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[German version] (Ἰδριάς; Idriás). Mountainous region in Caria with the Marsyas valley east of Mylasa (Hdt. 5,118; Str. 14,5,23), with the like-named Carian city. Its allegedly older name, Chrysaoris (Steph. Byz. s.v. I.; s.v. Chrysaoris), is also attributed to the city of Stratoniceia and its countryside (Paus. 5,21,10), probably in the sense that I. lay in an area where the villages had joined together in the Carian league of Chrysaoreis around the sanctuary of Zeus Chrysaoreus; the city of Strat…

[German version] (Κούρου or Κόρου πεδίον). Plain in Lydia north of Magnesia on the Sipylos, east of the confluence of the Hyllus [4] and the Hermos [2] (Str. 13,4,5; 13), where Lysimachus was defeated in 281 BC by Seleucus (Porphyrius FGrH 260 F 3,8), and Antiochus [5] III was defeated in 190 BC by the Romans (Liv. 37,37-39). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography H. Bengtson, Griech. Gesch., 51977, 389, see n. 4, 481.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Σίλανδος/ Sílandos). City in eastern Lydia, at a northern tributary of the Hermus [2] (e.g. river god Hermus in coin images). Under Domitianus [1] (AD 81-96) S. became a civitas , issuing coins (until Severus [2] Alexander); at the same time Mocadene was divided into the territories of the cities of S. and Temenothyrae, the two cities then being called mētropóleis. S. was near modern Kara Selendi (to the west of Selendi). Bishops of S. took part in the Councils of Nicaea in 325 and Cha…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Delian League (τὰ Κάλυνδα; tà Kálynda). Settlement on the south-western coast of Asia Minor, taken as being part of Caria as well as Lycia, 60 stades inland from the coast on the Axon (modern Kargın çayı) east of the  Indus [2] (Hdt. 1,172; Str. 14,2,2; Plin. HN 5,103; Ptol. 5,3,2; Steph. Byz. s.v. C.). In 480 BC, it was under the rule of  Damasithymus (Hdt. 8,87f.), in the middle of the 5th cent. a member of the  Delian League (as Klaÿnda); Ptolemaic in the 3rd cent. In 166 BC, C. was subordinate to  Caunus [2…

[German version] (Μύνδος; Mýndos). City in southwestern Asia Minor on the western coast of the peninsula stretching from  Halicarnassus to M., modern Gümüşlük. Its predecessor was a fortified highland settlement of the Leleges (Old ‘M.’, Plin. HN 5,107) on Mount Boz (3.5 km to the south). In the 5th cent. BC, M. was a member of the Delian League. In about 360, the town was abandoned or relocated to a harbour protected by foothills. The refoundation, probably under  Maussollus, was simultaneously connected with a synoikismós of six settlements around Halicar…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Delian League (Τήλανδρος; Tḗlandros). City in the border region of Caria (Cares) and Lycia (Lycii) on the River Glaucus (Plin. HN 5,101;  Quint. Smyrn. 4,7); hardly to be correctly located in the ruin sites of modern Nif on the upper River Nif  (ancient Glaucus?), rather, as a member of the Delian League, to be found near the coast: the Telandrii, who were included in the tribute lists for the years 453/2-425/4 BC ( Phóros C.; cf. ATL 1, 555), probably inhabited the island of Telandria (modern Tersane) o…

[German version] (Λάβραυνδα, Λάβρανδα; Lábraunda, Lábranda). Locality and sanctuary of the Carian Zeus Stratios (also Labrandos), situated on a southern spur of Mt Latmus. Connected by a sacred road to Mylasa, to which it belonged as kṓmē together with the later settlement (Str. 14,2,23). Place name and name of the god are pre-Greek. The double-headed axe ( lábrys) of L. was believed to have been taken over from the Amazons or the Lydian Heraclid kings (Plut. Quaest. Graec. 45). The cult statue ( xóanon ) with the shouldered lábrys is depicted on coins of the 4th cent. BC. The shri…

[German version] (Κλαννούδδα/ Klannoúdda; Tab. Peut. 9,4: Clanudda). City in eastern Lydia, c. 55 km east-north-east of Philadelphia [1], north of the Persian royal road. K. is probably the site of ruins at Hacet Kalesi near Kışla, where Hellenistic wall-ruins were identified, on the north-west edge of the plain of İnay (ancient Náïs). Coins in the 2nd/1st cents. BC ( Klannoudda; [1]; HN 650). K. was probably established as a Seleucid fortress, like neighbouring Blaundos, 15 km to the south, and absorbed by it at the start of the Roman Imperial period. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliogr…

[German version] (Γέργα; Gérga). Village in northern  Caria, south-east of Eskiçine on the Marsyas [4], near Incekemer (formerly Gâvurdamları). The name G. (also Gergas, G. kṓmē) is to be found many times in uniquely large clumsy Greek (on one occasion also Latin) letters on boulders, rock stelae hewn in a pyramid shape and idol-like colossal statues (fragmentary) in the vicinity of a small temple (?) built of solid granite blocks, on the temple itself and carved into one of the low well-houses (?). Several parts that h…

(Τμῶλος/ Tmôlos). [German version] [1] Mountain chain in Lydia Mountain chain (up to 2157 m elevation) in Lydia, snow-covered in winter (Hom. Il. 2,866; 20,385), modern Bozdağ. The T. mountains were the source of the Pactolus, which in Antiquity bore auriferous sand; Sardis was on its banks (Plin. HN 5,110). In the T. mountains, vines were cultivated (Str. 14,1,15; Plin. HN 14,74; Vitr. De arch. 8,3,12), they were known for fields of saffron (Verg. G. 1,56; 4,380; Solin. 40,10). The T. were the residence…

[German version] (Γυγαίη λίμνη; Gygaíē límnē). Lake in Lydia north of  Hermus and of  Sardis, to which in the south adjoin the Lydian royal necropolis (modern Bintepe, ‘Thousand Hills’) with the tomb tumuli of  Alyattes,  Gyges and other princes (Hipponax fr. 42 Masson); possibly called after the ancestors of  Gyges (Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 90 F 46) by the same name or a legendary figure. Gygaiae limne (GL) is already mentioned in Homer (Hom. Il. 20,390f.; cf. 2,865), mythographical fantastic stori…

[German version] (Σαΐτται; Saḯttai). Town in eastern Lydia (Maeonia [1]; Ptol. 5,2,21: Σέτται, Σάετται), in the rivers' triangle between the upper Hyllus (modern Demirci Çayı, cf. Hyllus [4], c. 12 km on the west) and the Hermus [2]; present-day Sidaskale near İçikler. Representations of the river gods Hyllus and Hermus are found on coins of the Imperial Period . S. was a regional centre for the production of textiles. In AD 124, the town was probably visited by emperor Hadrianus. Cult of the Men Axiottenus. Among others, …

