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[German version] (Πακτωλός/ Paktōlós). River in Lydia, originates at the Tmolus mountianrange (Boz Dağları), flows through Sardis and into the Hermus [2]; modern-day Sart Çayı. It was famous for the electron and gold dust washed out near the source (Hdt. 1,93,1; 5,101,2; Plin. HN 5,110), to which the Mermnad kings (Mermnadae) owed their legendary wealth (Archil. fr. 22 D.; Hdt. 6,125). Smelteries were located on the P. in Sardis. By the 1st cent. BC the gold of the P. was exhausted, it seems (Str. 13,1,23; 4,5). Quartz sand containing gold was also found in neighbouring streams. Kaletsch, …

[German version] (Μαυσ(σ)ωλεῖον; Maus(s)ōleîon; Lat. mausoleum). Monumental tomb for the satrap Maussollus of Caria (died 353 BC) and his wife Artemisia [2] (died 351 BC) near the city of Halicarnassus in Lycia, probably only completed during the time of Alexander. It was counted as one of the Wonders of the World and became eponymous for a standard type of representative funerary architecture. Modern archaeology has focused much on the monument, which was frequently discussed and described in ancient literature (Str. 14,656 ff.; Diod. Sic. 16,45; Plin. HN 36, 30-31 and passim). Scan…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Μάσταυρα; Mástaura). Town in Lydia on the southern slopes of the Mes(s)ogis (Str. 14,1,47; Plin. HN 5,120; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Anth. Pal. 11,230, with a pun on the place-name), ruins to the north of Nazilli. From the Roman period, municipal institutions and cults are known from inscriptions and coins. In Christian times an episcopal see, it was represented at the councils of Ephesus (431) and Calchedon (451) (Hierocles, Synekdemos 659,8; Not. episc. 1,101; 3,21; 7,91; 8,108; 9,15; 10,156). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensb…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Lycii, Lycia | Education / Culture (Ἀπέρλαι/ Apérlai). Settlement on the southern coast of Lycia (Lycii, Lycia; Plin. HN. 5,100), in the northeastern corner of a westward opening bay, modern Sıcak İskelesi. In the 5th cent. BC Lycian city coins, in the 1st cent. BC Lycian League minting, and again c. AD 240 (HN 694). In the Roman period A. was the chief town of a sympoliteia of three neighbouring communities in the Lycian League (IGR 3, 692 f.): Apollonia (modern Kılınçlı), Isinda [1] (near…

[German version] (Σαρδιανή; Sardianḗ). Town territory of Sardis (with map; Str. 13,4,5; cf. Xen. Hell. 3,4,21; Xen. Ages. 1,29). Besides the valley of Pactolus, it included the fertile plain around the middle course of the Hermus [2] (Σαρδιανὸν πεδίον/ Sardianòn pedíon, Hdt. 1,80,1; Plut. Agesilaos 10; Str. loc.cit.), about east of Salihli up to Turgutlu [1. 499, 501], its exact boundaries being unknown. The Roman judicial district of Sardis ( Sardiana iurisdictio, Plin. HN 5, 111) stretched far beyond S., especially towards the east. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 G. …

(Κᾶρες, Καρία; Kâres, Karía). [German version] I. Geography Tribe and region in south-western Asia Minor, its borders defined in the north by the Maeander and the mountain ranges of Mycale and Mesogis, and in the east by the Salbacus range; the Carian south coast stretches from the Triopic promontory to the bay of Telmessus (Str. 14,2,1; Liv. 37,16). Along its western coast -- characterized by gulfs and long stretched-out peninsulas -- lay the following towns which initially still belonged to Ionia:  Mi…

(Τρίπολις/ Trípolis; literally, 'triple city'). [German version] [1] Perrhaebic T. The three cities of Azorus, Doliche and Pythium [2] in the small valley south of the Titarus and west of the Olympus [1] were referred to as the 'Perrhaebic T.' The locations of the cities are attested archaeologically, some in inscriptions as well. Up to the 3rd cent. BC, the T. belonged to the Macedonian Elimiotis, then to the alliance of the Perrhaebi and therefore to Thessalia. Literary documentation of T. exists only for the 3rd Macedonian War in 171 BC (Liv. 42,53,6; 42,67,7). Kramolisch, Herwig (Epp…

[German version] (Τάβαι/ Tábai). City in southeastern Caria, in the south of the Plain of T. (Ταβηνὸν πεδίον/ Tabēnòn pedíon, cf. Str. 12,8,13) on a rocky elevation near modern Kale. From the beginning of the 3rd cent. BC onwards, T. had the constitution of a polis (before 269/8: [1. 321 no. 1]). In 189 BC T. capitulated to Manlius [I 24] Vulso (Liv. 38,13,11-13) and after 167 was a 'friend and ally' of Rome (IG XIV 695-696b). T.'s autonomy was confirmed by Rome in 81 BC in thanks for its loyalty in the First Mithridatic War, its territor…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pompeius (Ἀλάβανδα; Alábanda). C. 40 km south of the  Maeander valley in the middle Carian plain ( Caria) of Çine, its most important location in antiquity, on two hills lying close together (Str. 14, 2, 26) and in the subsequent plain to the north, on the left bank of the  Marsyas, today Araphisar. First mentioned in 480 BC (city tyrant Aridolis in Greek captivity: Hdt. 7,195 -- unclear how the news at Hdt. 8,136 is to be reconciled with …

[German version] (τὰ Καρύανδα; tà Karýanda). Carian (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 242; Scyl. FGrH 709 T 1f.) harbour town between Myndus and Bargylia (Str. 14,2,20), south of the modern Güllük körfezi, originally on an offshore island (Salih adası?), later relocated to the mainland. C. was a member of the  Delian League and home of the seafarer (Hdt. 4,44,1) and geographer  Scylax. On Salih adası, remains of a walled settlement have been found; the mainland settlement of C., incorporated into  Myndus in the 3rd cent. BC, should be located not far from Salih adası near…

[German version] (Μοκαδ(δ)ηνή; Mokad(d)ēnḗ). Region in eastern Lydia along the upper Hermus in Maeonia [1], on the border with Phrygia; its location was established through inscriptions naming places within it ( kṓmē Thermai Theséos, modern Kula Emir Hamamları; mētropóleis Silandus, modern Selendi, and Temenothyrae). It remains doubtful whether to associate Moccadeni, a dḗmos in Asia (incorrectly located in Bithynia in Ptol. Geog. 5,2,18), with Mocadene. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography K. Buresch, Aus Lydien, 1898, 186 with map  J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 2113  Id., s.v.…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Κέραμος; Kéramos). Town in south-western Caria on the northern coast of the gulf named after C. (Κεράμειος or Κεραμικὸς κόλπος; Kerámeios/ Keramikòs kólpos, sinus Ceramicus; modern Gökova körfezi), removed from the coast by the delta formation of the -- in the end subterranean -- Koca Çay (Str. 14,2,15), modern Kemerdere near Ören (Plin. HN 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,10; Paus. 6,13,3f.). Originally Carian, it was Hellenized from the 6th cent. BC (archaic kouros head, c. 540/530 [1]); in 454/3 BC, it was a member…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Diadochi and Epigoni | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (τὰ Μύλασα; tà Mýlasa). Main locality of the Cares in the land of Caria, modern Milâs. Place name pre-Greek, ancient cults of Carian Zeus in M. and environs (Hdt. 1,171; Str. 14,2,23). M. participated in the Ionian Revolt under the Carian Heraclides (the son of Ibanollis, tyrant of M.; Hdt. 5,37,121). In the middle of the 5th cent. BC, M. was a membe…

