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, Ottoman Grand Vizier under the sultan Maḥmūd I; a native of a village in the district of S̲h̲ārḳī (S̲h̲ebin) Ḳara Ḥisār, he entered the Janissary Od̲j̲ak, in 1146/1733-4 attained the rank of ḳul-kāhyasi̊ (lieutenant-general), took part in the Persian campaigns and in mid-RabīʿI 1151/29 June-8 July 1738, during the war with Austria, was promoted to be Ag̲h̲a of the Janissaries. After receiving the title of vizier on 22 Ramaḍān 1152/26 December 1739 for his bravery in this war, he was appointed Grand Vizie…

, Ḥüseyn (ca. 1170/1757-1225/1810) also known as Fāḍil-i Enderūnī , Ottoman poet celebrated for his erotic works, was a grandson of Ẓāhir Āl ʿUmar [ q.v.] of ʿAkkā, who rebelled against the Porte in the seventies of the 18th century. Taken to Istanbul in 1190/1776 by the ḳapudān pas̲h̲a G̲h̲āzī Ḥasan after his grandfather and father had been slain in battle, he was brought up in the Palace. An amatory intrigue led to his expulsion in 1198/1783-4, and for twelve years he led a vagabond life in poverty in Istanbul. Ḳaṣīde s addressed to Selīm III and the statesmen …

, (modern Turkish Gülhane) the “House of roses”, or Gülk̲h̲āne Meydāni̊, is the name of a part of the gardens which lie along the Sea of Marmora on the east side of the Topkapi̊ Sarāyi̊ in Istanbul [ q.v.]; the name is derived from the fact that in olden days the building, in which the rose sweetmeats for the use of the court were prepared, stood there. The place is famous in history because the celebrated firman of Sultan ʿAbd al-Mad̲j̲īd, the so-called Ḵh̲aṭṭ- i s̲h̲erīf promulgating the reforms, was publicly proclaimed there on Sunday 26 S̲h̲aʿbān 1255/3…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier in the reign of Selīm III, was the son of Čelebi Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Süleymān Ag̲h̲a, one of the aʿyān [ q.v.] of Rusčuḳ, who is mentioned in the year 1183/1770 as leader of the troops of Rusčuḳ, Silistre and Yergögü (Giurgewo) in the war against Russia (1769-1774). He himself took part with distinction in the raid led by the Crimean K̲h̲ān into the Ukraine in the winter of 1769, a campaign celebrated through Baron de Tott’s description ( Mémoires , ii, 202-67), as serdengečdi ag̲h̲asi̊ (chief of the volunteers). In the course of the campaign h…

(earlier also known as Kiang̲h̲rī , Kanḳrī , and popularly as Čangi̊ri̊ or Čengiri ), the ancient Gangra (in Arabic sources Ḵh̲and̲j̲ara or Ḏj̲and̲j̲ara ). a town in the north of Central Anatolia, 40° 35′ north, 33° 35′ east, at the confluence of the Tatli̊čay and the Aci̊čay, a tributary of the Ki̊zi̊l I̊rmak, at an altitude of 2395 ft. (730 m.); since 1933, on the Ankara-Zonguldak railway (105 m. (174 km.) from Ankara). The town was once the capital of a sand̲j̲aḳ ( liwāʾ ) of the eyālet of Anadolu; after the Tanẓīmāt , it became the capital of a sand̲j̲aḳ of the wilāyet of…

, a Persian word meaning son-in-law, used as a title by sons-in-law of the Ottoman Sultans. Under the early Sultans, princesses ( sulṭān ) of the reigning house were occasionally given in marriage to the vassal princes of Asia Minor, for example, to the Ḳaramānog̲h̲lu, and even to the vezirs and generals of the sovereign; the case of the saint Amīr Sulṭān of Bursa, who married a daughter of Bāyazīd I is, however, unique not only for that but also for later periods. We afterwards find Grand Vezirs…

, the ancient and Byzantine Nicaea ( Nīḳīya in Ibn Ḵh̲uradād̲h̲bih and al-Idrīsī), was besieged in vain by the Arabs in their first campaigns against Byzantium in 99/717 and 107/725 (Theophanes, ed. de Boor, i, 397 and 405 ff.) and fell at the beginning of 1081 (middle of 473) into the hands of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ Sulaymān, son of Ḳutlumus̲h̲, who made his residence there. The first Crusaders under Walter Sans-Avoir were severely defeated before Nicaea in 489/1096 by Alp Arslān, son and…

