. BC (Acc. fr. 610 TRF…

[German version] (Τριτοπάτορες/ Tritopátores, also Τριτοπατρεῖς/ Tritopatreîs). The cultically worshipped ancestors - usually as a collective, but also individually (Τριτοπάτωρ/ Tritopátōr: IDélos 1,66) - of a particular social group. Cults of the T. of a pólis , of demes ( dêmos [2]), phratríai or génē (Family, IV. A. 3.) are recorded in Attica and on Attic-influenced Delos, in Selinus [4], Troezen and Cyrene. Several local inscriptional texts, primarily including a lex sacra from Selinus, give information about their cultic status. Philochorus (FGrH 328 F 182) in…

[German version] In literature also rex sacrificulus (e.g. Liv. 2,2,1), 'king of the sacrifice', or simply rex (e.g. Varro Ling. 6,12 f.). The great age of this Roman priesthood is evident from the requirement that the rex sacrorum belong to a patrician gens (Cic. Dom. 38; Liv. 6,41,9; exception: MRR 1,284 n. 8), be born of a marriage concluded by confarreatio , and he himself be married by that ritual (Gai. Inst. 1,112). The rex sacrorum was nominated by the pontifical college, and, after being elected, inaugurated into the comitia calata (Antistius Labeo fr. 22 Huschke in Gell. NA …

[German version] ( Saxsanus, also Saxsetanus). Epithet, primarily of Hercules. The name derives from Latin saxum, 'rock, stone'; Hercules S. was worshipped in the context of individual Italic or provincial Roman quarrying regions. The beginning of the worship of Hercules S. dates back to before the second half of the 1st century AD in central Italy (Tibur: CIL XIV 3543, the restoration of an older sanctuary in the Flavian period as a terminus ante quem), less likely in upper Italy (CIL V 5013). From Italy, the cult presumably came to Germany with some of the soldiers…

[German version] The patrii di (Greek θεοὶ πάτριοι/ theoì pátrioi or θεοὶ πατρῷοι/ theoì patrôioi, theoí pátrioi ) were not a fixed category of Roman religious law, but represented an indigenous attempt to classify religious plurality in terms of the traditionalistic scheme typical of ancient religion: that of in-group/out-group. The 'gods of the fathers' gained some of their legitimacy from the fact that the ancestors were already worshipping them in accordance with the traditional value system (Latin patrii mores ritusque; Greek pátrioi nómoi). Therefore, patrii di can refer t…

[German version] According to Varro, Antiquitates rerum divinarum fragments 95 and 273 Cardauns (in Aug. Civ. 7,2-3; cf. ibid. 4,11), a daughter of Jupiter; se was the Roman goddess of menstruation. M., recorded nowhere else, seems to be patterned on the Greek μήνη/ mḗnē, ‘Moon (personified as Mḗnē/ Sēlēnē ), or the linguistically and connotatively related Greek μήν/ mēn, Latin mēnsis, ‘(lunar) month’, and continues the customary association of menstruation with the monthly cycle and the influence of the moon. M.'s sphere of action overlaps those of othe…

[German version] A group of deities whose worship is reflected in the inscriptions of Marruvium (Vetter no. 225 = [1. 43-47 no. 36]: esos nouesede, 3rd cent. BC) and Pisaurum (CIL XI 6297 = ILLRP 20: deiu no[ u] esede, 3rd/2nd cents. BC). Calpurnius Piso (fr. 45 HRR = 35 Forsythe) claims the origin and cult of the Di Novensides lie in the Sabine town of Trebula Mutuesca. Together with the Di Indigetes (see below) and other divinities the Di Novensides (as divi Novensiles; the ending in -ilis is probably secondary) are invoked in the devotional formula of P. Decius [I 1] Mus in 34…

[German version] The patera was a flat, round dish without a handle, decorated from time to time, with a bulge ( omphalós) in the middle (like the Greek phiálē : [1. 42-44]) that was used as a drinking vessel (Plaut. Amph. 260; Prop. 4,6,85) and as a sacrificial bowl in the Roman cultural area (Varro, Ling. 5,122; fig. see Sacrifice IV.): from the patera, the person offering up the sacrifice poured the libatio, the drink offering, especially the sacrifice of wine (libation and wine consumption: Verg. Aen. 1,728-740); it was also used to sprinkle the head of the sac…

[German version] Sagmina (pl.) were the herbs which were pulled out of the ground with their soil in Rome on the Arx on behalf of the fetiales (Plin. HN 22,5; 25,105; Fest. 424-426 L.). These herbs were used during the appointment ritual of the pater patratus (Liv. 1,24,4-6); the fetiales also took them along on their missions (Liv. 30,43,9). Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt) Bibliography J. Rüpke, Domi militiae, 1990, 100-103.