[German version] (Ἱερὰ Κώμη; Hierà Kṓmē, Ἱεροκαισάρεια; Hierokaisáreia). Settlement in Lydia on the ancient Pergamon-Sardis road east of the  Hyllus near modern Sazova or Beyova. Hiera Kome (HK) developed around a sanctuary of  Anaetis; this cult, which was introduced under the Persians, was found throughout the Lydian Hermus valley and because of its strangeness (fire worship, Magi priests) was still commented upon by the Greeks in the 2nd cent. AD  (Paus. 5,27,5ff.; 7,6,6). In 201 BC a victim of the …

(Ἡράκλεια; Hērákleia). [German version] [1] H. Trachinia This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία; H. hē Trachinía). City on a rock to the left of and above the exit of the gorge of the  Asopus [1] into the Spercheus plain, separated from Oete ( Oetaei, Oete) on the southern and western flanks by deep streambeds, where the Trachinian rocks rise up with their numerous tomb caves. The lower city has vanished without trace. H. was founded in …

[German version] (Καστωλός; Kastōlós). Town (and river?) in Lydia. The ‘plain of C.’ (Καστωλοῦ πεδίον; Kastōloû pedíon) was the perpetual rallying-point for the Persian army when on alert (cf. Cyrus the Younger:Xen. Hell. 1,4,3; Xen. An. 1,1,2; 9,7). The plain cannot be localized with certainty, but should be not far from Sardis, near the Persian royal road: according to inscriptions, possibly the plain of Burçak around Söğüt çayı; C. would then be the modern Bebekli. Formerly independent (Ethnika IG II2 3059; 3233) with fortifications ( tetrapyrgia) around its plain, in imperia…

[German version] (Μάρδοι; Márdoi). Near Eastern tribes in Armenia (Ptol. Geog. 5,12,9), Media and Hyrcania south of the Caspian Sea in the modern Elburz Mountains/northern Iran (Str. 11,13,3), called Amardi here (Str. 11,6,1; 7,1; Plin. HN 6,36; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἀμαρδοί/ Amardoí, s.v. Μ.), in Margiane (Str. 11,8,8; Plin. HN 6,47); also one of the four Persian nomadic tribes (Hdt. 1,125,4) living above the Elymaïs region (Str. 11,13,6; Plin. HN 6,134; Arr. Ind. 40,6) in modern Ansan. Persian M. served in the Achaemenid army (Hdt. 1,84,2…

(Μαγνησία; Magnēsía). [German version] [1] Thessalian coastal region (Ethnicon Μάγνης, Μαγνῆτες/ Mágnēs, Magnêtes; IG IX 2,1228 b16: dat. pl. Μαγνείτεσσι/ Magneítessi 3rd cent. BC). The Thessalian coastal region of Peneius to the Gulf of Pagasae with a narrow peninsula stretching far to the south, which encloses the Gulf of Pagasae in the east and south, filled up completely by the mountains Ossa and Pelion and their foothills. The east coast toward the open sea was without a harbour and feared by sailors; in 480 B…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (τὰ Λάγινα; tà Lágina). Location, north of Stratoniceia, of a sanctuary of the Carian Hecate (modern Leyna, near Turgut); annual Panegyris (Str. 14,2,25; 29), procession with the sacred key, mystery plays, penteteric agons. In 81 BC, it was established as Hekatesia Rhomaea, the right to grant asylum given by the Senate later confirmed by Caesar, Augustus and, in AD 22, Tiberius (Tac. Ann. 3,62,2). Archaeological findings: square, lined by Doric stoai, surrounding a pseudodipteros temple wit…

[German version] (Κέγχρειος, Κέγχριος; Kénchreios, Kénchrios, Cenchreus). Stream south-west of Ephesus (Alexander Aetolus fr. 2 Powell; Str. 14,1,20; Paus. 7,5,10; Tac. Ann. 3,61,1), modern Arvalia Çayı (not the Değirmen dere, but cf.[1]); it rises at Mount Solmissus (modern Agadağ), and before its sedimentation flowed into the bay of the Caystrus, nowadays from the left into the  Caystrus [1] itself. The C. ran through the Ortygia, the grove in which Leto allegedly gave birth to Apollo and Artemis (S…

(Ἀφροδισίας; Aphrodisías). [German version] [1] City in  Caria This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Byzantium | Asia Minor | Marble | Rome | Education / Culture City in  Caria, 38 km south of the Maeander, in the left side valley of the Morsylos (present-day Dandalaz çayı); the modern Geyre. Traces of neolithic and early Bronze Age settlement on the acropolis; old name of Νινόη (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ninoe) preserved in the local cult ( Zeus Nineudios). A. was for a long time overshadowed by the neighbouring co…

(Πάνορμος; Pánormos). [German version] [1] Harbour on the coast of Karia Harbour on the coast of Karia (Stadiasmus maris magni 285; 287; 294 with contradictory details) between Miletus [2] and Myndus, located at a distance of 80 stadia (14.8 km) from them, therefore near (Aşağı) Gölköy, which is the location also assumed for Caryanda, near the natural harbour of the Türkbükü bay or further to the west at the Ağaçbaşı-Limanı bay (Paşa Limanı). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. P. (1), RE 18,3, 654  G.E. Bean, J.M. Cook, The Halicarnassus Peninsula, in: ABSA 50,…

[German version] (Ἀρκόννησος; Arkónnēsos). ‘Guardian island’ (according to Str. 14,12,16; Steph. Byz. s.v.A.). Long-stretched-out island off the coast of  Caria, which protects the harbour bay of  Halicarnassus and which was fortified in ancient times; modern Kara Ada. During the siege by Alexander the Great in 334 BC, the Persians retreated to A. (Arr. Anab. 1,23,3 Ἀκρόνησος). Plin. HN 5,133 [1. 257] mistakenly placed  Ceramus on this island. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 G. Winkler, R. König, C. Plinius Secundus d.Ä., Naturkunde (Lat.-Ger.), book 5, 1993. Trav…

(Κατακεκαυμένη; Katakekauménē, ‘burnt earth’). [German version] [1] Volcanic zone in western Asia Minor Volcanic zone, characterized by ash-like soil and black rocks, in western Asia Minor (Mysia and eastern Lydia: Xanthus FGrH 765 F 13; Str. 12,8,18f.), about 40×10 km in size (exaggerated in Str. 13,4,11) on the upper reaches of the Maeander, which flows through the C. (Str. 13,4,5); parallel to it in the south is a volcano-free crystalline schistose zone; separate from that the fault line of the Kogamos va…

[German version] (Τημενοθύραι/ Tēmenothýrai, also: Τημένου Θύραι/ Tēménou Thýrai). City in the highlands of eastern Lydia (cf. Paus. 1,35,7) on the border with northwestern Phrygia (Phryges) in Mocadene on an old overland route, probably a station on the Persian Royal Road, near modern Uşak. The indigenous form of the name ( -t(h)yra(i)) suggests that T. was an old Lydian settlement, according to inscriptions and coins (only 1st-3rd centuries AD) it was temporarily also named Flaviopolis; in late Antiquity it was part of the province of Phrygia Pacatiane (Hierocles, S…