(modern spelling: afyonkarahisar), more correctly afyūn ḳara ḥiṣārī , "Opium Black-castle", at present also simply afyon, formerly ḳara ḥiṣār-i ṣāḥib (in Nes̲h̲rī, ed. Ankara, 64 = ed. Berlin, 21 = Leunclavius, Hist . Musulm ., Frankfurt 1591, col. 140: Ṣāḥibuñ Ḳara Ḥiṣār[i̊], Principis Maurocastrum ; Saibcarascar in Caterino Zeno, Commentarii del Viaggio in Persia, Venice 1558, 14b), town in western Anatolia, 38°50′ N, 30°30′ E, about 1007 m. above sea level, on the stream Akarčay, which flows into the Eber Gölü, and then into the Aks̲h̲ehir Gölü…

, the name of a quarter of Istanbul which, according to tradition, was allotted to the Greeks by Meḥemmed II after the conquest in 857/1453; for the topography, monuments, etc. see istanbul. After the conquest the seat of the Greek Patriarch was transferred from St. Sophia to the Church of the Holy Apostles, and three years later to the nearby Church of the Pammakaristos. In 994/1586, when this church was converted into a mosque (Fetḥiye D̲j̲āmiʿi), the Patriarch moved down into the Fener quarter, to establish himself finally in 1011/1603 at the Church of St. George ¶ (re-built in 1720), s…

, town of western Turkey, situated 8 km. from the head of the Gulf of Edremit (on the site of Homer’s Thebe) on the lower slopes of Pas̲h̲adag̲h̲ (a spur of Mt. Ida) overlooking the fertile alluvial plain to the south (39°35′ N., 27° 02′ E.). The ancient Adramyttion was on the coast at Karatas̲h̲ (4 km. west of Burhaniye [formerly Kemer] and 13 km. south-west of Edremit), where remains of quays, etc., are to be found. The evidence of coins indicates that the city was transf…

, earlier spellings Egirdir or Egerdir in Ibn Baṭṭūṭa, ii, 267, and Ibn Faḍl Allāh al-ʿUmarī, Masālik al-Abṣār , report on Anatolia, ed. Taeschner, Leipzig 1929, 39 1-5, (middle of the 14th century), Akridūr, Greek Akrotiri; possibly—though there is no proof for this—from the name ’ Aκρωτήριον; a small town in south-western Anatolia on a penin sula at the southern end of the Eǧridir lake, which has no visible outlet but which may have a subterranean outlet to the Mediterranean, thus keeping …

, one of the most famous ḳapudan pas̲h̲as (Grand Admirals) of the Turkish navy. He was born in Tekfurdag̲h̲i̊ (Rodosto) on the Sea of Marmora, where he is said to have been a slave in the service of a Muslim merchant; on being set free, he took part as a janissary in the campaign against Austria in 1737-39. At the end of the war he went to Algiers where he was received by the Deys and in the end was appointed beg of Tlemcen. Some time afterwards, to escape from the persecution of …

, Sayyid S̲h̲ams al-Dīn Meḥemmed b. ʿAlī al-Ḥüseynī al-Buk̲h̲ārī , popularly known as Emīr Seyyid, or Emīr Sulṭān, the patron saint of Bursa (Brusa). He is supposed to have been a descendant of the 12th Imam, Muḥammad al-Mahdī, and hence a Sayyid. His father, Sayyid ʿAlī, known under the name of Emīr Külāl, was a Ṣūfī in Buk̲h̲ārā. He himself, born in Buk̲h̲ārā (in 770/ 1368), joined the Nūrbak̲h̲s̲h̲iyya branch of the Kubrawiyya in his early youth. Some menāḳribnāmes assert that he was a follower of the Imāmiyya. After his ḥad̲j̲d̲j̲ , Emīr Sulṭān spent some tim…

, Turkmen dynasty, which ruled for nearly two centuries (738/1337-928/1522) from Elbistan over the region Marʿas̲h̲-Malatya, as clients first of the Mamlūk and later of the Ottoman Sultans. Name: The use in Arabic sources of the spellings Dulg̲h̲ādir and Tulg̲h̲ādir and in one of the dynasty’s inscriptions of Dulḳādīr (see R. Hartmann, Zur Wiedergabe türkischer Namen ..., Berlin 1952, 7; this spelling occurs also in Bazm u Razm , Istanbul 1918, 456) indicates that the Arabicized forms D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳadr and D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳādir, usual in the later Ott…