[German version] The object and function were already obsolete in the 1st cent. BC, and therefore required explanation. Paul Fest. 115 l. knows of two explanations: (1) the manalis lapis (ML) was an entrance to the underworld through which the souls of the subterraneans, alias Di Manes, ‘streamed ( manāre) into the upper world; (2) the ML was a stone (or a water jug: Varro in Non. 547 with dubious rationalization) located at the temple of Mars outside the Porta Capena in Rome which the pontifices ( Pontifex) pulled into the city in times of drought (cf. Paul Fest. 2 l., associating ML with aquaeli…

[German version] Goddess probably of Italian (Sabin.: [4. 166, 186]) origin. In 167 BC, after the victory over Perseus of Macedonia, L. Aemilius [I-32] Paullus burnt the weapons of the enemies for her and other deities (Liv. 45,33,1f.: L. mater; 8,1,6, L. mater as the addressee of a weapon-burning in 341 BC is presumably an annalistic fiction). The choice of the goddess may be explained by the derivation of her name from Latin luere: the weapon-burning after a successfully concluded battle marks the phase of demilitarization as a rite de passage; it symbolizes not only the ‘destructi…

[German version] A. Concept In the 1960s, criticism of the work-immanent interpretation of literary texts as closed systems was voiced in the aesthetics of reception of H. R. Jauss and in intertextuality as shaped by the semiotician Julia Kristeva. Kristeva was influenced by Mikhail Bakhtin's concept of the literary text as an open system: no text originates in a socio-historical vacuum; even at the very moment of its production it represents a dialogue with other literary and non-literary texts and…

[German version] According to Calpurnius Piso fr. 42 Peter = 10 Forsythe the wife of Volcanus, no other references. Assumed Oscian origin [1] contributes little to clarification. It is possible that Piso, against a contemporary identification of Maia as the wife of Volcanus and eponym of the month of May (conceivable with Gell. NA 13,23; Cincius fr. 8 GRF in Macrob. Sat. 1,12,18; Ov. Fast. 5,81-106), derives the name of the month from a goddess M., with M. for her part probably coming from Latin maiestas (Ov. Fast. 5,11-53 mentions the latter as a possible eponym of the name of …

[German version] Epithet of Juno. According to tradition, her Roman temple on the Arx (Capitolium) was vowed by L. Furius ([I 11], probably not [I 12]) Camillus in 345 BC (Liv. 7,28,4) and dedicated on 1 June 344 (Liv. 7,28,5f.; Ov. Fast. 6,183f.; Fasti Venusini, InscrIt 13,2, p. 58). The traditional story that the shrine was erected at the site of the house of M. Manlius [I 8] Capitolinus (e.g. Liv. 6,20,13; 7,28,5; Ov. Fast. 6,185f.) is based on its erroneous localization on the Arx. The source …

[German version] 'SR' take their name from an ancient Israelite ritual sequence described in Lv 16,5-10 and 20-22, in which every year at Yom Kippur a ram was sacrificed to Yahweh and a second, on to which all the guilt of the people of Israel had been transferred, was driven into the wilderness "to take away divine anger"( ăzāzēl: [1. 159-162]). Post-Exile and, later, Jewish Rabbinic tradition explain Azazel as a demon or fallen angel, whereas early Christian theology interprets the ram as an allegory for Christ, who by his death is supposed to hav…

[German version] is the original form of the name of the Roman god (CIL I2 453; Vetter No. 200B 6b; Volchanus: CIL I2 1218; Volganus: CIL I2 364; Volkanus: CIL IX 6349), the form Vulcanus is more recent. Attempts to trace this name back through the Etruscan Velch(ans) [1. 289-409] to a Cretan ελχάνος ( Welchános, or Zeus Velchanos) [1. 155-287] and thus to identify its origin in the eastern Mediterranean region are based primarily on linguistic similarities; the conclusion that Volcanus was therefore originally a god of vegetation is hypothetical …