(Σάλα/ Sála). [German version] [1] River in Mauretania Tingitana River in Mauretania Tingitana, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, modern Oued Bou Regreg (Plin. HN 5,5: S.; 9; 13: Salat; Ptol. 4,1,2; 4: Σάλα/ Sála). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) [German version] [2] Phoenician or Punic foundation This item can be found on the following maps: Africa | | Commerce | Phoenicians, Poeni (neo-Punic Slt). Phoenician or Punic foundation near the mouth of the river of the same name, modern Chella in Morocco (Mela 3,107: S.; Plin. HN 5,5; 13: S.; Ptol. 4,1,2: Σάλα/ Sála; It. Ant. 6,4: S. colonia; Not. Dign. …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pergamum | Education / Culture (Ἀπολλωνίς; Apollōnís). City in northern  Lydia, equidistant at 300 stadia from  Pergamum and  Sardeis (Str. 300; c. 53 km). Founded at the end of the 3rd cent. BC (on the site of an earlier settlement?) by  Attalus I, and named after his wife Apollonis; ruins in Palamut Kalesi, 22 km north-west of  Thyateira. According to inscriptions and coins,   synoikismos was still taking place under Eumenes II, c. 194 BC, and later; ‘Macedonians’ of Seleucid origin figured amongst the colonists.…

[German version] [1] Tribe in the south of Illyricum (Τράλλεις, Τράλλοι/ Trálleis, Trálloi). Tribe in the south of Illyricum, which, according to Hesych. s.v. Τραλλεῖς was of Thracian origin, but to Steph. Byz. (s.v. Βῆγις; Βόλουρος; Τραλλία) and Liv. (27,32,4; 31,35,1: Tralles; 38,21,2: Tralli) was of Illyrian extraction. The T. were known as mercenaries in Hellenistic armies (Diod. Sic. 17,65,1; Liv. 37,19; Hesych. loc. cit.). The towns of Begis and Bulorus were situated in their territory (according to Steph. Byz. loc. cit.). von Bredow, Iris (Bietigheim-Bissingen) …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Education / Culture (Θυάτειρα/ Thyáteira, present-day Akhisar). City in northern Lydia in the valley of the central Lycus [18] on the road from Sardis to Pergamum, 57 km north-east of Magnesia [3]. In 281 BC Seleucus [2] I moved Macedonian military colonists to T., it was occupied by Attalus [4] I in 216 (Pol. 5,77,7), threatened by Philippus [7] V in 201 (Pol. 16,1,7), probably recaptured by Antiochus [5] III in 198 and in 190 by Eume…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Pompeius (τὰ Βαργύλια; tà Bargýlia). Carian coastal town south of what is now Güllük on a secondary bay of the Gulf of Iasus (Βαργυλιητικὸς κόλπος; Bargyliētikòs kólpos; that today is marshy, Pol. 16,12,1; Liv. 37,17,3; Steph. Byz. s.v. B.), now Varvil Bay (medieval form of the name Βαρβύλια ( Barbýlia), Anon. Stadiasmus maris magni 286, 288; Ptol. 5,2,7), in the Carian language also called Ἄνδανος ( Ándanos; Steph. Byz. ibid.), once part of the region of the Leleges (Str. 13,1,59), now Asarlık. In th…

[German version] (Ξυστίς/ Xystís). City in northwestern Caria (Cares IV.; Steph. Byz. s. v. Ξ.), like Orthosia [1], Euhippe (at modern Dalama), Coscinus or Coscina (at modern Mount Arı near Dalama) and other places (Plin. HN. 5,109) between the Harpasus [1] and the Marsyas [4], left-bank tributaries of the Maeander [2], modern Körteke. Archaeology: a mountain fortress, presumably of the Leleges (cf. Str 7,7,2; 13,1,59), with pre-Classical and Mediaeval walling. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography R. J. A. Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, 61 G 3  E…

[German version] (Τριόπιον; Triópion). Promontory at the southwest extremity of Asia Minor (Hdt. 4,38; 7,153;  Scyl. 99; Plin.  HN 5,104), the Western Cape (modern Deveboynu) and in a wider sense the Cnidus (modern Reşadiye) peninsula. The place name, derived from the eponymous founder Triopas (Diod. 5,57,6; 5,61,2), can rather be explained by its geographical shape and location ('three faces'). The cape of T. was frequently of significance to naval strategy in the Aegean (Plut. Cimon 12,2; Thuc. 8…

[German version] (Τύμνος; Týmnos). Port in Caria (Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.; Cares) on the western coast of the Bozburun peninsula, modern Bozburun. T. was part of the Rhodian Peraia. Inscriptions survive, including some relating to sacred law [1. no. 201], as do a number of ruins. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 W. Blümel, Die Inschriften der rhodischen Peraia (IK 38), 1991, 63-74. P. M. Fraser, G. E. Bean, The Rhodian Peraea and Islands, 1954, 61 f.  W. Ruge, s. v. T., RE 7 A, 1748 f.  Zgusta, Nr. 1384, Nr. 4.

[German version] (Μαραθοῦσσα; Marathoûssa, ‘fennel island’). The most southerly of the islands off Clazomenae in the south west of the Gulf of Smyrna, modern Hekim or Çiçek Islands. Few remains. Evidence: Thuc. 8,31,3; Str. 14,1,36; Plin. HN 5,137; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μαράθουσα. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. Winkler, R. König (ed.), C. Plinius Secundus der Ältere, Naturkunde, B. 5, 1993, 262f. (commentary).

(Λυδία; Lydía). [German version] I. Geography Region in western Asia Minor; its southern border with Caria is formed by the Mes(s)ogis and the Maeander, its eastern border with Phrygia by the confluence of the Lycus [18] and the Maeander, the upper course of the Hermus [2] and the Dindymus mountains (modern Murat Dağı) and its northern border with Mysia by the Caicus [1]) and the Temnus (Demirci Dağı) and mountain ranges further west. Aeolis and Ionia are offshore in the west, sharing with L. the clim…

[German version] [1] City on the upper Caicus This item can be found on the following maps: Pergamum (Στρατονίκεια/ Stratoníkeia, Στρατονίκη/ Stratoníkē, Latin Stratonice). City on the upper Caïcus near modern Siledik. Possibly a Seleucid polis foundation (named after Stratonice [3]), from the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC under Pergamum. It was probably here - not in S. [2] - that Aristonicus [4] was taken prisoner by Perperna [3] in 130 BC (Eutr. 4,20,2; Oros. 5,10,5). In the first half of the 2nd cent. AD, S. had sympolity (Sy…

[German version] [1] River plain of the Caystrus (Καΰστρου/Καΰστριον πεδίον; Kaÿ́strou/ Kaÿ́strion pedion). River plain of the  Caystrus [1] from the plain of Kilbis on the upper course of the river (Κιλβιανὸν πεδίον, Str. 13,4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Assos) to the west; on its middle or rather lower course was the Ἄσιος λειμών ( Ásios leimṓn; ‘Asian meadow’) with flocks of wild geese, cranes, and swans (Hom. Il. 2,461; Cic. Orat. 163; Str. 14,1,45). Mount Tmolus afforded a view on the surrounding plains, including the Caystrou pedion (CP) (Str. 13,4,5…

(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα; Lárisa, Lárissa). Name of numerous locations in Greece and Asia Minor, cf. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [German version] [1] Acropolis of Argos The 289-m high acropolis of Argos with Mycenaean remains (not precisely identified) [1]. The temple of Zeus Larisaios and Athena Polias under the large Venetian castle has been excavated. References: Str. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [German version] [2] City in Achaea Phthiotis Important city in Achaea Phthi…

[German version] (Μασσαβάται/ Massabátai, Μεσσαβάται/ Messabátai, Latin Messabatae). Inhabitants of the region of Massabatice (Μασσαβατική/ Massabatikḗ, Μεσ(σ)αβατική/ Mes(s)abatikḗ), which was named after them, in southern Media or northern Elymaeis (Str. 11,13,6; 16,1,18; Plin. HN 6,134), or - less likely - south of the Elymaeis region in the northernmost part of Persis (Ptol. 6,4,3; cf. Plin. HN 6,135). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography R. N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, 1984, 89.