[German version] (Πακτωλός/ Paktōlós). River in Lydia, originates at the Tmolus mountianrange (Boz Dağları), flows through Sardis and into the Hermus [2]; modern-day Sart Çayı. It was famous for the electron and gold dust washed out near the source (Hdt. 1,93,1; 5,101,2; Plin. HN 5,110), to which the Mermnad kings (Mermnadae) owed their legendary wealth (Archil. fr. 22 D.; Hdt. 6,125). Smelteries were located on the P. in Sardis. By the 1st cent. BC the gold of the P. was exhausted, it seems (Str. 13,1,23; 4,5). Quartz sand containing gold was also found in neighbouring streams. Kaletsch, …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Μάσταυρα; Mástaura). Town in Lydia on the southern slopes of the Mes(s)ogis (Str. 14,1,47; Plin. HN 5,120; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Anth. Pal. 11,230, with a pun on the place-name), ruins to the north of Nazilli. From the Roman period, municipal institutions and cults are known from inscriptions and coins. In Christian times an episcopal see, it was represented at the councils of Ephesus (431) and Calchedon (451) (Hierocles, Synekdemos 659,8; Not. episc. 1,101; 3,21; 7,91; 8,108; 9,15; 10,156). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensb…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Education / Culture (Ἀπέρλαι/ Apérlai). Settlement on the southern coast of Lycia (Lycii, Lycia; Plin. HN. 5,100), in the northeastern corner of a westward opening bay, modern Sıcak İskelesi. In the 5th cent. BC Lycian city coins, in the 1st cent. BC Lycian League minting, and again c. AD 240 (HN 694). In the Roman period A. was the chief town of a sympoliteia of three neighbouring communities in the Lycian League (IGR 3, 692 f.): Apollonia (modern Kılınçlı), Isinda [1] (near…

[German version] (Σαρδιανή; Sardianḗ). Town territory of Sardis (with map; Str. 13,4,5; cf. Xen. Hell. 3,4,21; Xen. Ages. 1,29). Besides the valley of Pactolus, it included the fertile plain around the middle course of the Hermus [2] (Σαρδιανὸν πεδίον/ Sardianòn pedíon, Hdt. 1,80,1; Plut. Agesilaos 10; Str. loc.cit.), about east of Salihli up to Turgutlu [1. 499, 501], its exact boundaries being unknown. The Roman judicial district of Sardis ( Sardiana iurisdictio, Plin. HN 5, 111) stretched far beyond S., especially towards the east. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 G. …

[German version] (Τάβαι/ Tábai). City in southeastern Caria, in the south of the Plain of T. (Ταβηνὸν πεδίον/ Tabēnòn pedíon, cf. Str. 12,8,13) on a rocky elevation near modern Kale. From the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC onwards, T. had the constitution of a polis (before 269/8: [1. 321 no. 1]). In 189 BC T. capitulated to Manlius [I 24] Vulso (Liv. 38,13,11-13) and after 167 was a 'friend and ally' of Rome (IG XIV 695-696b). T.'s autonomy was confirmed by Rome in 81 BC in thanks for its loyalty in the First Mithridatic War, its territor…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pompeius (Ἀλάβανδα; Alábanda). C. 40 km south of the  Maeander valley in the middle Carian plain ( Caria) of Çine, its most important location in antiquity, on two hills lying close together (Str. 14, 2, 26) and in the subsequent plain to the north, on the left bank of the  Marsyas, today Araphisar. First mentioned in 480 BC (city tyrant Aridolis in Greek captivity: Hdt. 7,195 -- unclear how the news at Hdt. 8,136 is to be reconciled with …

[German version] (τὰ Καρύανδα; tà Karýanda). Carian (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 242; Scyl. FGrH 709 T 1f.) harbour town between Myndus and Bargylia (Str. 14,2,20), south of the modern Güllük körfezi, originally on an offshore island (Salih adası?), later relocated to the mainland. C. was a member of the  Delian League and home of the seafarer (Hdt. 4,44,1) and geographer  Scylax. On Salih adası, remains of a walled settlement have been found; the mainland settlement of C., incorporated into  Myndus in the 3rd cent. BC, should be located not far from Salih adası near…

[German version] (Μοκαδ(δ)ηνή; Mokad(d)ēnḗ). Region in eastern Lydia along the upper Hermus in Maeonia [1], on the border with Phrygia; its location was established through inscriptions naming places within it ( kṓmē Thermai Theséos, modern Kula Emir Hamamları; mētropóleis Silandus, modern Selendi, and Temenothyrae). It remains doubtful whether to associate Moccadeni, a dḗmos in Asia (incorrectly located in Bithynia in Ptol. Geog. 5,2,18), with Mocadene. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography K. Buresch, Aus Lydien, 1898, 186 with map  J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 2113  Id., s.v.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Κέραμος; Kéramos). Town in south-western Caria on the northern coast of the gulf named after C. (Κεράμειος or Κεραμικὸς κόλπος; Kerámeios/ Keramikòs kólpos, sinus Ceramicus; modern Gökova körfezi), removed from the coast by the delta formation of the -- in the end subterranean -- Koca Çay (Str. 14,2,15), modern Kemerdere near Ören (Plin. HN 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,10; Paus. 6,13,3f.). Originally Carian, it was Hellenized from the 6th cent. BC (archaic kouros head, c. 540/530 [1]); in 454/3 BC, it was a member…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Diadochi and Epigoni | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (τὰ Μύλασα; tà Mýlasa). Main locality of the Cares in the land of Caria, modern Milâs. Place name pre-Greek, ancient cults of Carian Zeus in M. and environs (Hdt. 1,171; Str. 14,2,23). M. participated in the Ionian Revolt under the Carian Heraclides (the son of Ibanollis, tyrant of M.; Hdt. 5,37,121). In the middle of the 5th cent. BC, M. was a membe…

[German version] (Ἱερὰ Κώμη; Hierà Kṓmē, Ἱεροκαισάρεια; Hierokaisáreia). Settlement in Lydia on the ancient Pergamon-Sardis road east of the  Hyllus near modern Sazova or Beyova. Hiera Kome (HK) developed around a sanctuary of  Anaetis; this cult, which was introduced under the Persians, was found throughout the Lydian Hermus valley and because of its strangeness (fire worship, Magi priests) was still commented upon by the Greeks in the 2nd cent. AD  (Paus. 5,27,5ff.; 7,6,6). In 201 BC a victim of the …

[German version] (Καστωλός; Kastōlós). Town (and river?) in Lydia. The ‘plain of C.’ (Καστωλοῦ πεδίον; Kastōloû pedíon) was the perpetual rallying-point for the Persian army when on alert (cf. Cyrus the Younger:Xen. Hell. 1,4,3; Xen. An. 1,1,2; 9,7). The plain cannot be localized with certainty, but should be not far from Sardis, near the Persian royal road: according to inscriptions, possibly the plain of Burçak around Söğüt çayı; C. would then be the modern Bebekli. Formerly independent (Ethnika IG II2 3059; 3233) with fortifications ( tetrapyrgia) around its plain, in imperia…

[German version] (Μάρδοι; Márdoi). Near Eastern tribes in Armenia (Ptol. Geog. 5,12,9), Media and Hyrcania south of the Caspian Sea in the modern Elburz Mountains/northern Iran (Str. 11,13,3), called Amardi here (Str. 11,6,1; 7,1; Plin. HN 6,36; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀμαρδοί/ Amardoí, s.v. Μ.), in Margiane (Str. 11,8,8; Plin. HN 6,47); also one of the four Persian nomadic tribes (Hdt. 1,125,4) living above the Elymaïs region (Str. 11,13,6; Plin. HN 6,134; Arr. Ind. 40,6) in modern Ansan. Persian M. served in the Achaemenid army (Hdt. 1,84,2…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (τὰ Λάγινα; tà Lágina). Location, north of Stratoniceia, of a sanctuary of the Carian Hecate (modern Leyna, near Turgut); annual Panegyris (Str. 14,2,25; 29), procession with the sacred key, mystery plays, penteteric agons. In 81 BC, it was established as Hekatesia Rhomaea, the right to grant asylum given by the Senate later confirmed by Caesar, Augustus and, in AD 22, Tiberius (Tac. Ann. 3,62,2). Archaeological findings: square, lined by Doric stoai, surrounding a pseudodipteros temple wit…

