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[English version] T. sind Glaubensbekenntnisse (= G.), die bei oder im Zusammenhang mit der Taufe gesprochen wurden. Für die Annahme der älteren Forsch., daß schon nt. Glaubensformeln wie Röm 10,9 oder Phil 2,11 im Zusammenhang mit der Taufe standen, gibt es außer einer aus dem späten 2. Jh. stammenden Interpolation (Apg 8,37) keinen Beleg. Bekenntnisformeln bei der Taufe sind zwar seit Anf. des 3. Jh. bezeugt, doch wurden sie urspr. nicht vom Täufling gesprochen. Das T. ( symbolum ist in diesem Zusammenhang eindeutig erstmals bei Cyprianus [2] († 258) bezeugt: epist.…

[English version] I. Nichtchristlich Die christl. T. (βάπτισμα oder βαπτισμός, lat. baptisma oder baptismus) hat religionsgesch. Analogien: Tauch-, Besprengungs- und Waschungsrituale waren vor und neben dem Christentum verbreitet…

[English Version] (Vincent Depaul; 24.4.1581 Pouy bei Dax – 27.9.1660 Paris). V.a P. stand in Verbindung mit zentralen Gestalten der inneren Erneuerung des franz. Katholizismus: Pierre de Bérulle (Oratorianer: II.), Franz von Sales, Jean Jacques Olier (Gründer der Priesterkongregation der Su…

[English Version] Rautenstrauch, Franz Stephan (29.7.1734 Blottendorf/Böhmen – 30.9.1785 Erlau). R. trat 1750 in das Benediktinerkloster Brevnov (Braunau) bei Prag ein und wurde 1773 dessen Abt. Zum Direktor der Wiener Theol. Fakultät ernannt, legte er 1774 unter dem Einfluß des Jansenismus den »Entwurf einer besseren Einrichtung theol. Schulen« unter den Vorzeichen des Josephinismus vor, dem zufolge der Pfarrer in erster Linie Volkserzieher sein sollte. R., von Joseph II. 1782 als Mitglied der Geis…

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[English Version] Schmidt, Michael Ignaz (30.1.1736 Arnstein, Unterfranken – 1.11.1794 Wien). Seit 1759 Kaplan in Haßfurt/Main und seit 1761 Erzieher im Dienste des Grafen von Rotenhan, wurde Sch. um 1767 als Schulreformer an den Hof des Würzburger Fürstbischofs …

[English Version] Stattler, Benedikt (30.1.1728 Kötzting – 21.8.1797 München); zuvor als Lehrer an Jesuitenhochschulen tätig, war S. seit 1770 Prof. für Dogmatik in Ingolstadt, wo er auch J.M. Sailer unter seinen Schülern und dann als Kollegen hatte. Nach der Auflösung des Jesuitenordens konnte er seine Professur einstweilen behalten, wurde aber 1781 entlassen. 1782 wurde S. Pfarrer in Kemnath (Oberpfalz); 1788 resignierte er und zog sich in ein Leben als Privatgelehrter nach München zurück. Im gle…

[German Version] (Jan 30, 1736, Arnstein, Lower Franconia – Nov 1, 1794, Vienna). Chaplain in Haßfurt am Main from 1759 and tutor in the service of the count of Rotenhan from 1761, he was called around 1767 to the court of the prince-bishop of Würzburg as an educational reformer. In 1773, after the suppression of the Jesuits, he was appointed to a chair of German imperial history established …

[German Version] (Jul 29, 1734, Blottendorf, Bohemia – Sep 30, 1785, Erlau), entered the Benedictine monastery of Brevnov (Braunau) near Prague in 1750, and became its abbot in 1773. He was appointed director of the Vienna theological faculty, and in 1774, under the influence of Jansenism, p…

[German Version] is the author of numerous ascetic letters, question-and-answer texts ( Erotapokriseis), and didactic writings dating to the second half of the 4th century. These were handed down under the name Macarius of Egypt (thus also …

[German Version] (also Macarius the Great; c. 300, in Upper Egypt – c. 390, in the Scetic Desert). Details of his life are mostly recorded by Palladius of Helenopolis ( Historia Lausiaca, 17) and the Historia Monachorum in Aegypto (ch. 21). Genuine statements by Macarius himself are only preserved in the Apophth…

[German Version] (Oct 20, 1756, Wipfeld am Main – Apr 1, 1794, Paris). Baptized ¶ Johann Georg, Schneider took the name Eulogius when he became a professed Franciscan in 1778. On the feast of St. Catherine in 1785, he delivered a sermon in Augsburg that breathed an anti-Jesuit, irenic spirit. In 1786 he escaped the resu…

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[German Version] ( Jan 30, 1728, Kötzing – Aug 21, 1797, Munich). After teaching at Jesuit colleges, in 1780 Stattler was appointed professor of dogmatics at Ingolstadt, where he had J.M. Sailer as a student and later a colleague. After the Jesuit order was suppressed, he was able to keep his chair temporarily, but he was dismissed in 1781. In 1782 he was appointed to a parish in Kemnath (Upper Palatinate), but in 1788 he resigned and retreated into the life of an independent scholar in Munich. In this same year, he wrote his Anti-Kant polemic in opposition to Kant’s epistemology. From …

[German Version] (Apr 24, 1581, Pouy, near Dax – Sep 27, 1660, Paris) was closely associated with figures central to the internal renewal of French Catholicism: Pierre de Bérulle (Oratorians: II), Fran…

[German Version] (late 4th/early 5th cent., or floruit c. 518?). “Mark the Hermit” was the author of ascetical and theological works, who probably lived in Egypt; it is hard to identify him with any other figure of the same name. Of the opuscula ascribed to him, those that are most likely genuine deal with the ascetical life under the “divine law” ( Op. 1), penance ( Op. 3), the efficacy of baptism ( Op. 4), and christological questions (in Op. 11 rejection of a distinction between the Logos and human nature, suggesting a date before 431). Babai the Great considered Mark a…

[German Version] (from Gk εὐχή, “prayer,” thus “one who prays,” Syr. Messalians). The Euchites are identifiable around 370 in Syria (Edessa/Antioch). The chief accusations against them are: their overemphasis on prayer and spiritual experience to expel sins conceived as demonic, their resulting disregard for the church and its sacraments (esp. …

[German Version] Compiled around 630, this Byzantine chronicle of the world (Chronicles: I) extends to the year 628 and is an important source for the time of Emperor Heraclius. The title is secondary, as the precise determining of the annual date of Easter represents only one of the chronicle's interests, which also sought to ascertain other fixed dates in the history of salvation and of the church. Its reception history and manuscript transmission are marginal. Klaus Fitschen Bibliography PG 92, 67–1028 CPG 7960 M. & M. Whitby, Chronicon Paschale: 284–628 AD, 1989.

[German Version] Felix II, Pope, bishop of Rome 355–358 (d. Nov 22, 365). After the expulsion of Liberius, the archdeacon Felix was consecrated as bishop of Rome in 355 by three “Arian” bishops, at the instigation of Constantius II. The consecration took place against the will of the people and in violation of the oath of allegiance to Liberius. In anti…