(Μαιονία; Maionía, Latin Maeonia). [German version] [1] Area in Lydia Area in Lydia around the Gygaia Limne, at the foot of Tmolus (Hom. Il. 3,401, cf. 2,864ff.; 10,431); primarily understood as the oldest country or tribal name (Μηίονες/ Mēíones, Hdt. 1,7; 7,74; Diod. Sic. 4,31,5; Dion. Hal. 1,27,1; Plin. HN 5,110). Originally, M. comprised the Catacecaumene [1] (Str. 12,8,13; 13,4,11) with the border region of Phrygia (Plin. HN 5,146; Ptol. 5,2,16), the valley of the Cogamus river (modern Alaşehir Çayı), the area around Sardes (Pl…

(Καῦνος; Kaûnos). [German version] [1] Eponym of the Carian town C. [2] Eponym of the Carian town C. [2], who gains contours chiefly in connection with his twin sister  Byblis. The myths depict various constellations of their incestuous relationship (Parthenius 11). Walde, Christine (Basle) Bibliography S. Jackson, Apollonius of Rhodes: the Cleite and Byblis Suicides, in: SIFC 14, 1997, 48-54. [German version] [2] Coastal town in the border areas between Caria and Lycia This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Lycii, Lycia | Pergamum | Pe…

(Σεβαστόπολις; Sebastópolis). [German version] [1] City in Caria City in the mountainous country of southeastern Caria between Tabae and Themisonium on the road from Heraclea [6] and Apollonia Salbace to Cibyra, at modern Kızılca. The original place name is unknown; in the Imperial period the city was renamed S. and is recorded in inscriptions and on coins (HN 624; [1. 150 f.]). In literature it is first mentioned in the early Byzantine period (Hierocles, Synékdēmos 689). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography 1 F. Imhoof-Blumer, Kleinasiatische Münzen, 1901/2. L. Bürchner,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Persian Wars | Education / Culture (Εὔρωμος; Eurōmos). Town in the Carian interior (Str. 14,1,8; 2,22; Steph. Byz. s.v. E.; Plin. HN 5,109), 22 km south of the former Gulf of Latmia (the modern Bafa or Çamiçi gölü), 3 km south of Selimiye at the northern end of the Mylasa plateau; today's Ayaklı. In the 5th cent. as H(K)yromos a member of the  Delian League. The town was probably not called E., often also Eúropos, until after the 4th cent. BC. Sympolitically linked with its περιπόλιοι ( peripólioi, ‘neighbouring towns’…

(Ἑρμός; Hermós). [German version] [1] Att. asty deme of the phyle Acamantis Attic asty deme of the phyle Acamantis, with two bouleutaí. Position: on the ‘Sacred Road’ to Eleusis at the entrance to the pass near modern Daphni, modern Chaidari; there is the tomb of Pythionice, the wife of Harpalus (Plut. Phoc. 22,2; Paus. 1,37,5; [1]). Near Daphni there are funerary inscriptions of Hermeioi: IG II2 6072. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. D. Papachatzis, Παυσανίου Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις. Ἀττικά, 1974, 468 with n. 6. W. Kolbe, s.v. H., RE VIII 1, 903 Traill, Attica, 47, 69, 110 no. 5…

(Νῦσα/ Nûsa). [German version] [1] Wet nurse of Dionysus Wet nurse of Dionysus (Terpander in Lydus, Mens. 4,51) with cult in Athens (IG III 320, 351). Hom. Il. 6,132f. already knew of companions of N. Three Nysai meet on a vase by Sophilus (about 580). They appear in the sky as a group of stars called Hyades. Käppel, Lutz (Kiel) Bibliography T. Ganschow, s.v. Nysa, LIMC 8.1, 902-907; 8.2, 598f. [German version] [2] In Homer, the toponym N. refers to a mythical place In Homer, the toponym N. refers to the mythical place (mountain) where Dionysus was born or spent his childhood (Νυσήϊον/ Nysḗïon, …

(Ἀττάλεια; Attáleia). [German version] [1] The modern Antalya This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Zenobia | Asia Minor | Limes | Lycii, Lycia | Pergamum | Pompeius The modern Antalya; harbour town, located on a rocky ridge on the coast of  Pamphylia, founded in around 150 BC by  Attalus [5] II (Str. 14,4,1), and visited by Pompey on his flight in 48 BC (Plut. Pompeius 76; cf. Ptol. 5,5,2; Acta Apostolorum 14,25). Remains of the Attalid town walls, Hadrian's gate, to mark the emperor's visit in AD 130, and a monumental mausoleum (circular building on a cubic base). Martini…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Delian League (Τέρμερα/ Térmera). City of the Leleges in Caria (Cares IV.) on the southwestern coast of the Halicarnassus peninsula (Str. 14,2,18; incorrect location: Plin. HN 5,107) at modern Asarlık. The Lelegean bandit Termerus is named as eponymous founder (Schol. Eur. Rhes. 509; Steph. Byz. s. v. Τ.); his ravaging and his removal by Heracles [1] (Plut. Theseus 11) are the origin of the expression 'Termeran evil', when an evil-doer is given a …

(Ὕλλος; Hýllos). [German version] [1] Son of Heracles and Deianira Son of  Heracles and  Deianira; brother of Macaria. Ctesippus, Glenos and Oneites (Hes. fr. 25,19 M-W; Apollod. 2,165 Wagner) or Gleneus and Odites (Diod. Sic. 4,37,1) have been named as his brothers and Euaichme (Hes. fr. 251b M-W) as his daughter. Heracles asks him to burn his body on a pyre on Mount Oeta and to marry Iole (Soph. Trach. 1179-1258; (Ps.-)Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 1481-1491). After his father's death, he and the other Heraclid…

This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Writing | Theatre | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | | Diadochi and Epigoni | Alexander | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Rome | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture | Mineral Resources (Σάρδεις/ Sárdeis, Lat. Sardis). [German version] I. Location and name City set at the opening of the valley of the Pactolus into that of the Hermus [2] as it broadens into the Sardian Plain. Centre of th…

(Κάπρος; Kápros). [German version] [1] River is eastern Caria River in the upper catchment area of the  Maeander in eastern Caria, modern Başlı Çay; it passes  Laodicea [4] closely to the east (Plin. HN 5,105) and discharges perennially into the Lycus, which runs about 1.5 km below the town in a north-westerly direction towards the Maeander (Str. 12,8,16; Plin. HN 2,225). Coins of the town depict a river god with the C. legend. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G. E. Bean, Kleinasien 3, 1974, 259, 263 Magie 2, 785; 986 Miller, 726 Ramsay 1, 35. [German version] [2] Eastern tributar…

[German version] (Μεσ(σ)ωγίς; Mes(s)ōgís). Central range of a chain of mountains stretching westwards from near Celaenae in southwestern Phrygia to the Mycale, and reaching heights of over 1,600 m (Strab. 13,4,12f.), modern Aydın Mountains, the watershed between the Cayster and the Maeander [2], originally the frontier between Lydia and Caria (Ptol. 5,2,15). The best wines of the M. was said to be from grapes grow on Mount Aroma (Strab. 14,1,47; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄρωμα). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 1100ff. Magie, 783.