[German version] (Σεπτήριον/ Septḗrion), not Stepterion (Στεπτήριον/ Steptḗrion), was the name of a nine-yearly sequence of festivals and rituals, in the course of which a boy would set fire to a wooden construction beneath the temple of Apollo in Delphi, would then himself be led in a procession into the Thessalian Tempe valley to be ritually purified there of his 'offence' with accompanying sacrifices in the river Peneius. A central constituent was the plucking at the sanctuary to Apollo there of a l…

[German version] (Νόμιοι Θεοί; Nómioi Theoí). As an adjunct to νομεύς/ nomeús, ‘shepherd’, νόμιος/ nómios is a poetic apostrophe or actual cult invocation for the identification of groups of gods (anon. NT in Rome: IG XIV 1013) and individual gods in their function as pastoral deities. The following are addressed as Νόμιος/ Nómios: Hermes (Aristoph. Thesm. 977f.); Pan (Hom. H. 19,5; Paus. 8,38,11: cult of Lycosura in Arcadia); the Nymphs (Orph. H. 51,11f.); Aristaeus [1] in Cyrene (Pind. Pyth. 9,65); Dionysus (Anth. Pal. 9,524); Zeus (Stob. 53,13…

[English version] Eine Gruppe von Gottheiten, deren Verehrung sich inschr. in Marruvium (Vetter Nr. 225 = [1. 43-47 Nr. 36]: esos nouesede, 3. Jh.v.Chr.) und Pisaurum (CIL XI 6297 = ILLRP 20: deiu no[ u] esede, 3./2. Jh.v.Chr.) widerspiegelt. Calpurnius Piso (fr. 45 HRR = 35 Forsythe) will vom Ursprung und Kult der Di N. im sabinischen Trebula Mutuesca wissen. Als divi Novensiles (die Endung auf -ilis ist wohl sekundär) werden die Di N. auch in der Devotionsformel des P. Decius [I 1] Mus im J. 340 v.Chr. gemeinsam mit den Di Indigetes (s.u.) und weiteren Go…

[English version] Nach Calpurnius Piso fr. 42 Peter = 10 Forsythe die Gattin des Volcanus, sonst nicht belegt. Angenommener osk. Ursprung [1] trägt zur Klärung wenig bei. Möglich ist, daß Piso gegen eine zeitgenössische Identifizierung von Maia als Gattin des Volcanus und Namensgeberin des Monats Mai (faßbar bei Gell. 13,23; Cincius fr. 8 GRF bei Macr. Sat. 1,12,18; Ov. fast. 5,81-106) den Monatsnamen von einer Göttin M. herleitet, wobei M. ihrerseits wohl aus lat. maiestas (letzteres nennt Ov. fast. 5,11-53 als mögliches Eponym des Monatsnamens) gebildet ist. Weiterg…

[English version] Beiname der Iuno. Ihr röm. Tempel auf der Arx (Capitolium) wurde nach der Überl. von L. Furius ([I 11], wohl kaum [I 12]) Camillus 345 v.Chr. gelobt (Liv. 7,28,4) und am 1. Juni 344 dediziert (Liv. 7,28,5f.; Ov. fast. 6,183f.; Fasti Venusini, InscrIt 13,2, p. 58). Die Trad., nach der das Heiligtum an der Stelle des Hauses des M. Manlius [I 8] Capitolinus errichtet wurde (Liv. 6,20,13; 7,28,5; Ov. fast. 6,185f. u.a.), beruht auf dessen fälschlicher Lokalisierung auf der Arx. Urspr…

[English version] Göttin sabin. Ursprungs, deren Name in der Ant. mit virtus bzw. ἀνδρία/ andría, “Mannhaftigkeit”, und fortitudo, “Stärke”, “Tapferkeit”, übersetzt wurde (Gell. 13,23,7; Lyd. mens. 4,60). Herleiten läßt sich N. von indeur. * ner-, “Mann-”, das in zahlreichen ital. Dialekten bewahrt, im Lat. jedoch mit Ausnahme der Eigennamen N. und Nero durch uir- ersetzt ist [1. 438f.]. Daß M. Claudius [I 11] Marcellus bei der Neudedizierung des röm. Honos-Heiligtums außerhalb der Porta Capena als Tempel von Honos und Virtus (Liv. 27,25,7-9) an d…