, generally known by his kunya , companion of the Prophet. It was in the ¶ house of Abū Ayyūb that the Prophet stayed on his emigration to Medina, before his own mosque and house were built. He took part in all the Prophet’s expeditions, was present at all the battles of early Islam and served under the command of ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀsī during the conquest of Egypt. Later on he was appointed by ʿAlī to the governorship of Medina, but was obliged to rejoin ʿAlī in ʿIrāḳ when Busr b. Abī Arṭāt approched the town with a…

, Turkish adaptation of the place-name Heraclea, given to a number of places in Turkey, of which the most important are: 1) Karadeniz Ereğlisi (Ereğli on the Black Sea), Heraclea Pontica, hence formerly (as in Ḏj̲ihānnümā , 653) known as Bendereğli: a small town on the coast of the Black Sea, 41° 17′ N., ¶ 31° 25′ E., in the region of the coalfields formerly named after it, but now called after Zonguldak. The kaza , now in the vilâyet of Zonguldak, was once in the sand̲j̲aḳ (or liwāʾ ) of Bolu. This used to belong to the eyālet of Anadolu, and in the 19th century to the wilāyet o…

, Ottoman Grand Vizier, was born at Develi Ḳara Ḥisār ca 1140/1728-9, the son of a landed ag̲h̲a named Meḥmed; he began his career in 1156/1743-4 in the ḥalwa-k̲h̲āne (honey-bakery) of the Kilār-i humāyūn (Imperial Privy Commissariat), but his gifts soon won him a position among the pages of the Enderūn [ q.v.], ¶ where he won the favour of Muṣṭafa III. When the latter came to the throne on 16 Ṣafar 1171/30 October 1757, he at once appointed Ḥamza his siliḥdār [ q.v.], afterwards granted him the rank of vizier (S̲h̲awwāl 1171/June 1758) and betrothed him to the infant princess…

, the ancestor of the Ibrāhīm-K̲h̲ānzāde family, was the son of Selīm II’s daughter Esmāk̲h̲ān Sulṭān (d. 993/1585) by her first marriage, to the Grand Vizier Soḳollu Meḥmed Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.]. According to a late tradition ( Ḥadīḳat al-d̲j̲awāmiʿ , ii, 38), perhaps based on the misconception that the sons of princesses were not allowed to live [see dāmād ], his birth was at first concealed. He first appears as ḳapi̊d̲j̲i̊-bas̲h̲i̊ , in Muḥarram 1003/September 1594. By 1019/1610 he was beglerbegi of Bosna—a promotion which was indeed contrary to Meḥemmed …

the name of a Turkoman dynasty, which founded the independent kingdom of Ḳasṭamonu on the decline of the Sald̲j̲ūḳ kingdom of Ḳonya, at the end of the 7th/13th century, in N.W. Asia Minor, in the ancient Paphlagonia. The name is taken from that of the best known ruler of this dynasty, Isfendiyār Bey; in the 10th/16th century we find the name Ḳi̊zi̊l Aḥmedlu, from Ḳi̊zi̊l Aḥmed, the brother of Ismāʿīl Bey. The Byzantines called the Isfendiyār Og̲h̲lu “the sons of Amurias” or of Omur. The founder …

(modern spelling Eskişehir), a town in the western part of Central Anatolia, 39° 47′ N., 30° 33′ E., altitude 792 m. (= 2,597 ft.) (railway station) to 810 m. (=2,657 ft.), on the river Porsuk, a tributary of the Sakarya; it is the capital of a vilâyet of 389,129 inhabitants, the district has 56,077, and the town itself 153,190 (all figures for 1960). Eskişehir is famous for its hot springs, and for the meerschaum found nearby (see Reinhardt, in Pet . Mitt . 1911, ii, 251 ff.); it is also important as a junction of the Istanbul—Ankara and Istanbul—Konya railways. Eskişehir has replaced the anc…