[German version] (Ἰκάριος πόντος; Ikários póntos). Southeastern part of the Aegean Sea, from Samos to Mykonos (Plin. HN 4,51) respectively from Icarus, with Corassiae (Corseae, modern Fourni) and Samos, via Patmos, Leros and Kalymnos to Kos (Str. 10,5,13). References: Hom. Il. 2,145 (Ἰκάριος πόντος); Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 694; Auson. epist. 23 ( Icarius pontus); Ov. Fast. 4,283; 566; Plin. HN 4,68; 6,215 ( Icarium); Hdt. 6,96; Str. 2,5,21; Ptol. 5,2,1-6; 17,2; Diod. Sic. 4,77,6 (Ἰκάριον πέλαγος); Claud. in Eutropium 2,265 ( Icarium pelagus). The Icarian Sea (IS) breaks on the …

[German version] (Τελμισσός/ Telmissós; by-form Τελμεσσός/ Telmessós: Syll.3 1047,7 f.). City in Caria (Cares) at modern Gürece, about 11 km (Polemon FHG 3, 128 Fr. 35) to the west of Halicarnassus, for the expansion of which T. had to relinquish part of its population c. 361 BC (Callisthenes FGrH 124 F 25; Plin. HN 5,107). With its Apollo sanctuary, still famous in the Roman Imperial period (HN 619), T. formed the League of the Telmisseis [1. 377-380]. At the beginning of the 2nd cent. BC T. was entirely absorbed into Halicarnassus. On…

(Κύμη; Kýmē). [German version] [1] Settlement on Euboea This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine C. on  Euboea. The exact location of the ancient settlement is unknown; it should be looked for near what is today the town of C., commonly Kumi, on the east coast of Euboea, possibly about 5 km north at the monastery of Sotiros (17th cent.) where there is also a Venetian fortress. Recently the remains of an Early Helladic settlement were found near Murteri south of C. whose inhabitants already traded…

[German version] (Κάσταβος; Kástabos). Site in the north-west of the Carian Chersonesus (Bozburun Yarımadası) in the hinterland of the Bay of Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü), to the east above ancient Bybassus (the modern Hisarönü) in the Rhodian  Peraea. On the Pazarlık, a ridge of the Eren Dağı, remains of an Ionic peripteros ( c. 300 BC), a small theatre and further structures belonging to the much-visited sanctuary of  Hemithea (Diod. Sic. 5,62 f.), a goddess of healing whose originally Carian cult, traceable back to the end of the 7th cent. BC…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Ἄλινδα/ Álinda). City in northern Caria (Cares; Ptol. 5,2,20). In the Delian League in the middle of the 5th cent. BC (ATL 1, 467 f.); in 341/40 the only fortress remaining to the princess Ada, which in 334 BC she handed over to Alexander [4] the Great, only to receive it back by adopting him (Arr. Anab. 1,23,8; Diod. 17,24,2). After that A. was for a short time renamed Alexandria on the Latmus [1]; the city is supposed to have…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Λώρυμα; Lṓryma). Town on the south coast of Caria (Hecat. FGrH 1 F 247), east of the southern tip of Boz Burun in the heart of the peraea of Rhodes, belonged to Kasara (modern Asardibi), modern Bozuk Kale (‘castle ruin’). On the headland (Str. 14,2,4; 2,14; Larumna, Mela 1,84; Plin. HN 5,104; Ptol. 5,2,8; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.) over the approach to the bay lie the ruins of a Rhodian fortress (3rd/2nd cent. BC); on the southeastern side, rock inscriptions for Rhodian Zeus At…

(Νέα πόλις/ Néa pólis, Νεάπολις/ Neápolis, ‘New City’). [German version] [1] Town on the northern coast of the Aegean This item can be found on the following maps: | Macedonia, Macedones | Moesi, Moesia Town on the northern coast of the Aegean to the west of the mouth of the Nestus river, across from the island of Thasos, modern Kavalla (Str. 7a,1,36; Ps.-Scyl. 67), probably a Thasian colony but the exact period of foundation is unknown. Early in the 6th cent. BC, autonomous silver coinage modelled on that of Eretria [1] (HN 196…

[German version] (Μοστήνη; Mostḗnē). Lydian city (Ptol. 5,2,16), localised according to inscriptions and coins either at the eastern foot of Mount Sipylus near modern Çobanisa or Sancaklıboz or to the south of Thyateira or c. 40 km to the east of Magnesia [3] (modern Asartepe near Urganlı). In AD 17, M. was destroyed by an earthquake (Tac. Ann. 2,47,3). M. was one of 12 or 14 cities of the province of Asia that thanked Tiberius for help in rebuilding with honorary inscriptions and a monument in Rome (copy: Puteoli, CIL X 1624; I…

[German version] (Ἴδυμα; Ídyma). Ancient Carian settlement (Ptol. 5,2,15; Steph. Byz. s.v. I.) on the eastern end of the gulf of Ceramus near Gökova, 4 km inland near İskele, by the river Idymus. Coins (from the 6th cent. BC onwards) showing a head of Pan and from the Hellenistic period with a Rhodian Apollo and fig leaf are preserved. In the mid-5th cent. BC I. was a member of the  Delian League and was ruled by Pactyes. In the 3rd/2nd cents. I. belonged to the Rhodian Peraea, was occupied in 201 …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Education / Culture (Θεάγγελα/ Theángela). City in Caria (Cares), to the east of Halicarnassus, most eastern settlement of the Leleges; a precedessor settlement may have been Συάγγελα/ Syángela (S.), at the modern Alazeytin Kalesi to the west above Çiftlik [1. 112-116, 145-147; 2. 89-96], or on Mount Kaplan to the southwest of modern Etrim [3. 17 note 3, 224 note 33a]. In the 6th/5th cent. BC S. was in the hands of the Carian dynastic family of Pigres, who held a command…

[German version] (Τραπεζόπολις/ Trapezópolis). City in Caria (Ptol. 5,2,18; Cares) on the northern slopes of Mount Cadmus (modern Baba) in the Salbacus mountains (modern Akdağ); scant remains of the city are at Bolu to the west of Denizli. As well as in inscriptions and on coins (1st-3rd cents. AD) T. is particularly well attested in late Antiquity literary sources. T. was part of the Conventus of Alabanda (Plin. HN 5,109). T. enjoyed close relations with the neighbouring city of Attuda (modern Hasköy; cf. Homónoia coins under Antoninus [1] Pius). In the 4th cent. AD T. was …

[German version] (Ἀμυζών/ Amyzṓn). City in Caria (Cares; cf. Str. 14,2,22; Ptol. 5,2,19), on the northern slopes of the Latmus [1] mountains 15 km to the northwest of Alinda (see vol. 15 addenda). A 6th cent. BC settlement which arose around a mountain sanctuary - in the middle of the 5th cent. possibly belonging to the Delian League (ATL 1, 521) - was expanded under Idrieus (351-344 BC) into a Greek-style city. It attained its peak in the 3rd cent. BC. A. was renamed Alexandria for a short time, w…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Education / Culture (Κεδρέαι, also Κεδρεῖαι, Κεδρεαί; Kedréai, Kedreîai, Kedreaí). Town in Caria on the eastern end of the Ceramic Gulf, on the island of Şehir adası and on the mainland near Taşbükü. Originally, its population was purely Carian, later Carian-Greek (μιξοβάρβαροι, mixobárbaroi, Xen. Hell. 2,1,15). The inhabitants of C. spoke the dialect of Dorian Asia Minor (cf. inscriptions). At the end of the 6th cent. BC, Hecat. mentions C. as a town (FGrH 1 F 248); in the 5th…