[German version] (Κέγχρειος, Κέγχριος; Kénchreios, Kénchrios, Cenchreus). Stream south-west of Ephesus (Alexander Aetolus fr. 2 Powell; Str. 14,1,20; Paus. 7,5,10; Tac. Ann. 3,61,1), modern Arvalia Çayı (not the Değirmen dere, but cf.[1]); it rises at Mount Solmissus (modern Agadağ), and before its sedimentation flowed into the bay of the Caystrus, nowadays from the left into the  Caystrus [1] itself. The C. ran through the Ortygia, the grove in which Leto allegedly gave birth to Apollo and Artemis (S…

[German version] (Ἀρκόννησος; Arkónnēsos). ‘Guardian island’ (according to Str. 14,12,16; Steph. Byz. s.v.A.). Long-stretched-out island off the coast of  Caria, which protects the harbour bay of  Halicarnassus and which was fortified in ancient times; modern Kara Ada. During the siege by Alexander the Great in 334 BC, the Persians retreated to A. (Arr. Anab. 1,23,3 Ἀκρόνησος). Plin. HN 5,133 [1. 257] mistakenly placed  Ceramus on this island. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 G. Winkler, R. König, C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde (Lat.-Ger.), book 5, 1993. Trav…

[German version] (Τημενοθύραι/ Tēmenothýrai, also: Τημένου Θύραι/ Tēménou Thýrai). City in the highlands of eastern Lydia (cf. Paus. 1,35,7) on the border with northwestern Phrygia (Phryges) in Mocadene on an old overland route, probably a station on the Persian Royal Road, near modern Uşak. The indigenous form of the name ( -t(h)yra(i)) suggests that T. was an old Lydian settlement, according to inscriptions and coins (only 1st-3rd centuries AD) it was temporarily also named Flaviopolis; in late Antiquity it was part of the province of Phrygia Pacatiane (Hierocles, S…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pergamum | Education / Culture (Ἀπολλωνίς; Apollōnís). City in northern  Lydia, equidistant at 300 stadia from  Pergamum and  Sardeis (Str. 300; c. 53 km). Founded at the end of the 3rd cent. BC (on the site of an earlier settlement?) by  Attalus I, and named after his wife Apollonis; ruins in Palamut Kalesi, 22 km north-west of  Thyateira. According to inscriptions and coins,   synoikismos was still taking place under Eumenes II, c. 194 BC, and later; ‘Macedonians’ of Seleucid origin figured amongst the colonists.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Education / Culture (Θυάτειρα/ Thyáteira, present-day Akhisar). City in northern Lydia in the valley of the central Lycus [18] on the road from Sardis to Pergamum, 57 km north-east of Magnesia [3]. In 281 BC Seleucus [2] I moved Macedonian military colonists to T., it was occupied by Attalus [4] I in 216 (Pol. 5,77,7), threatened by Philippus [7] V in 201 (Pol. 16,1,7), probably recaptured by Antiochus [5] III in 198 and in 190 by Eume…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pompeius (τὰ Βαργύλια; tà Bargýlia). Carian coastal town south of what is now Güllük on a secondary bay of the Gulf of Iasus (Βαργυλιητικὸς κόλπος; Bargyliētikòs kólpos; that today is marshy, Pol. 16,12,1; Liv. 37,17,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. B.), now Varvil Bay (medieval form of the name Βαρβύλια ( Barbýlia), Anon. Stadiasmus maris magni 286, 288; Ptol. 5,2,7), in the Carian language also called Ἄνδανος ( Ándanos; Steph. Byz. ibid.), once part of the region of the Leleges (Str. 13,1,59), now Asarlık. In th…

[German version] (Ξυστίς/ Xystís). City in northwestern Caria (Cares IV.; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ξ.), like Orthosia [1], Euhippe (at modern Dalama), Coscinus or Coscina (at modern Mount Arı near Dalama) and other places (Plin. HN. 5,109) between the Harpasus [1] and the Marsyas [4], left-bank tributaries of the Maeander [2], modern Körteke. Archaeology: a mountain fortress, presumably of the Leleges (cf. Str 7,7,2; 13,1,59), with pre-Classical and Mediaeval walling. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography R. J. A. Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, 61 G 3  E…

[German version] (Τριόπιον; Triópion). Promontory at the southwest extremity of Asia Minor (Hdt. 4,38; 7,153;  Scyl. 99; Plin.  HN 5,104), the Western Cape (modern Deveboynu) and in a wider sense the Cnidus (modern Reşadiye) peninsula. The place name, derived from the eponymous founder Triopas (Diod. 5,57,6; 5,61,2), can rather be explained by its geographical shape and location ('three faces'). The cape of T. was frequently of significance to naval strategy in the Aegean (Plut. Cimon 12,2; Thuc. 8…

[German version] (Τύμνος; Týmnos). Port in Caria (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.; Cares) on the western coast of the Bozburun peninsula, modern Bozburun. T. was part of the Rhodian Peraia. Inscriptions survive, including some relating to sacred law [1. no. 201], as do a number of ruins. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 W. Blümel, Die Inschriften der rhodischen Peraia (IK 38), 1991, 63-74. P. M. Fraser, G. E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, 1954, 61 f.  W. Ruge, s. v. T., RE 7 A, 1748 f.  Zgusta, Nr. 1384, Nr. 4.

[German version] (Μαραθοῦσσα; Marathoûssa, ‘fennel island’). The most southerly of the islands off Clazomenae in the south west of the Gulf of Smyrna, modern Hekim or Çiçek Islands. Few remains. Evidence: Thuc. 8,31,3; Str. 14,1,36; Plin. HN 5,137; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαράθουσα. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. Winkler, R. König (ed.), C. Plinius Secundus der Ältere, Naturkunde, B. 5, 1993, 262f. (commentary).

(Λυδία; Lydía). [German version] I. Geography Region in western Asia Minor; its southern border with Caria is formed by the Mes(s)ogis and the Maeander, its eastern border with Phrygia by the confluence of the Lycus [18] and the Maeander, the upper course of the Hermus [2] and the Dindymus mountains (modern Murat Dağı) and its northern border with Mysia by the Caicus [1]) and the Temnus (Demirci Dağı) and mountain ranges further west. Aeolis and Ionia are offshore in the west, sharing with L. the clim…

[German version] [1] City on the upper Caicus This item can be found on the following maps: Pergamum (Στρατονίκεια/ Stratoníkeia, Στρατονίκη/ Stratoníkē, Latin Stratonice). City on the upper Caïcus near modern Siledik. Possibly a Seleucid polis foundation (named after Stratonice [3]), from the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC under Pergamum. It was probably here - not in S. [2] - that Aristonicus [4] was taken prisoner by Perperna [3] in 130 BC (Eutr. 4,20,2; Oros. 5,10,5). In the first half of the 2nd cent. AD, S. had sympolity (Sy…

[German version] (Μασσαβάται/ Massabátai, Μεσσαβάται/ Messabátai, Latin Messabatae). Inhabitants of the region of Massabatice (Μασσαβατική/ Massabatikḗ, Μεσ(σ)αβατική/ Mes(s)abatikḗ), which was named after them, in southern Media or northern Elymaeis (Str. 11,13,6; 16,1,18; Plin. HN 6,134), or - less likely - south of the Elymaeis region in the northernmost part of Persis (Ptol. 6,4,3; cf. Plin. HN 6,135). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography R. N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, 1984, 89.