, Aḥmed (d.? 1046/1636-7), Ottoman historian, was the son of ‘Küčük’ Ḥasan Bey, who was Reʾīs al-küttāb for the four months of K̲h̲ādim Mesīḥ Pas̲h̲a’s Grand Vizierate (D̲h̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 993—Rabīʿ II 994/December 1585—April 1586) and died in Muḥarram 995/December 1586. Obliged by poverty to abandon the theological career, Ḥasan Bey-zāde entered the ḳalem service (probably in 998/1590 or 999/1591) as a clerk to the Dīwān-i Hümāyūn . He was present on the Hungarian campaigns of 1005/1596 and 1007/1598 as secretary of the serdār . At the beginning of the …

, ‘valley lord’, the Turkish name popularly given to certain rulers in Asia Minor who, from the early 12th/18th century, made themselves virtually independent of the Ottoman central government in Istanbul. The Ottoman historians usually call them mutag̲h̲allibe , usurpers, or, when a politer designation was needed, K̲h̲ānedān . great families. The derebeys became in effect vassal princes, ruling over autonomous and hereditary principalities. In time of war they served, with their own contingents, in the Ottoman armies, w…

(d. 991/1583), private secretary of Meḥemmed Pas̲h̲a Sokollu [ q.v.], head of the Ottoman chancery and compiler of the Muns̲h̲aʾāt al-salāṭīn . Nothing is known of his origins; his personal name was Aḥmed, and his waḳfiye (see Bibl.) refers to him as ‘ibn ʿAbd al-Ḳadīr’. Educated in the household of the defterdār Čiwi-zāde ʿAbdī Čelebi, in the year of the latter’s death (960/1553) he entered the service of Meḥemmed Pas̲h̲a Sokollu, then beglerbegi of Rūmeli, as secretary. As Sokollu rose to supreme power, so Ferīdūn played an increasingly impor…

b. Derwīs̲h̲ Meḥmed Ẓilli̊ , b. 10 Muḥarram 1020/25 March 1611 in the Unkapan quarter of Istanbul, seems to have died not before the last third of 1095/1684 (cf. WZKM, li (1948-52), 226, Anm. 137, and TM, xii (1955), 261). For a period of almost forty years (from 1050/1640, perhaps even earlier, to 1087/1676), after he had already started his wanderings in Istanbul in the year 1040/1630-1, he described a series of long journeys within the Ottoman Empire and in the neighbouring lands, undertaken (or allegedly undertaken) sometimes …

, “black castle, black fortress”, name of several localities of Asia Minor distinguished from one another by means of other names or epithets, but nevertheless still frequently confused. One finds them already enumerated in the Muʿd̲j̲am of Yāḳūt (iv, 44), in the Nuzhat al-ḳulūb of Ḥamd Allāh Mustawfī (ed. Le Strange, 97), in the Seyāḥātnāma of Ewliyā Čelebi (Istanbul 1314-18, ii, 384 = Narrative of Travels by Ewliya Efendi , London 1850. ii, 205), in the Lehd̲j̲e-i ʿOt̲h̲mānī of Aḥmed Wefīḳ, (Istanbul 1293, 911) and in the Tāʾrīk̲h̲ of ʿAlī Ḏj̲ewad (Istanbul…

, Constantinople. 1. To the Ottoman Conquest (1453). The city, which Constantine the Great on 11 May 330 raised to be the capital of the Eastern Empire and which was called after him, was known to the Arabs as Ḳusṭanṭīniyya (in poetry also Ḳusṭanṭīna , with or without the article); the older name Byzantion ( Buzanṭiyā and various spellings) was also known to them, as well as the fact that the later Greeks, as at the present day, used to call Constantinople simply ἥ πόλις as “the city” par excellence (Masʿūdī, iii, 406 = § 1291 …

, Ottoman Grand Vizier under Sultan Muṣṭafā III, was the son of a merchant of Develi Ḳara Ḥiṣār, named Aḥmed Ag̲h̲a; born in Istanbul ca. 1110/1698-9 he entered upon his official career in the offices of the Sublime Porte. Owing to the protection of the celebrated Rāg̲h̲ib Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], whose pupil he was in the elaborate prose of the official style, he was nominated mektūbd̲j̲u (Secretary to the Grand Vizier) on 19 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda 1153/5 February 1741, a position he held for many years. On 19 Muḥarram 1169/25 October 1755 he was appointed reʾīs al-kuttāb (Minister…