[German version] (Θυσσανοῦς/ Thyssanoûs). Port in southern Caria (Cares; Mela 1,84; Plin. HN 5,104) on the western coast of the Bozburun peninsula on the Gulf of Syme (modern Sömbeki) at modern Ortaca. T. belonged to the Rhodean peraia, as a dámos ( demos [2] B) politically to Camirus on Rhodes, with a territory stretching as far as the southern and northern bays (e.g. with the remains of an acropolis at modern Cumhuriyet Mahallesi). After a temporary separation T. was returned to Rhodes by the Romans presumably c. 70 AD. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography W. Blümel, Die Inschr…

(Ἴασος/Ἰάσιος; Íasos/Iásios). [German version] [1] Several kings of Argus Kings of Argus: a) son of Argus and Evadne, father of Agenor (Apollod. 2,3), b) son of Argus and Ismene, father of  Io (ibid. 2,5), c) son of Triopas, bother of Agenor, father of Io (Paus. 2,16,1). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Father of Atalante Arcadian, son of Lycurgus and Cleophile, brother of Ancaeus, Epochus, and Amphidamas, husband of Minyas' daughter Clymene, father of  Atalante (Hes. Theog. 1288; Callim. H. 3,216; Apollod. 3,105; 109). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [3] Leader of the …

[German version] (Ὄλυμος/ Ólymos or Ὄλυμον/ Ólymon?). City in Caria north-west of Mylasa; known only from inscriptions. In the 5th cent. BC, member of the Delian League ( Hýlimos); in the 3rd/2nd cents., O. merged with Mylasa in sympoliteía . A temple of Apollo and Artemis survives at modern Kafaca, 8 km north-west of Milâs. The inscriptions (end of 2nd cent.  - 70s of 1st cent. BC) very often relate to the selling or leasing of temple land and provide information about a privileged class constituted by the desce…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Colonization | Delian League | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κνίδος; Knídos, Lat. Cnidus). City of the Carian or Dorian Chersonesus (now the Reşadiye peninsula). Dorian settlement (Hom. Il. 1,43; Hdt. 1,174); member of the Dorian Pentapolis. C. probably stood originally in the middle of the peninsula near today's Datça. Historical dates: About 580 BC it participated in the colonization of Sicily (Thuc. 3,88) and in the Hellenion in Naucratis (…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre (Βλαῦνδος; Blaûndos). City in eastern  Lydia on the border with Phrygia, to which it is therefore also assigned (Ptol. 5,2,25: Βλέανδρος; Bléandros); south of Inay (cf.  Klannudda) near the modern Sülümenli (also Sülünlü) on a narrow spur between two ravines flowing into the Hippurius (the modern Köprülü Çay), a northern tributary of the upper Maeander [2]. Indigenous place name in 2nd cent. BC still Mlaundos (on coins). From its official designation Blaundeī́s Makedónes (coins, inscription IGR 4, 717, 3rd c…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung (Λώρυμα). Ort an der karischen Südküste (Hekat. FGrH 1 F 247), östl. der Südspitze von Boz Burun im Herzen der Peraia von Rhodos, zu Kasara (h. Asardibi) gehörend, h. Bozuk kale (“Burgruine”). Auf dem Landvorsprung (Strab. 14,2,4; 2,14; Larumna, Mela 1,84; Plin. nat. 5,104; Ptol. 5,2,8; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ.) über der Zufahrt zur Bucht liegt die Ruine einer rhodischen Festung (3./2. Jh.v.Chr.); an der SO-Seite Felsinschr. für den rhodischen Zeus Atabyrios. Rhodos unmitte…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Lykioi, Lykia (τὰ Κάλυνδα). Ort an der SW-Küste Kleinasiens, zu Karia wie Lykia gerechnet, 60 Stadien vom Meer entfernt am Axon (h. Kargın çayı) östl. des Indos [2] (Hdt. 1,172; Strab. 14,2,2; Plin. nat. 5,103; Ptol. 5,3,2; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ.). 480 v.Chr. unter Damasithymos (Hdt. 8,87f.), Mitte 5. Jh. im Attisch-Delischen Seebund (als Klaÿnda), Mitte 3. Jh. ptolem.; 166 v.Chr. Kaunos [2] untertan, 163 abgefallen und belagert, von Knidos und Rhodos (Pol. 31,4f.) unt…

[English version] (Καστωλός). Stadt (und Fluß?) in Lydia. Die “Ebene von K.” (Καστωλοῦ πεδίον) war ständiger Sammelplatz des persischen Heeres im Alarmfall (vgl. Kyros d.J.: Xen. hell. 1,4,3; Xen. an. 1,1,2; 9,7). Die Ebene ist nicht sicher lokalisierbar, aber nicht fern von Sardeis, nahe der persischen Königsstraße zu suchen: nach Inschr. evtl. die Burçak-Ebene um den Söğüt çayı, K. dort das h. Bebekli. Früher selbständig (Ethnika IG II2 3059; 3233) mit Befestigungen (Tetrapyrgia) um seine Ebene, war K. in der Kaiserzeit (1./2. Jh.) nur kṓmē (OGIS 448) von Philadelphia (h. Al…

(Ἴασος/Ἰάσιος). [English version] [1] mehrere Könige von Argos Könige von Argos: a) Sohn von Argos und Euadne, Vater Agenors (Apollod. 2,3); b) Sohn von Argos und Ismene, Vater der Io (ebd. 2,5); c) Sohn von Triopas, Bruder Agenors, Vater der Io (Paus. 2,16,1). Zingg, Reto (Basel) [English version] [2] Vater der Atalante Arkader, Sohn von Lykurgos und Kleophile, Bruder von Ankaios, Epochos und Amphidamas, Gemahl der Minyas-Tochter Klymene, Vater der Atalante (Hes. theog. 1288; Kall. h. 3,216; Apollod. 3,105; 109). Zingg, Reto (Basel) [English version] [3] Führer der Athener vor …

[English version] (Μαυσ(σ)ωλεῖον, lat. Mausoleum). Das wohl erst in der Alexander-Zeit vollendete, monumentale Grabmal für den 353 v.Chr. verstorbenen Satrapen Maussollos von Karien und seine Frau Artemisia [2] (gest.: 351 v.Chr.) nahe der Stadt Halikarnassos in Lykien zählte zum Kanon der Weltwunder und wurde zum eponymen, typusprägenden Beispiel des repräsentativen Grabbaus. Das in der ant. Lit. vielbeachtete und beschriebene Denkmal (Strab. 14,656ff.; Diod. 16,45; Plin. nat. 36, 30-31 u.a.m.) hat die mod. Arch. in hohem Maße beschäftigt; die …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Theater (Κεδρέαι, auch Κεδρεῖαι, Κεδρεαί). Stadt in Karia am Ostende des Keramischen Golfs, auf der Insel Şehir adası und auf dem Festland bei Taşbükü. Die Bevölkerung war urspr. rein karisch, später karisch-griech. (μιξοβάρβαροι, mixobárbaroi, Xen. hell. 2,1,15). Die Kedreaten sprachen den Dial. der kleinasiat. Doris (vgl. Inschr.). E. 6. Jh.v.Chr. wird K. von Hekat. (FGrH 1 F 248) als Stadt erwähnt, im 5. Jh. war es Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes (IG I3 259,5,17). 406 v.Chr. von Lysandr…