(Μαιονία; Maionía, Latin Maeonia). [German version] [1] Area in Lydia Area in Lydia around the Gygaia Limne, at the foot of Tmolus (Hom. Il. 3,401, cf. 2,864ff.; 10,431); primarily understood as the oldest country or tribal name (Μηίονες/ Mēíones, Hdt. 1,7; 7,74; Diod. Sic. 4,31,5; Dion. Hal. 1,27,1; Plin. HN 5,110). Originally, M. comprised the Catacecaumene [1] (Str. 12,8,13; 13,4,11) with the border region of Phrygia (Plin. HN 5,146; Ptol. 5,2,16), the valley of the Cogamus river (modern Alaşehir Çayı), the area around Sardes (Pl…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Persian Wars | Education / Culture (Εὔρωμος; Eurōmos). Town in the Carian interior (Str. 14,1,8; 2,22; Steph. Byz. s.v. E.; Plin. HN 5,109), 22 km south of the former Gulf of Latmia (the modern Bafa or Çamiçi gölü), 3 km south of Selimiye at the northern end of the Mylasa plateau; today's Ayaklı. In the 5th cent. as H(K)yromos a member of the  Delian League. The town was probably not called E., often also Eúropos, until after the 4th cent. BC. Sympolitically linked with its περιπόλιοι ( peripólioi, ‘neighbouring towns’…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Τέρμερα/ Térmera). City of the Leleges in Caria (Cares IV.) on the southwestern coast of the Halicarnassus peninsula (Str. 14,2,18; incorrect location: Plin. HN 5,107) at modern Asarlık. The Lelegean bandit Termerus is named as eponymous founder (Schol. Eur. Rhes. 509; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.); his ravaging and his removal by Heracles [1] (Plut. Theseus 11) are the origin of the expression 'Termeran evil', when an evil-doer is given a …

This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Writing | Theatre | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Rome | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture | Mineral Resources (Σάρδεις/ Sárdeis, Lat. Sardis). [German version] I. Location and name City set at the opening of the valley of the Pactolus into that of the Hermus [2] as it broadens into the Sardian Plain. Centre of th…

[German version] (Μεσ(σ)ωγίς; Mes(s)ōgís). Central range of a chain of mountains stretching westwards from near Celaenae in southwestern Phrygia to the Mycale, and reaching heights of over 1,600 m (Strab. 13,4,12f.), modern Aydın Mountains, the watershed between the Cayster and the Maeander [2], originally the frontier between Lydia and Caria (Ptol. 5,2,15). The best wines of the M. was said to be from grapes grow on Mount Aroma (Strab. 14,1,47; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄρωμα). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 1100ff. Magie, 783.

[German version] (Ἰκάριος πόντος; Ikários póntos). Southeastern part of the Aegean Sea, from Samos to Mykonos (Plin. HN 4,51) respectively from Icarus, with Corassiae (Corseae, modern Fourni) and Samos, via Patmos, Leros and Kalymnos to Kos (Str. 10,5,13). References: Hom. Il. 2,145 (Ἰκάριος πόντος); Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 694; Auson. epist. 23 ( Icarius pontus); Ov. Fast. 4,283; 566; Plin. HN 4,68; 6,215 ( Icarium); Hdt. 6,96; Str. 2,5,21; Ptol. 5,2,1-6; 17,2; Diod. Sic. 4,77,6 (Ἰκάριον πέλαγος); Claud. in Eutropium 2,265 ( Icarium pelagus). The Icarian Sea (IS) breaks on the …

[German version] (Τελμισσός/ Telmissós; by-form Τελμεσσός/ Telmessós: Syll.3 1047,7 f.). City in Caria (Cares) at modern Gürece, about 11 km (Polemon FHG 3, 128 Fr. 35) to the west of Halicarnassus, for the expansion of which T. had to relinquish part of its population c. 361 BC (Callisthenes FGrH 124 F 25; Plin. HN 5,107). With its Apollo sanctuary, still famous in the Roman Imperial period (HN 619), T. formed the League of the Telmisseis [1. 377-380]. At the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC T. was entirely absorbed into Halicarnassus. On…

[German version] (Κάσταβος; Kástabos). Site in the north-west of the Carian Chersonesus (Bozburun Yarımadası) in the hinterland of the Bay of Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü), to the east above ancient Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü) in the Rhodian  Peraea. On the Pazarlık, a ridge of the Eren Dağı, remains of an Ionic peripteros ( c. 300 BC), a small theatre and further structures belonging to the much-visited sanctuary of  Hemithea (Diod. Sic. 5,62 f.), a goddess of healing whose originally Carian cult, traceable back to the end of the 7th cent. BC…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Ἄλινδα/ Álinda). City in northern Caria (Cares; Ptol. 5,2,20). In the Delian League in the middle of the 5th cent. BC (ATL 1, 467 f.); in 341/40 the only fortress remaining to the princess Ada, which in 334 BC she handed over to Alexander [4] the Great, only to receive it back by adopting him (Arr. Anab. 1,23,8; Diod. 17,24,2). After that A. was for a short time renamed Alexandria on the Latmus [1]; the city is supposed to have…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Λώρυμα; Lṓryma). Town on the south coast of Caria (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 247), east of the southern tip of Boz Burun in the heart of the peraea of Rhodes, belonged to Kasara (modern Asardibi), modern Bozuk Kale (‘castle ruin’). On the headland (Str. 14,2,4; 2,14; Larumna, Mela 1,84; Plin. HN 5,104; Ptol. 5,2,8; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.) over the approach to the bay lie the ruins of a Rhodian fortress (3rd/2nd cent. BC); on the southeastern side, rock inscriptions for Rhodian Zeus At…

[German version] (Μοστήνη; Mostḗnē). Lydian city (Ptol. 5,2,16), localised according to inscriptions and coins either at the eastern foot of Mount Sipylus near modern Çobanisa or Sancaklıboz or to the south of Thyateira or c. 40 km to the east of Magnesia [3] (modern Asartepe near Urganlı). In AD 17, M. was destroyed by an earthquake (Tac. Ann. 2,47,3). M. was one of 12 or 14 cities of the province of Asia that thanked Tiberius for help in rebuilding with honorary inscriptions and a monument in Rome (copy: Puteoli, CIL X 1624; I…

[German version] (Ἴδυμα; Ídyma). Ancient Carian settlement (Ptol. 5,2,15; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.) on the eastern end of the gulf of Ceramus near Gökova, 4 km inland near İskele, by the river Idymus. Coins (from the 6th cent. BC onwards) showing a head of Pan and from the Hellenistic period with a Rhodian Apollo and fig leaf are preserved. In the mid-5th cent. BC I. was a member of the  Delian League and was ruled by Pactyes. In the 3rd/2nd cents. I. belonged to the Rhodian Peraea, was occupied in 201 …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Θεάγγελα/ Theángela). City in Caria (Cares), to the east of Halicarnassus, most eastern settlement of the Leleges; a precedessor settlement may have been Συάγγελα/ Syángela (S.), at the modern Alazeytin Kalesi to the west above Çiftlik [1. 112-116, 145-147; 2. 89-96], or on Mount Kaplan to the southwest of modern Etrim [3. 17 note 3, 224 note 33a]. In the 6th/5th cent. BC S. was in the hands of the Carian dynastic family of Pigres, who held a command…

[German version] (Τραπεζόπολις/ Trapezópolis). City in Caria (Ptol. 5,2,18; Cares) on the northern slopes of Mount Cadmus (modern Baba) in the Salbacus mountains (modern Akdağ); scant remains of the city are at Bolu to the west of Denizli. As well as in inscriptions and on coins (1st-3rd cents. AD) T. is particularly well attested in late Antiquity literary sources. T. was part of the Conventus of Alabanda (Plin. HN 5,109). T. enjoyed close relations with the neighbouring city of Attuda (modern Hasköy; cf. Homónoia coins under Antoninus [1] Pius). In the 4th cent. AD T. was …