[English version] Als die soziale Kategorie des menschlichen “Schamgefühls” ist p. seit den frühen lit. Belegen (z. B. Plaut. Epid. 166) Element des röm. Wertediskurses, erscheint aber offenbar erst mit den intensivierten Moraldiskursen augusteischer Zeit - in Nachbildung der griech. Aidṓs - als Appellativum und Person. Bei den Dichtern mag die Nennung von P. bisweilen Pudicitia mitevozieren (Serv. auct. Aen. 4,27; Hor. carm. saec. 57; [1. 89]): Anders als die Personifikation der weiblichen Keuschheit wurde P. zwar …

[English version] (Πύθιοι). Im Rahmen der nach der Trad. von Lykurgos [4] eingerichteten polit. Ordnung Spartas wählte jeder der beiden spartanischen Könige zwei Gesandte, die in ihrem Auftrag die Orakelsprüche des Apollon Pythios in Delphoi einholten. In den griech. Poleis hießen diese Gesandten für gewöhnlich theoprópoi bzw. theōroí, der Name P. in Sparta reflektiert die bes. Beziehung zw. dieser Polis und dem delphischen Orakel. Die P. waren berechtigt, in der skēnḗ dēmosía auf Kosten des dḗmos als Zelt- ( sýskēnoi) und Mahlgenossen ( sýssitoi) der Könige zu speisen (Hdt. 6…

[English version] A. Begriff In den 1960er Jahren fand die Kritik an der werkimmanenten Interpretation lit. Texte als abgeschlossener Systeme ihren Ausdruck in der Rezeptionsästhetik von H.R. Jauss und der von der Semiotikerin Julia Kristeva geprägten I. Beeinflußt wurde Kristeva von Michail Bachtins Konzeption des lit. Textes als eines offenen Systems: Kein Text entsteht in einem sozio-histor. Vakuum; er repräsentiert schon im Augenblick seiner Entstehung eine dialogische Auseinandersetzung mit and…

[English version] Gegenstand und Funktion sind schon im 1. Jh.v.Chr. obsolet und damit erklärungsbedürftig. Paul. Fest. 115 L. kennt zwei Erklärungen: (1) der m.l. sei ein Eingang zur Unterwelt gewesen, durch den die Seelen der Unterirdischen alias Di Manes in die Oberwelt “strömten” ( manāre); (2) der m.l. sei ein beim Tempel des Mars außerhalb der Porta Capena in Rom gelegener Stein (bzw. ein Wasserkrug: Varro bei Non. 547 mit fragwürdiger Rationalisierung) gewesen, den die Pontifices (Pontifex) bei Dürre in die Stadt zogen (vgl. Paul. Fest. 2 L. mit der Assoziation von m.l. und aqua…

(Πάνθεος, Πάνθειος, lat. Pantheus). Als P. (“Allgott”) bezeichnete man in der Ant. (Auson. epigrammata 32 Green; CGL V 318,38) eine Gottheit, die innerhalb eines ausdifferenzierten polytheistischen Systems die Attribute, Eigenschaften und Identitäten mehrerer oder aller Götter auf sich vereint (Synkretismus). [English version] I. Antike Allgott-Vorstellungen Die in Mesopotamien, Griechenland und Rom übliche Strukturierung der Götterwelt in einem hierarchisierten Pantheon [1. 107-113; 177-181] analog zu hierarchischen menschlichen Sozialstr…

[English version] Lit. auch r. sacrificulus (z. B. Liv. 2,2,1), “Opferkönig”, oder einfach r. (z. B. Varro ling. 6,12 f.). Das hohe Alter dieses röm. Priesteramtes zeigt sich in der Forderung, der r.s. müsse einer patrizischen gens angehören (Cic. dom. 38; Liv. 6,41,9; Ausnahme: MRR 1,284 Anm. 8), einer durch confarreatio geschlossenen Ehe entstammen und selbst durch diesen Ritus verheiratet sein (Gai. inst. 1,112). Der r.s. wurde vom Pontifikal-Collegium nominiert und, nach seiner Wahl, in den comitia calata inauguriert (Antistius Labeo fr. 22 Huschke bei Gell. 15,27,1;…