[English version] (Κέγχρειος, Κέγχριος, Cenchreus). Bach im SW von Ephesos (Alexandros Aitolos fr. 2 Powell; Strab. 14,1,20; Paus. 7,5,10; Tac. ann. 3,61,1), h. Arvalia Çayı (nicht der Değirmen dere, vgl. aber [1]); er entspringt am Solmissos (h. Agadağ), mündete vor deren Verlandung in die Kaystrosbucht, h. linksseits in den Kaystros [1]. Der K. durchfloß die Ortygia, einen Hain, in dem Leto Apollon und Artemis geboren haben soll (Strab., Tac. l.c.); hier befand sich ein Heiligtum der Opis-Artemis …

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Pergamon (Ἀπολλωνίς). Stadt im nördl. Lydia, von Pergamon und Sardeis gleichweit entfernt, je 300 Stadien (Strab. 13,4,4; ca. 53 km). E. 3. Jh. v. Chr. (an der Stelle einer älteren Ortschaft?) von Attalos I. gegr. und nach seiner Frau Apollonis benannt; Ruinen in Palamut Kalesi, 22 km nordwestl. von Thyateira. Nach Inschr. und Münzen fanden Synoikismos-Maßnahmen noch unter Eumenes II. um 194 v. Chr. und später statt; unter den Kolo…

(Λάρισα; Λάρισσα). Name zahlreicher Orte Griechenlands und Kleinasiens, vgl. Steph. Byz. s.v. Λ. [English version] [1] Burgberg von Argos Der 289 m hohe Burgberg von Argos mit myk. Resten (nicht genau identifiziert) [1]. Der Tempel des Zeus Larisaios und der Athena Polias unter der großen venezianischen Burg ist ausgegraben. Belege: Strab. 8,6,7; Paus. 2,24,1; 3f.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Λάρισαι πόλεις. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N. Vassilatos, Larissa. The Acropolis of Argos, 1994. [English version] [2] Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis Bed. Stadt der Achaia Phthiotis am Süd…

(Ληθαῖος). [English version] [1] Nebenfluß des Peneios Linker Nebenfluß des Peneios in NW-Thessalia, fließt durch Trikka (Paus. 14,139), h. Trikkalinos. Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) Bibliography F. Stählin, Das hellenische Thessalien, 1924, 121. [English version] [2] Fluß im Süden von Kreta Fluß im Süden von Kreta, der Gortyn in Nord-Süd-Richtung durchfließt (Strab. 10,4,11), h. Mitropolianos. Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) [English version] [3] Zufluß des Maiandros Rechter Zufluß des Maiandros (Flußgott: Mz. von Magnesia), entspringt auf dem Paktyes bei …

[English version] (Ἰδριάς). Kar. Gebirgslandschaft mit dem Marsyas-Tal östl. von Mylasa (Hdt. 5,118; Strab. 14,5,23) mit gleichnamiger kar. Stadt. Deren angeblich älterer Name Chrysaoris (Steph. Byz. s.v. I.; s.v. Chrysaoris) wird auch der Stadt Stratonikeia und deren Landschaft zugeschrieben (Paus. 5,21,10), wohl in dem Sinne, daß I. in einem Gebiet lag, dessen Dörfer sich um das Heiligtum des Zeus Chrysaoreus zum kar. Bund der Chrysaoreis zusammengeschlossen hatten; die in der 1. H. 3. Jh. v.Chr…

(Ἑρμός). [English version] [1] Att. Asty-Demos der Phyle Akamantis Att. Asty-Demos der Phyle Akamantis, mit zwei buleutaí. Lage: an der “Hl. Straße” nach Eleusis am Eingang des Passes beim h. Daphni, h. Chaidari; dort befindet sich das Grabmal der Pythionike, der Gattin des Harpalos (Plut. Phokion 22,2; Paus. 1,37,5; [1]). Bei Daphni Grabinschr. von Hermeioi: IG II2 6072. Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) Bibliography 1 N.D. Papachatzis, Παυσανίου Ἑλλάδος Περιήγησις. Ἀττικά, 1974, 468 mit Anm. 6. W. Kolbe, s.v. H., RE 8, 903  Traill, Attica, 47, 69, 110 Nr. 54 Tab. 5. [English version] [2] Fluß i…

(Ἅρπασος). [English version] [1] Südl. Nebenfluß des Maiandros in Karia Südl. Nebenfluß des Maiandros in Karia (Plin. nat. 2,210; 5,109; Ptol. 5,2,15; Q. Smyrn. 10,141-146; Steph. Byz. s.v. H.), h. Akçay, am Mittellauf cañonartig verengt, weiter südl. h. gestaut (Kemer-Talsperre). Altes ion. Siedlungsgebiet, in Ufernähe Ruinen ant. Siedlungen (z.B. Neapolis, Harpasa, h. Arpaz bei Esenköy). Im Sommer 228 v.Chr. besiegte Attalos [4] I. am H. Antiochos Hierax, 189 machte Cn. Manlius Vulso am H. Station (Liv. 38,13,2ff.). Inschr. und Mz. bis in die Kaiserzeit. Kaletsch, Hans (Regen…

(Ἡράκλεια). [English version] [1] H. Trachinia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Aitoloi, Aitolia | Bildung | Peloponnesischer Krieg (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία). Stadt auf einem Felsen links von und über dem Ausgang der Schlucht des Asopos [1] in die Spercheiosebene, an der Süd- und Westflanke durch tiefe Bachbetten von der Oite (Oitaioi, Oite) getrennt, wo die Trachinischen Felsen mit zahlreichen Grabhöhlen aufragen. Die Unterstadt ist h. restlos verschwunden. H. wurde 426 v.Chr. von den Spartanern, die v…

[English version] (Μοστήνη). Lydische Stadt (Ptol. 5,2,16), nach Inschr. und Mz. entweder am Ostfuß des Sipylos bei h. Çobanisa oder Sancaklıboz oder südl. von Thyateira oder ca. 40 km östl. von Magnesia [3] (h. Asartepe bei Urganlı) lokalisiert. 17 n.Chr. wurde M. durch Erdbeben zerstört (Tac. ann. 2,47,3). M. dankte als eine von 12 bzw. 14 Städten der Prov. Asia Tiberius mit Ehreninschr. und Monument in Rom (Replik Puteoli, CIL X 1624; ILS 156) für Wiederaufbauhilfe (IGR 4,1514; ILS 8785; 30 bzw. 31 n.Chr.). Eine Dankesbezeugung ist außerdem der Namenszusatz Καισάρεια/ Kaisáreia (“…

Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Alexandros | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Dunkle Jahrhunderte | Ionisch | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Pergamon | Pompeius | Theater | Straßen (Ἁλικαρνασσός). [English version] I. Lage Küstenstadt im Süden von Karia am Golf von Keramos, h. Bodrum. Die Stadtanlage (Strab. 14,2,16; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἁ.; Vitr. 2,8,10-14) glich dem Zuschauerrund eines Theaters: eine kreisrunde Hafenbucht, der ‘geschlossene Hafen’ (λιμὴν κλειστός, Ps.-Skyl. 98a), beiderseits von felsigen erhöhten L…

[English version] (Ἰκάριος πόντος). Südöstl. Teil des Ägäischen Meeres von Samos bis Mykonos (Plin. nat. 4,51) bzw. von Ikaros mit Korassiai (Korseai, h. Fourni) und Samos über Patmos, Leros und Kalymnos bis Kos (Strab. 10,5,13). Belegstellen: Hom. Il. 2,145 (Ἰκάριος πόντος); Sen. Hercules Oetaeus 694; Auson. epist. 23 ( Icarius pontus); Ov. fast. 4,283; 566; Plin. nat. 4,68; 6,215 ( Icarium); Hdt. 6,96; Strab. 2,5,21; Ptol. 5,2,1-6; 17,2; Diod. 4,77,6 (Ἰκάριον πέλαγος); Claud. in Eutropium 2,265 ( Icarium pelagus). Das I.M. bespült die Küsten der westkleinasiat. Landschaf…

[English version] (Μεσ(σ)ωγίς). Mittlerer Teil einer von SW-Phrygia um Kelainai in Ost-West-Richtung bis zur Mykale streichenden, auf über 1600 m ansteigenden Gebirgskette (Strab. 13,4,12f.), h. Aydın dağları, Wasserscheide zw. dem Kaystros und dem Maiandros [2], urspr. Grenze zw. Lydia und Karia (Ptol. 5,2,15). Der beste Wein der M. wuchs angeblich am Berg Aroma (Strab. 14,1,47; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἄρωμα). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography J. Keil, s.v. M., RE 15, 1100ff.  Magie, 783.