[German version] (Ἀμυζών/ Amyzṓn). City in Caria (Cares; cf. Str. 14,2,22; Ptol. 5,2,19), on the northern slopes of the Latmus [1] mountains 15 km to the northwest of Alinda (see vol. 15 addenda). A 6th cent. BC settlement which arose around a mountain sanctuary - in the middle of the 5th cent. possibly belonging to the Delian League (ATL 1, 521) - was expanded under Idrieus (351-344 BC) into a Greek-style city. It attained its peak in the 3rd cent. BC. A. was renamed Alexandria for a short time, w…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Education / Culture (Κεδρέαι, also Κεδρεῖαι, Κεδρεαί; Kedréai, Kedreîai, Kedreaí). Town in Caria on the eastern end of the Ceramic Gulf, on the island of Şehir adası and on the mainland near Taşbükü. Originally, its population was purely Carian, later Carian-Greek (μιξοβάρβαροι, mixobárbaroi, Xen. Hell. 2,1,15). The inhabitants of C. spoke the dialect of Dorian Asia Minor (cf. inscriptions). At the end of the 6th cent. BC, Hecat. mentions C. as a town (FGrH 1 F 248); in the 5th…

[German version] (Θυσσανοῦς/ Thyssanoûs). Port in southern Caria (Cares; Mela 1,84; Plin. HN 5,104) on the western coast of the Bozburun peninsula on the Gulf of Syme (modern Sömbeki) at modern Ortaca. T. belonged to the Rhodean peraia, as a dámos ( demos [2] B) politically to Camirus on Rhodes, with a territory stretching as far as the southern and northern bays (e.g. with the remains of an acropolis at modern Cumhuriyet Mahallesi). After a temporary separation T. was returned to Rhodes by the Romans presumably c. 70 AD. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography W. Blümel, Die Inschr…

[German version] (Ὄλυμος/ Ólymos or Ὄλυμον/ Ólymon?). City in Caria north-west of Mylasa; known only from inscriptions. In the 5th cent. BC, member of the Delian League ( Hýlimos); in the 3rd/2nd cents., O. merged with Mylasa in sympoliteía . A temple of Apollo and Artemis survives at modern Kafaca, 8 km north-west of Milâs. The inscriptions (end of 2nd cent.  - 70s of 1st cent. BC) very often relate to the selling or leasing of temple land and provide information about a privileged class constituted by the desce…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Colonization | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κνίδος; Knídos, Lat. Cnidus). City of the Carian or Dorian Chersonesus (now the Reşadiye peninsula). Dorian settlement (Hom. Il. 1,43; Hdt. 1,174); member of the Dorian Pentapolis. C. probably stood originally in the middle of the peninsula near today's Datça. Historical dates: About 580 BC it participated in the colonization of Sicily (Thuc. 3,88) and in the Hellenion in Naucratis (…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Βλαῦνδος; Blaûndos). City in eastern  Lydia on the border with Phrygia, to which it is therefore also assigned (Ptol. 5,2,25: Βλέανδρος; Bléandros); south of Inay (cf.  Klannudda) near the modern Sülümenli (also Sülünlü) on a narrow spur between two ravines flowing into the Hippurius (the modern Köprülü Çay), a northern tributary of the upper Maeander [2]. Indigenous place name in 2nd cent. BC still Mlaundos (on coins). From its official designation Blaundeī́s Makedónes (coins, inscription IGR 4, 717, 3rd c…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung (Λώρυμα). Ort an der karischen Südküste (Hekat. FGrH 1 F 247), östl. der Südspitze von Boz Burun im Herzen der Peraia von Rhodos, zu Kasara (h. Asardibi) gehörend, h. Bozuk kale (“Burgruine”). Auf dem Landvorsprung (Strab. 14,2,4; 2,14; Larumna, Mela 1,84; Plin. nat. 5,104; Ptol. 5,2,8; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.) über der Zufahrt zur Bucht liegt die Ruine einer rhodischen Festung (3./2. Jh.v.Chr.); an der SO-Seite Felsinschr. für den rhodischen Zeus Atabyrios. Rhodos unmitte…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Lykioi, Lykia (τὰ Κάλυνδα). Ort an der SW-Küste Kleinasiens, zu Karia wie Lykia gerechnet, 60 Stadien vom Meer entfernt am Axon (h. Kargın çayı) östl. des Indos [2] (Hdt. 1,172; Strab. 14,2,2; Plin. nat. 5,103; Ptol. 5,3,2; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ.). 480 v.Chr. unter Damasithymos (Hdt. 8,87f.), Mitte 5. Jh. im Attisch-Delischen Seebund (als Klaÿnda), Mitte 3. Jh. ptolem.; 166 v.Chr. Kaunos [2] untertan, 163 abgefallen und belagert, von Knidos und Rhodos (Pol. 31,4f.) unt…

[English version] (Καστωλός). Stadt (und Fluß?) in Lydia. Die “Ebene von K.” (Καστωλοῦ πεδίον) war ständiger Sammelplatz des persischen Heeres im Alarmfall (vgl. Kyros d.J.: Xen. hell. 1,4,3; Xen. an. 1,1,2; 9,7). Die Ebene ist nicht sicher lokalisierbar, aber nicht fern von Sardeis, nahe der persischen Königsstraße zu suchen: nach Inschr. evtl. die Burçak-Ebene um den Söğüt çayı, K. dort das h. Bebekli. Früher selbständig (Ethnika IG II2 3059; 3233) mit Befestigungen (Tetrapyrgia) um seine Ebene, war K. in der Kaiserzeit (1./2. Jh.) nur kṓmē (OGIS 448) von Philadelphia (h. Al…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Theater (Κεδρέαι, auch Κεδρεῖαι, Κεδρεαί). Stadt in Karia am Ostende des Keramischen Golfs, auf der Insel Şehir adası und auf dem Festland bei Taşbükü. Die Bevölkerung war urspr. rein karisch, später karisch-griech. (μιξοβάρβαροι, mixobárbaroi, Xen. hell. 2,1,15). Die Kedreaten sprachen den Dial. der kleinasiat. Doris (vgl. Inschr.). E. 6. Jh.v.Chr. wird K. von Hekat. (FGrH 1 F 248) als Stadt erwähnt, im 5. Jh. war es Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes (IG I3 259,5,17). 406 v.Chr. von Lysandr…

[English version] (Κέγχρειος, Κέγχριος, Cenchreus). Bach im SW von Ephesos (Alexandros Aitolos fr. 2 Powell; Strab. 14,1,20; Paus. 7,5,10; Tac. ann. 3,61,1), h. Arvalia Çayı (nicht der Değirmen dere, vgl. aber [1]); er entspringt am Solmissos (h. Agadağ), mündete vor deren Verlandung in die Kaystrosbucht, h. linksseits in den Kaystros [1]. Der K. durchfloß die Ortygia, einen Hain, in dem Leto Apollon und Artemis geboren haben soll (Strab., Tac. l.c.); hier befand sich ein Heiligtum der Opis-Artemis …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Pergamon (Ἀπολλωνίς). Stadt im nördl. Lydia, von Pergamon und Sardeis gleichweit entfernt, je 300 Stadien (Strab. 13,4,4; ca. 53 km). E. 3. Jh. v. Chr. (an der Stelle einer älteren Ortschaft?) von Attalos I. gegr. und nach seiner Frau Apollonis benannt; Ruinen in Palamut Kalesi, 22 km nordwestl. von Thyateira. Nach Inschr. und Münzen fanden Synoikismos-Maßnahmen noch unter Eumenes II. um 194 v. Chr. und später statt; unter den Kolo…

[English version] (Ἰδριάς). Kar. Gebirgslandschaft mit dem Marsyas-Tal östl. von Mylasa (Hdt. 5,118; Strab. 14,5,23) mit gleichnamiger kar. Stadt. Deren angeblich älterer Name Chrysaoris (Steph. Byz. s.v. I.; s.v. Chrysaoris) wird auch der Stadt Stratonikeia und deren Landschaft zugeschrieben (Paus. 5,21,10), wohl in dem Sinne, daß I. in einem Gebiet lag, dessen Dörfer sich um das Heiligtum des Zeus Chrysaoreus zum kar. Bund der Chrysaoreis zusammengeschlossen hatten; die in der 1. H. 3. Jh. v.Chr…