[English version] Laut Varro, Antiquitates rerum divinarum fr. 95 und 273 Cardauns (bei Aug. civ. 7,2-3; vgl. ebd. 4,11) eine Tochter des Iuppiter und röm. Göttin der Menstruation. Die sonst nicht nachweisbare M. scheint griech. μήνη, Mond (personifiziert als Mḗnē/ Sēlēnē ), oder sprachlich wie inhaltlich verwandtem griech. μήν, lat. mēnsis, “(lunarer) Monat”, nachgebildet und greift die gebräuchliche Verbindung der Menstruation mit Monatszyklus und Mondeinfluß auf. M.s Wirkungsbereich überschneidet sich mit dem anderer Göttinnen (Iuno Lucina o…

[English version] Die p.d. (griech. θεοὶ πάτριοι/πατρῷοι, theoí pátrioi ) sind keine im röm. Sakralrecht verankerte Kategorie, sondern repräsentieren den indigenen Versuch, rel. Pluralität in dem für die ant. Rel. typischen traditionalistischen Schema von in-group und out-group zu klassifizieren: Die “Götter der Väter” gewinnen einen Teil ihrer Legitimation dadurch, daß schon die Vorfahren sie in Einklang mit den tradierten Wertesystemen (lat. patrii mores ritusque; griech. pátrioi nómoi) verehrten. Als p.d. lassen sich deshalb alle Gottheiten begreifen, denen du…

[English version] Sagmina (Pl.) hießen die in Rom auf der Arx für die fetiales mitsamt der Erde aus dem Boden gerissenen Kräuter (Plin. nat. 22,5; 25,105; Fest. 424-426 L.), die bei der rituellen Einsetzung des pater patratus Verwendung fanden (Liv. 1,24,4-6) und von den fetiales auch auf ihren Missionen mitgeführt wurden (Liv. 30,43,9). Bendlin, Andreas (Erfurt) Bibliography J. Rüpke, Domi militiae, 1990, 100-103.

[English version] (Νόμιοι Θεοί). Als Adj. zu νομεύς/ nomeús, “Hirte”, ist νόμιος/ nómios poetische Apostrophe oder reale Kultepiklese zur Bezeichnung von Göttergruppen (anon. N.Th. in Rom: IG XIV 1013) und einzelnen Göttern in ihrer Funktion als Hirtengottheiten. Als Νόμιος/ Nómios werden adressiert: Hermes (Aristoph. Thesm. 977f.); Pan (Hom. h. 19,5; Paus. 8,38,11: Kult bei Lykosura in Arkadia); die Nymphen (Orph. h. 51,11f.); Aristaios [1] in Kyrene (Pind. P. 9,65); Dionysos (Anth. Pal. 9,524); Zeus (Stob. 53,134); und v.a. Apollon…

[English version] In den republikanischen libri sacerdotum genannt als Adressaten von Gebeten in der röm. Rel. (Gell. 13,23,2). In augusteischer Zeit erhielten die M.M. jeweils am 12. Mai eine supplicatio (Feriale Cumanum, InscrIt 13,2, p. 279), die sicherlich mit dem natalis templi des Heiligtums des Mars Ultor im Forum Augustum und den ludi für Mars am selben Tag in Verbindung stand (Mars I.C.). Die Junktur moles belli, “die Gefahren” bzw. “Entbehrungen des Krieges”, vom mṓlos Árēos (seit Hom. Il. 2,401) inspiriert, ist bei den röm. Dichtern und Historikern seit dem …

[English version] Die p. war eine flache, runde, grifflose und bisweilen verzierte Schale mit einem Buckel ( omphalós) in der Mitte (gleich der griech. phiálē : [1. 42-44]), die als Trinkgefäß (Plaut. Amph. 260; Prop. 4,6,85) und als Opferschale im röm. Kulturkreis Verwendung fand (Varro ling. 5,122; Abb. s. Opfer IV.): Aus der p. goß der Opfernde die libatio, das Trankopfer, bes. das Weinopfer (Trankopfer und Weingenuß: Verg. Aen. 1,728-740); mit ihr begoß man auch den Kopf des Opfertieres vor der Tötung und fing sein Blut auf [1. 40f.]. Das Trinken des Opferblutes aus der p. galt aber…

