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Hang Tuah, Hikayat

(1,529 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
Hikayat Hang Tuah (“The tale of Hang Tuah”) is a lengthy Malay text compiled during the seventeenth (and possibly early eighteenth) century recording the glory of the Sultanate of Melaka and the exemplary life of its greatest warrior, Hang Tuah. The first half of the narrative follows the template of classical Malay accounts of royal courts, wars, diplomacy, and court intrigues. The second half, while still concerned with the kingdom of Melaka, also includes episodes that describe particular event…
Date: 2021-07-19

al-Marʾa

(4,019 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
6. In Southeast Asia. The Muslim peoples of Southeast Asia are found in the modern nation-states of Indonesia, Malaysia (and in these two states they comprise the majority), Thailand (in the five southern provinces, culturally very close to the neighbouring region of the northern Malay Peninsula) and in the Philippines (Mindanao). Islamisation of these populations has been ongoing since the 15th century and continues in the 21st century (total population conservatively estimated at 220 million). Tra…

Riau

(902 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
(Dutch, Riouw), the name of the former Malay kingdom of Johore Riau-Lingga, which was regarded as the successor state to Melaka (Malacca [ q.v.]) after it fell to the Portuguese in 1511. The rulers of the Melakan line re-established their authority on the island of Bintan (also known as Riau), south of Singapore, in the late 17th century, and after a period of instability, during which Bugis adventurers entered the scene, a new more prosperous era began. By the mid-18th century, an extensive trading network had develo…

Patani

(1,223 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
(Thai: Pattani), a region of Southeast Asia, formerly a Malay Sultanate but now included in Thailand (as a result of the Treaty of Bangkok, 1909, between Great Britain and Siam), and at present comprised of the four southern provinces of Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala (Jala) and Satun. The population of these four provinces is approximately 1,500,000, 80% of whom are Malay Muslims. From the 14th to 18th centuries, Patani was a leading entrepôt for trade between China and Southeast Asia. The conversion of the royal court to Islam, reportedly in the mid-15th cen…

Sambas

(583 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, a town and river in the Province of Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) in the Republic of Indonesia, lying just south of Sarawak at lat. 1° 20′ N. and long. 109° 15′ E. It is one of a number of Malay/Muslim-dominated estuarine settlements on the Borneo coast whose existence was based on trading relationships with non-Muslim native peoples in the interior and Chinese traders and miners. Local versions of the Islamisation of Borneo’s West coast attribute the coming of Islam to Arabs from Palembang who were trading in the area from the mid-16th century. At this time, Sambas was a tributar…

Sabah

(535 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, a state consisting of over 29,000 square miles of territory on the northern coast of the island of Borneo and a constituent part of Malaysia since 1963. Formerly it was known as North Borneo (1877-8 to 1946) and was governed by the British North Borneo Company (incorporated by Royal Charter in 1881) by virtue of agreements between the Company and the Sultans of Brunei [ q.v. in Suppl.] and Sulu [ q.v.]. In July 1946 the Company transferred all its rights to Britain and the territory became a Crown Colony which lasted until 1963 when Sabah joined the Federation of Malaysia. The Muslim populatio…

S̲h̲āʿir

(23,851 words)

Author(s): Fahd, T. | Moreh, S. | Ben Abdesselem, A. | Reynolds, D.F. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Et al.
(a.), poet. ¶ 1. In the Arab world. A. Pre-Islamic and Umayyad periods. Among those endowed with knowledge and with power in ancient Arabia stands the figure of the s̲h̲āʿir , whose role is often confused with that of the ʿarrāf ( s̲h̲aʿara and ʿarafa having the same semantic value: cf. I. Goldziher, Abhandlungen , i, 3 ff.) and of the kāhin [ q.v.]. They were credited with the same source of inspiration, the d̲j̲inns (Goldziher, Die Ǧinnen der Dichter , in ZDMG, xlv [1891], 685 ff.). However, the s̲h̲āʿir was, originally, the repository of magical rather than divinatory knowledge; …

Sarawak

(620 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, a state on the west coast of the island of Borneo and a constituent part of the Federation of Malaysia since 1963. Originally the name referred to a dependency of the sultanate of Brunei consisting of the Sarawak, Samarahan and ¶ Lundu river basins. Through a series of treaties (the first in 1841) with the Sultan of Brunei [ q.v. in Suppl.], these territories passed to the “White Rajahs”, the Brooke dynasty who administered Sarawak between 1841 and 1946. In 1946 the Brookes ceded their territory to the British Crown, and Sarawak, together with Sabah [ q.v.], became British colonies. The w…

al-Marʾa

(4,578 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
6. Dans l’Asie du Sud-est. Les peuples musulmans de l’Asie du Sud-est vivent dans les États-nations modernes d’Indonésie, de Malaisie (dans ces deux États ils sont majoritaires), de Thaïlande (dans les cinq provinces méridionales, culturellement très proches de la région voisine du Nord de la Péninsule malaise) et aux Philippines (Mindanao). L’islamisation de ces populations n’a cessé depuis le XVe s. et se poursuit au XXIe s. (population totale estimée, avec prudence, à 220 millions). Les voyageurs qui se sont rendus vers cette région, ont remarqué depuis tr…