[English version] (Μοστήνη). Lydische Stadt (Ptol. 5,2,16), nach Inschr. und Mz. entweder am Ostfuß des Sipylos bei h. Çobanisa oder Sancaklıboz oder südl. von Thyateira oder ca. 40 km östl. von Magnesia [3] (h. Asartepe bei Urganlı) lokalisiert. 17 n.Chr. wurde M. durch Erdbeben zerstört (Tac. ann. 2,47,3). M. dankte als eine von 12 bzw. 14 Städten der Prov. Asia Tiberius mit Ehreninschr. und Monument in Rom (Replik Puteoli, CIL X 1624; ILS 156) für Wiederaufbauhilfe (IGR 4,1514; ILS 8785; 30 bzw. 31 n.Chr.). Eine Dankesbezeugung ist außerdem der Namenszusatz Καισάρεια/ Kaisáreia (“…

[English version] (Ἰκάριος πόντος). Südöstl. Teil des Ägäischen Meeres von Samos bis Mykonos (Plin. nat. 4,51) bzw. von Ikaros mit Korassiai (Korseai, h. Fourni) und Samos über Patmos, Leros und Kalymnos bis Kos (Strab. 10,5,13). Belegstellen: Hom. Il. 2,145 (Ἰκάριος πόντος); Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 694; Auson. epist. 23 ( Icarius pontus); Ov. fast. 4,283; 566; Plin. nat. 4,68; 6,215 ( Icarium); Hdt. 6,96; Strab. 2,5,21; Ptol. 5,2,1-6; 17,2; Diod. 4,77,6 (Ἰκάριον πέλαγος); Claud. in Eutropium 2,265 ( Icarium pelagus). Das I.M. bespült die Küsten der westkleinasiat. Landschaf…

[English version] (Μεσ(σ)ωγίς). Mittlerer Teil einer von SW-Phrygia um Kelainai in Ost-West-Richtung bis zur Mykale streichenden, auf über 1600 m ansteigenden Gebirgskette (Strab. 13,4,12f.), h. Aydın dağları, Wasserscheide zw. dem Kaystros und dem Maiandros [2], urspr. Grenze zw. Lydia und Karia (Ptol. 5,2,15). Der beste Wein der M. wuchs angeblich am Berg Aroma (Strab. 14,1,47; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄρωμα). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 1100ff.  Magie, 783.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater (Μάσταυρα). Stadt in Lydia am Südhang der Mes(s)ogis (Strab. 14,1,47; Plin. nat. 5,120; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Anth. Pal. 11,230, dort Wortspiel mit dem ON), Ruinen nördl. von Nazilli. Aus röm. Zeit sind städtische Institutionen und Kulte inschr. und durch Mz. bekannt. In christl. Zeit Bischofssitz, auf den Konzilien von Ephesos 431 und Kalchedon 451 vertreten (Hierokles, Synekdemos 659,8; Not. episc. 1,101; 3,21; 7,91; 8,108; 9,15; 10,156). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography K. Buresch, Aus Lydien…

[English version] (Ἱερὰ Κώμη, Ἱεροκαισάρεια). Ort in Lydia an der ant. Straße Pergamon - Sardeis östl. des Hyllos beim h. Sazova bzw. Beyova. H.K. entwickelte sich um ein Heiligtum der Anaitis; der unter der Perserherrschaft eingeführte Kult war im lyd. Hermostal verbreitet und fand wegen seiner Fremdartigkeit (Feuerdienst, Magerpriester) noch im 2. Jh. n.Chr. den Zuspruch der Griechen (Paus. 5,27,5ff.; 7,6,6). 201 v.Chr. Opfer der Invasion Philippos' V. (Pol. 16,1,8), wurde der Tempel erneut 156 …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Kolonisation | Theater | Straßen (Κνίδος, lat. Cnidus). Stadt der kar. bzw. dor. Chersonesos (h. Halbinsel Reşadiye). Dor. Gründung (Hom. h. 1,43; Hdt. 1,174); Mitglied der dor. Pentapolis. K. lag urspr. wohl in der Mitte der Halbinsel beim h. Datça. Histor. Daten: Um 580 v.Chr. an der sizil. Kolonisation (Thuk. 3,88) und am Hellenion in Naukratis (Hdt. 2,178) beteiligt; 546/5 pers. (Hdt. 1,174). Um…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Perserkriege | Theater (Εὔρωμος). Ort im karischen Binnenland (Strab. 14,1,8; 2,22; Steph. Byz. s.v. E.; Plin. nat. 5,109), 22 km südl. des ehemaligen Latmischen Meerbusens (h. Bafa oder Çamiçi gölü), 3 km südl. von Selimiye am Nordende der Hochebene von Mylasa gelegen, h. Ayaklı. Im 5. Jh. als H(K)yromos Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes. Der Ort wurde wahrscheinlich erst seit dem 4. Jh. v.Chr. E., mehrfach auch Eúropos gen. In Sympolitie mit seinen περιπόλιοι ( peripólioi, “Orte in der Umge…

[English version] (Πακτωλός). Fluß in Lydia, entspringt am Tmolos (Boz Dağları), durchfließt Sardeis und mündet in den Hermos [2]; h. Sart Çayı. Er war berühmt durch den im Quellgebiet ausgewaschenen Elektron- und Goldstaub (Hdt. 1,93,1; 5,101,2; Plin. nat. 5,110), dem die Mermnadenkönige (Mermnadai) ihren sprichwörtlichen Reichtum verdankten (Archil. fr. 22 D.; Hdt. 6,125). Am P. in Sardeis befanden sich Metallschmelzen. Der Goldgehalt des P. war im 1. Jh. v.Chr. angeblich erschöpft (Strab. 13,1,23; 4,5). Auch Nachbarbäche führten goldhaltige Quarzsände. Kaletsch, Hans (…

[English version] (Ὄλυμος oder Ὄλυμον?). Stadt in Karia nordwestl. von Mylasa; nur inschr. bekannt. Im 5. Jh. v.Chr. Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes ( Hýlimos), im 3./2. Jh. mit Mylasa in sympoliteía verbunden. Erh. ist ein Apollon- und Artemis-Tempel beim h. Kafaca, 8 km nordwestl. von Milâs. Die Inschr. (E. 2. Jh. - 70er J. des 1. Jh.v.Chr.) betreffen vielfach Kauf oder Pacht von Tempelland, geben Aufschluß über eine privilegierte Schicht der Nachkommen der Kolonisten (darunter “Makedonen”?) sowie über die korporative Gliederung der Bürgerschaft [1. 29-98]. Kale…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Diadochen und Epigonen | Pergamon | Perserkriege | Pompeius | Theater (τὰ Μύλασα). Vorort der Kares im Kernland von Karia, h. Milâs. ON vorgriech., altertümliche Kulte des karischen Zeus in M. und Umgebung (Hdt. 1,171; Strab. 14,2,23). M. war am Ionischen Aufstand unter dem Karer Herakleides (Sohn des Ibanollis, des Tyrannen von M.) beteiligt (Hdt. 5,37,121); Mitte des 5. Jh. v.Chr. war M. Mitglied im A…