[English version] Göttin wahrscheinlich ital. (sabin.: [4. 166, 186]) Ursprungs, der, gemeinsam mit anderen Göttern, L. Aemilius [I 32] Paullus 167 v.Chr. nach dem Sieg über Perseus von Makedonien die Waffen der Feinde verbrannte (Liv. 45,33,1f.: L. mater; 8,1,6, L. mater als Adressatin einer Waffenverbrennung 341 v.Chr., ist vermutlich annalistische Fiktion). Die Wahl der Göttin mag sich aus der Ableitung ihres Namens von lat. luere erklären: Die Waffenverbrennung nach siegreich beendetem Kampf markiert als rite de passage die Phase der Entmilitarisierung; sie symbol…

[English version] Eine unterirdische, verm. zu einer Kammer erweiterte Grube, die in Rom und anderen ital. Städten in Zusammenhang mit dem rel. Kult stand. Eine mögliche architektonische Parallele ist das unterirdisch angelegte Dionysos-Heiligtum in Volsinii (Bolsena) aus dem 3. Jh.v.Chr. [1. Abb. 1]. Einigkeit herrscht weder über die Etym. von lat. m. [2] noch über die Ursprünge oder die Funktion des rel. M.: Dieser ist für eine prädeistische Form der Verehrung der Totengeister ebenso reklamiert worden wie für primitive agrarische und Fruchtba…

[English version] (φυλακτήριον, wörtl. “das Schutzmittel”) bezeichnet die um Schutz bittende rel. Formel (PGM VII 317f.) ebenso wie das Amulett, von dem man sich Schutz verspricht, lat. amuletum (Char. 1,15; [1]). Da man Amulette um Hals, Kopf, Arme und Beine oder an der Kleidung befestigt trug, hießen sie auch griech. περιάμματα/ periámmata oder περίαπτα/ períapta (Plat. rep. 426b; vgl. Pind. P. 3,52f.: periáptōn phármaka), lat. ligamenta oder ligaturae (Aug. serm. 4,36; vgl. Cato agr. 160: adligare), “umgebundene Gegenstände”. Die ant. Terminologie ist hier unbestimm…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient The religion of Mesopotamia is characterized by a system of tutelary deities for the numerous city settlements that has its origin in the Sumerian religion of the 4th millennium BC. There is evidence of the existence and worship of city deities from the 3rd to the 1st millennium. Individual city deities achieved supraregional importance in the course of history (e.g.  Assur [2];  Enlil;  Ištar,  Marduk;  Nabû).  Asia Minor IV.;  Pantheon;  Religion II. and III. Renger, Johannes (Berlin) [German version] II. Classical antiquity For Graeco-Roman …

I. In general and in classical antiquity [German version] 1. History of the term The adjective πολύθεος/ polýtheos refers in poetic Greek to that which pertains to many deities: the altar as the seat ( hédra) of many gods (Aesch. Suppl. 424) or the divine assembly attended by many gods (Lucian. Iuppiter Tragoedus 14). It is only in Jewish and Christian literature (Apologists) that this concept is used to justify the rule ( monarchía) of a single deity. Philo [12] of Alexandria coined the terms δόξα πολύθεος/ dóxa polýtheos (Phil. De decalogo 65) and πολυθεΐα/ polytheḯa (Phil. De mutatione…

[German version] A. Ancient East Attested since the 2nd half of the 4th millennium, board games were used as a pastime but also for divination purposes ( Divination; in conjunction with models of the liver [3]). The playing boards of 5 × 4 squares were made from wood (carved or with coloured inlays), stone (painted or with inlays) or baked clay; the playing pieces and dice, from ivory or bone; no information is available on the way the games were played. There is probably no connection with the Egypt…

I. Terminology [German version] A. Personification in Rhetoric and Poetry The early modern term personificatio expresses the Hellenistic, rhetorical concept of προσωποποιία/ prosōpopoiía , which refers to the representation of fictive persons, concrete (inanimate) items or abstract concepts as speakers and actors (Latin, conformatio: Rhet. Her. 4,66; personarum ficta inductio: Cic. De or. 3,205; prosopopoeia: Quint. Inst. 9,29-37). As a fictional personalisation, primarily of concepts, prosōpopoiía was considered by Greek literary theory to be an element of a…