Patani

(1,248 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
(thaï: Pattani), région de l’Asie du Sud-est, autrefois sultanat malais, mais incluse aujourd’hui dans la Thaïlande (en vertu du traité de Bangkok de 1909 entre la Grande-Bretagne et le Siam), et comprenant les quatre provinces méridionales de Pattani, Narathiwat, Yala (Jala) et Satun, dont la population est d’environ 1 500 000 habitants, avec 80% de Musulmans malais. Du XIVe au XVIIIe siècle, le Patani fut un emporium majeur pour le commerce entre la Chine et le Sud-est asiatique. La conversion de la cour royale à l’Islam, qui eut lieu au milieu du XVe siècle, lui permit de profiter d…

Sarawak

(664 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, Etat de la côte Ouest de l’île de Bornéo qui constitue une partie-de la Fédération de ¶ Malaysia depuis 1963. A l’origine, le nom se référait à une dépendance du sultanat de Brunei constitué des bassins fluviaux de Sarawak, Samarahan et de Lundu. A travers une série de traités (le premier en 1841) signés avec le Sultan de Brunei [ q.v.au Suppl.], ces territoires revinrent aux «Rajahs Blancs», dynastie des Brooke qui administra Sarawak entre 1841 et 1946. En 1946, les Brooke cédèrent leurs territoires à la Couronne Britannique, et Sarawak, devint colonie britannique, ainsi que Sabah [ q.v.].…

Riau

(949 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
(néerlandais: Riouw), nom de l’exroyaume malais de Johore-Riau-Lingga, considéré comme ayant pris la suite de l’Etat de Melaka (Malacca [ q.v.]), tombé aux mains des Portugais en 1511. Les souverains de la lignée de Melaka rétablirent leur autorité sur l’île de Bintan (également dénommée Riau), au Sud de Singapour, à la fin du XVIIe siècle, et après une période d’instabilité au cours de laquelle des aventuriers Bugis occupèrent la scène, une nouvelle ère de prospérité relative s’instaura. Au milieu du XVIIIe siècle, un important réseau commercial s’était développé autour du…

S̲h̲āʿir

(24,326 words)

Author(s): Fahd, T. | Moreh, S. | Ben Abdesselem, A. | Reynolds, D.F. | Bruijn, J.T.P. de | Et al.
(a.), le poète. 1) Dans le monde arabe. A. Epoques préislamique et umayyade. B. De l’époque ʿabbāside à la Nahḍa [voir au Suppl.] C. De 1850 à nos jours. D. En Espagne musulmane. E. Le poète folklorique en arabe. 2) En Perse. 3) En Turquie. 4) En Inde musulmane. 5) Au Soudan occidental et central. 6) En pays hausa. 7) En Malaisie et en Indonésie. 1. Dans le monde arabe. A — Epoques préislamique et umayyade. Parmi les détenteurs du savoir et du pouvoir dans l’Arabie ancienne figure le s̲h̲āʿir, dont le rôle se confond souvent avec celui de ʿarrāf (s̲h̲aʿara et ʿarafa ayant la même valeur sémantiq…

Sabah

(577 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, Etat d’une superficie de plus de 76 000 km2 sur la côte nord de l’île de Bornéo (Kalimantan), formant une partie constitutive de Malaysia. Antérieurement, l’Etat fut connu comme Bornéo du Nord (1877-8 jusqu’à 1946) et gouverné par la Compagnie Britannique du Bornéo du Nord (incorporée en 1881 par une charte royale) en vertu d’accords conclus entre la Compagnie et les sultans de Brunei [ q.v. au Suppl.] et de Sulu [ q.v.]. En juillet 1946 la Compagnie transféra tous ses droits à la Grande Bretagne et le territoire devint une colonie de la couronne jusqu’à 1963, quan…

Sambas

(603 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
, ville et fleuve de la province de Kalimantan Barat (Kalimantan Occidental) dans la République d’Indonésie, juste au Sud du Sarawak (lat. 1° 20΄ N., long. 109° 15΄ E.). Elle compte au nombre des établissements à dominante islamo-malaise de la côte marécageuse de Bornéo, dont l’existence a été basée sur des relations traditionnelles avec les peuples indigènes non-musulmans de l’intérieur, et les commerçants et mineurs chinois. Des récits locaux de l’islamisation de la côte Ouest de Bornéo attrib…

History: East, South, and Southeast Asia

(6,151 words)

Author(s): Hooker, Virginia Matheson
This essay provides an overview of sources and methodologies for the study of the history of women in Muslim societies in Southeast and South Asia (SESA) where the majority of Muslim women outside the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) live. Some reference will also be made to the history of Muslim women in China. As will be described below, history has not been the primary discipline for researchers on Muslim women in these regions, although many writings using other disciplines provide some historical context for their studies. To date, there has been little direct debate about …