[English version] (Λάβραυνδα, Λάβρανδα). Ort und Heiligtum des karischen Zeus Stratios (auch Labraundos) auf einem südl. Ausläufer des Latmos; über eine heilige Straße mit Mylasa verbunden, dem es mit der späteren Siedlung als kṓmē angehörte (Strab. 14,2,23). ON und Name des Gottes sind vorgriech. Die Doppelaxt ( lábrys) von L. galt als von den Amazonen bzw. den lyd. Heraklidenkönigen übernommen (Plut. qu. Gr. 45). Die Kultstatue ( xóanon ) mit der geschulterten lábrys ist auf Mz. des 4. Jh.v.Chr. dargestellt. Das Heiligtum war zentraler Tagungsort des alten karisch…

[English version] (Μάρδοι). Vorderasiat. Stämme in Armenia (Ptol. 5,12,9), Media bzw. Hyrkania südl. des Kaspischen Meeres im h. Elburz-Gebirge/Nordiran (Strab. 11,13,3), hier Amardoi gen. (Strab. 11,6,1; 7,1; Plin. nat. 6,36; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀμαρδοί, s.v. Μ.), in Margiane (Strab. 11,8,8; Plin. nat. 6,47); auch einer der vier pers. Nomadenstämme (Hdt. 1,125,4) oberhalb der Elymaïs (Strab. 11,13,6; Plin. nat. 6,134; Arr. Ind. 40,6) im h. Ansan. Pers. M. dienten im Achaimenidenheer (Hdt. 1,84,2; Ai…

[English version] (Μαραθοῦσσα, “Fenchelinsel”). Südlichste der Inseln vor Klazomenai im SW des Golfs von Smyrna, h. Hekim bzw. Çiçek adaları. Geringe Reste. Belegstellen: Thuk. 8,31,3; Strab. 14,1,36; Plin. nat. 5,137; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαράθουσα. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. Winkler, R. König (Hrsg.), C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde, B. 5, 1993, 262f. (Komm.).

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer Seebund (Κέραμος). Stadt in SW-Karia an der Nordküste des nach K. benannten Golfs (Κεράμειος oder Κεραμικὸς κόλπος, sinus Ceramicus; h. Gökova körfezi), durch Deltabildung des zuletzt unterirdisch fließenden Koca Çay von der Küste entfernt (Strab. 14,2,15) gelegen, h. Kemerdere bei Ören (Plin. nat. 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,10; Paus. 6,13,3f.). Urspr. karisch, ab dem 6. Jh. v.Chr. hellenisiert (archa. Kuroskopf, ca. 540/530 [1]); 454/3 v.Chr. im Attisch-Delischen Seebund (IG I3 259,5,18), in hel…

[English version] (Κούρου bzw. Κόρου πεδίον). Ebene in Lydia nördl. von Magnesia am Sipylos, östl. der Mündung des Hyllos [4] in den Hermos [2] (Strab. 13,4,5; 13), wo Lysimachos 281 v.Chr. von Seleukos (Porphyrios FGrH 260 F 3,8), Antiochos [5] III. 190 v.Chr. von den Römern geschlagen wurde (Liv. 37,37-39). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography H. Bengtson, Griech. Gesch., 51977, 389 mit Anm. 4, 481.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung (τὰ Λάγινα). Ort nördl. von Stratonikeia mit Heiligtum der karischen Hekate (h. Leyna bei Turgut); jährl. Panegyris (Strab. 14,2,25; 29), Prozession mit dem heiligen Schlüssel, Mysterienspiele, penteterische Agone. 81 v.Chr. eingerichtet als Hekatesia Rhomaia mit Verleihung des Asylrechts durch den Senat, von Caesar, Augustus, 22 n.Chr. von Tiberius bestätigt (Tac. ann. 3,62,2). Arch. Befund: Von dor. Stoai gesäumtes Geviert um Pseudodipteros-Tempel mit 8 × 11 korinth. Säulen (2. H.…

(Λυδία). [English version] I. Geographie Landschaft in West-Kleinasien, begrenzt nach Süden gegen Karia durch Mes(s)ogis bzw. Maiandros, nach Osten gegen Phrygia durch den Zusammenfluß von Lykos [18] und Maiandros, den Oberlauf des Hermos [2] und das Dindymos-Gebirge (h. Murat Dağı), nach Norden gegen Mysia durch den Kaikos [1] bzw. Temnos (Demirci Dağı) und westl. anschließende Gebirgszüge. Im Westen vorgelagert sind Aiolis und Ionia, mit L. durch gleiches Klima, Bodenverhältnisse, Vegetation verbun…

[English version] (Ἀρκόννησος). “Schutzinsel” (so Strab. 14,12,16; Steph. Byz. s.v.A.). Langgestrecktes Eiland an der Küste von Karia, das die Hafenbucht von Halikarnassos abschirmt und im Alt. befestigt war; h. Kara Ada. Während der Belagerung durch Alexander d. Gr. 334 v.Chr. Rückzugsgebiet der Perser (Arr. an. 1,23,3 Ἀκρόνησος). Irrtümlich verlegt Plin. nat. 5,133 [1. 257] Keramos nach A. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 G.Winkler, R. König, C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde (lat.-dt.), Buch 5, 1993. Reisekarte Türkiye-Türkei, Türk. Verteidigungsminis…

[English version] (τὰ Καρύανδα). Karische (Hekat. FGrH 1 F 242; Skyl. FGrH 709 T 1f.) Hafenstadt zw. Myndos und Bargylia (Strab. 14,2,20), im Süden des h. Güllük körfezi, urspr. auf vorgelagerter Insel (Salih adası?), später auf das Festland verlegt. K. war Mitglied im Attisch-Delischen Seebund und Heimat des Seefahrers (Hdt. 4,44,1) und Geographen Skylax. Auf Salih adası finden sich Reste einer ummauerten Niederlassung; die Festlandssiedlung von K., im 3. Jh. v.Chr. nach Myndos eingebürgert, ist nicht weit von Salih adası bei Güvercinlik oder eher…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Pompeius | Theater (τὰ Βαργύλια). Karischer Küstenort südl. von h. Güllük an einer h. versumpften Nebenbucht des Golfs von Iasos (Βαργυλιητικὸς κόλπος, Pol. 16,12,1; Liv. 37,17,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. B.), h. Varvil-Bucht (ma. Namensform Βαρβύλια, Anon. stadiasmus maris magni 286, 288; Ptol. 5,2,7), karisch auch Ἄνδανος genannt (Steph. Byz. ebd.), einst zum Gebiet der Leleges gehörig (Strab. 13,1,59), h. Asarlık. Im 5.Jh. v.Chr. wie Euromos und …

[English version] (Μύνδος). Stadt in SW-Kleinasien an der Westküste der von Halikarnassos bis M. sich erstreckenden Halbinsel, h. Gümüşlük. Ihr Vorgänger war eine befestigte Höhensiedlung der Leleges (“Alt-M.”, Plin. nat. 5,107) auf dem Hügel Bozdağ (3,5 km südl.). Im 5. Jh.v.Chr. war M. Mitglied im Attisch-Delischen Seebund. Um 360 wurde der Ort aufgegeben bzw. an die durch ein Vorgebirge geschützte Hafenbucht verlegt. Die Neugründung wohl unter Maussollos war gleichzeitig mit dem synoikismós von sechs Siedlungen um Halikarnassos mit der neuen…

(Μαιονία, lat. Maeonia). [English version] [1] Landschaft in Lydia Landschaft in Lydia um die Gygaia Limne, zu Füßen des Tmolos (Hom. Il. 3,401, vgl. 2,864ff.; 10,431); vorwiegend als älterer Landes- bzw. Stammesname aufgefaßt (Μηίονες, Hdt. 1,7; 7,74; Diod. 4,31,5; Dion. Hal. 1,27,1; Plin. nat. 5,110). Urspr. umfaßte M. die Katakekaumene [1] (Strab. 12,8,13; 13,4,11) mit dem Grenzgebiet zu Phrygia (Plin. nat. 5,146; Ptol. 5,2,16), das Tal des Kogamos (h. Alaşehir Çayı), das Gebiet um Sardeis (Plin. nat.…

(Κᾶρες/die Karer, Καρία; lat. Cares, Caria). [English version] I. Geographie Stamm bzw. Landschaft in SW-Kleinasien, vom Maiandros bzw. den Gebirgen Mykale und Mesogis im Norden, Salbakos im Osten begrenzt; die Südküste von K. erstreckt sich vom Triopischen Vorgebirge bis zur Bucht von Telmessos (Strab. 14,2,1; Liv. 37,16). An der durch Golfe und langgezogene Halbinseln gegliederten Westküste liegen zunächst die noch zu Ionia zählenden Städte Miletos, Myus, Herakleia [5] und Priene, landeinwärts Magnesia …

[English version] (Μοκαδ(δ)ηνή). Landschaft in Ost-Lydia am oberen Hermos in der Maionia [1], an der Grenze zu Phrygia, inschr. durch zugehörige Orte ausgewiesen ( kṓmē Thermai Theséos, h. Kula Emir Hamamları; mētropóleis Silandos, h. Selendi, und Temenothyrai). Die Mokkadenoi, einen dḗmos in Asia (Ptol. 5,2,18 mit falscher Lokalisierung in Bithynia), mit der M. zu verbinden, bleibt fragwürdig. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography K. Buresch, Aus Lydien, 1898, 186 mit Karte  J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 2113  Ders., s.v. Mokkadenoi, RE 15, 2115  Magie 2, 1022.

[English version] (Ἴδυμα). Alte kar. Siedlung (Ptol. 5,2,15; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.) am östl. Ende des Golfs von Keramos nahe Gökova, 4 km landeinwärts bei İskele, in der Nähe das Flüßchen Idymos. Erh. sind Mz. (ab 6. Jh. v.Chr.) mit Panskopf, aus hell. Zeit mit rhod. Apollon und Feigenblatt. Mitte 5. Jh. v.Chr. gehörte I. zum Attisch-Delischen Seebund, damals von Paktyes beherrscht. Im 3.-2. Jh. zur rhod. Peraia gehörig, wurde I. nach Inbesitznahme durch Philippos V. 201 vermutlich um 197 durch den …

[English version] (Μασσαβάται, Μεσσαβάται, lat. Messabatae). Bewohner der nach ihnen benannten Landschaft Massabatike (Μασσαβατική, Μεσ(σ)αβατική) in der südl. Media bzw. nördl. Elymaïs (Strab. 11,13,6; 16,1,18; Plin. nat. 6,134), oder - weniger wahrscheinlich - südl. der Elymaïs im nördlichsten Teil der Persis (Ptol. 6,4,3; vgl. Plin. nat. 6,135). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography R.N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, 1984, 89.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Pompeius | Theater (Ἀλάβανδα). Ca. 40 km südl. des Maiandros-Tals in der mittelkarischen Ebene (Karia) von Çine, im Altertum deren Vorort, auf 2 eng nebeneinander liegenden Hügeln (Strab. 14,2,26) und in nördl. anschließender Ebene, am linken Ufer des Marsyas, h. Araphisar. Erstmals erwähnt für 480 v. Chr. (Stadttyrann Aridolis in griech. Gefangenschaft: Hdt. 7,195 - unklar, wie die Nachricht bei Hdt. 8,136 damit zu vereinbaren ist); Blüteze…

[English version] (Γυγαίη λίμνη). See in Lydia nördl. des Hermos und von Sardeis, an den im Süden die lyd. Königsnekropole (h. Bintepe, “Tausend Hügel”) mit den Grabtumuli des Alyattes, Gyges und anderer Fürsten (Hipponax fr. 42 Masson) anschließt; evtl. nach dem gleichnamigen Vorfahren des Gyges (Nikolaos von Damaskos FGrH 90 F 46) oder einer Sagengestalt benannt. G.l. wird schon bei Homer erwähnt (Hom. Il. 20,390f.; vgl. 2,865), mythographische Fabeleien finden sich bei Lykophr. Alexandra 1353 (…

[German version] [1] River in Lydia River in Lydia (Καΰστριος; Kaÿ́strios: Hom. Il. 2,461; Hdt. 5,100; Κάϋστρος; Káÿstros: Str. 13,3,2; Arr. Anab. 5,6,4; Mela 1,88), modern Küçük Menderes (‘Little Maeander’); it rises on the southern slopes of Mount Tmolus above Coloë (modern Keles near Kiraz); it flows through the plain of Kilbis, then through the  Caystrou pedion [1], absorbs from the right tributaries from Mount Tmolus, from the left those from the Mesogis mountains (modern Cevizli dağı) (Plin. HN 5,115), and…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Dark Ages | Alexander | Ionic | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Pompeius | Delian League | Education / Culture (Ἁλικαρνασσός; Halikarnassós). [German version] I. Location Coastal city in the south of  Caria on the Gulf of Ceramus, modern Bodrum. The plan of the city (Str. 14,2,16; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἁ.; Vitr. De arch. 2,8,10-14) resembled the seating arrangement of a theatre: a circular harbour bay, the ‘enclosed harbour’ (λιμὴν κλειστός, Ps.-Scyl. 98a), framed on both sides by …

(τὰ Κάρουρα; tà Károura). [German version] [1] City in SW Asia Minor Town in south-western Asia Minor on the upper course of the  Maeander at the border between Caria and Phrygia (Str. 12,8,17; 14,2,29), near the modern Sarayköy. Thanks to its hot springs, C. was an ancient health resort; a medical school (in the tradition of  Herophilus [1]) was based near the sanctuary of Men Karu (Str. 12,8,20), halfway between C. and Laodicea [4] (2nd/1st cents. BC). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography Miller, 726 W. M. Ramsay, The Historical Geography of Asia Minor, 1890, 49 Ramsay 1, 164; 16…

[German version] (Μαυσ(σ)ωλεῖον; Maus(s)ōleîon; Lat. mausoleum). Monumental tomb for the satrap Maussollus of Caria (died 353 BC) and his wife Artemisia [2] (died 351 BC) near the city of Halicarnassus in Lycia, probably only completed during the time of Alexander. It was counted as one of the Wonders of the World and became eponymous for a standard type of representative funerary architecture. Modern archaeology has focused much on the monument, which was frequently discussed and described in ancient literature (Str. 14,656 ff.; Diod. Sic. 16,45; Plin. HN 36, 30-31 and passim). Scan…

(Κᾶρες, Καρία; Kâres, Karía). [German version] I. Geography Tribe and region in south-western Asia Minor, its borders defined in the north by the Maeander and the mountain ranges of Mycale and Mesogis, and in the east by the Salbacus range; the Carian south coast stretches from the Triopic promontory to the bay of Telmessus (Str. 14,2,1; Liv. 37,16). Along its western coast -- characterized by gulfs and long stretched-out peninsulas -- lay the following towns which initially still belonged to Ionia:  Mi…

(Σάλα/ Sála). [German version] [1] River in Mauretania Tingitana River in Mauretania Tingitana, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, modern Oued Bou Regreg (Plin. HN 5,5: S.; 9; 13: Salat; Ptol. 4,1,2; 4: Σάλα/ Sála). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) [German version] [2] Phoenician or Punic foundation This item can be found on the following maps: Africa | | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni (neo-Punic Slt). Phoenician or Punic foundation near the mouth of the river of the same name, modern Chella in Morocco (Mela 3,107: S.; Plin. HN 5,5; 13: S.; Ptol. 4,1,2: Σάλα/ Sála; It. Ant. 6,4: S. colonia; Not. Dign. …