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Theater (Μάσταυρα). Stadt in Lydia am Südhang der Mes(s)ogis (Strab. 14,1,47; Plin. nat. 5,120; Steph. Byz. s.v. Μ.; Anth. Pal. 11,230, dort Wortspiel mit dem ON), Ruinen nördl. von Nazilli. Aus röm. Zeit sind städtische Institutionen und Kulte inschr. und durch Mz. bekannt. In christl. Zeit Bischofssitz, auf den Konzilien von Ephesos 431 und Kalchedon 451 vertreten (Hierokles, Synekdemos 659,8; Not. episc. 1,101; 3,21; 7,91; 8,108; 9,15; 10,156). Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography K. Buresch, Aus Lydien…

(Καῦνος). [English version] [1] Eponym der karischen Stadt Kaunos Eponym der karischen Stadt K. [2], der hauptsächlich Konturen gewinnt im Zusammenhang mit seiner Zwillingsschwester Byblis. Der Mythos kennt verschiedene Konstellationen ihrer inzestuösen Beziehung (Parthenios 11). Walde, Christine (Basel) Bibliography S. Jackson, Apollonius of Rhodes: the Cleite and Byblis Suicides, in: SIFC 14, 1997, 48-54. [English version] [2] Küstenstadt im Grenzgebiet zw. Karia und Lykia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attisch-Delischer S…

(Κατακεκαυμένη, “verbranntes Land”). [English version] [1] Vulkanzone im westl. Kleinasien Durch aschenartige Erde und schwärzliches Gestein gekennzeichnete Vulkanzone im westl. Kleinasien (Mysia und östl. Lydia: Xanthos FGrH 765 F 13; Strab. 12,8,18f.), über ca. 40×10 km groß (übertrieben von Strab. 13,4,11), am oberen Maiandros, der die K. durchfließt (Strab. 13,4,5); südl. parallel befindet sich eine vulkanfreie kristalline Schieferzone; davon abgesetzt der Grabenbruch des Kogamos-Tals mit Philadelphei…

(Κάπρος). [English version] [1] Fluß in Ost-Karia Fluß im oberen Einzugsbereich des Maiandros in Ost-Karia, h. Başlı C̦ayı; fließt östl. nahe an Laodikeia [4] vorbei (Plin. nat. 5,105) und ergießt sich perennierend in den ca. 1,5 km unterhalb der Stadt nach NW zum Maiandros ziehenden Lykos (Strab. 12,8,16; Plin. nat. 2,225). Mz. der Stadt zeigen einen Flußgott mit Legende K. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bibliography G.E. Bean, Kleinasien 3, 1974, 259, 263  Magie 2, 785; 986  Miller, 726  Ramsay 1, 35. [English version] [2] Östl. Nebenfluß des Tigris Östl. Nebenfluß des Tigris (Pol…

(Σάλα). [English version] [1] Fluß in der Mauretania Tingitana Fluß in der Mauretania Tingitana, der in den Atlantischen Ozean mündet, h. Oued Bou Regreg (Plin. nat. 5,5: S.; 9; 13: Salat; Ptol. 4,1,2; 4: Σάλα). Huß, Werner (Bamberg) [English version] [2] Phöniz. oder pun. Gründung Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Afrika | Handel | Phönizier, Punier | Straßen (neupunisch Slt). Phöniz. oder pun. Gründung in der Nähe der Mündung des gleichnamigen Flusses, h. Chella in Marokko (Mela 3,107: S.; Plin. nat. 5,5; 13: S.; Ptol. 4,1,2: Σάλα; Itin. Anton. 6,4: S. colonia; Not. di…

[English version] (Ἱερὰ Κώμη, Ἱεροκαισάρεια). Ort in Lydia an der ant. Straße Pergamon - Sardeis östl. des Hyllos beim h. Sazova bzw. Beyova. H.K. entwickelte sich um ein Heiligtum der Anaitis; der unter der Perserherrschaft eingeführte Kult war im lyd. Hermostal verbreitet und fand wegen seiner Fremdartigkeit (Feuerdienst, Magerpriester) noch im 2. Jh. n.Chr. den Zuspruch der Griechen (Paus. 5,27,5ff.; 7,6,6). 201 v.Chr. Opfer der Invasion Philippos' V. (Pol. 16,1,8), wurde der Tempel erneut 156 …

(Κύμη). [English version] [1] Ort auf Euboia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine K. auf Euboia. Die genaue Lage der ant. Ortschaft ist nicht bekannt; sie ist in der Nähe des h. Ortes K., volkstümlich Kumi, an der Ostküste von Euboia zu suchen, evtl. etwa 5 km nördl. beim Kloster Sotiros (17. Jh.), wo sich auch eine venezianische Festung befindet. Neuerdings wurden bei Murteri südl. von K. die Reste einer FH Siedlung aufgefunden, deren Bewohner schon über die Ägäis hinweg Handel betri…

(Καλλίπολις). [English version] [1] Ort in Karia Ort in Karia (Arr. an. 2,5,7; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ.), Lage umstritten: entweder bei h. Gelibolu, südl. des Ostendes des Keramischen Golfs (ant. und ma. Reste, keine Siedlungsfunde) oder östl. davon, 10 km landeinwärts bei Duran Çiftlik (Reste eines ant. Heiligtums und einer Kirche; die Siedlung dazu 1,5 km östl. von Kızılkaya, Steinkistengräber an der Ostseite des Hügels). Bis zur Niederlage im Kampf gegen Ptolemaios und Asandros 333 v.Chr. konnte der Pers…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Bildung | Kolonisation | Theater | Straßen (Κνίδος, lat. Cnidus). Stadt der kar. bzw. dor. Chersonesos (h. Halbinsel Reşadiye). Dor. Gründung (Hom. h. 1,43; Hdt. 1,174); Mitglied der dor. Pentapolis. K. lag urspr. wohl in der Mitte der Halbinsel beim h. Datça. Histor. Daten: Um 580 v.Chr. an der sizil. Kolonisation (Thuk. 3,88) und am Hellenion in Naukratis (Hdt. 2,178) beteiligt; 546/5 pers. (Hdt. 1,174). Um…

[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Bildung | Perserkriege | Theater (Εὔρωμος). Ort im karischen Binnenland (Strab. 14,1,8; 2,22; Steph. Byz. s.v. E.; Plin. nat. 5,109), 22 km südl. des ehemaligen Latmischen Meerbusens (h. Bafa oder Çamiçi gölü), 3 km südl. von Selimiye am Nordende der Hochebene von Mylasa gelegen, h. Ayaklı. Im 5. Jh. als H(K)yromos Mitglied des Attisch-Delischen Seebundes. Der Ort wurde wahrscheinlich erst seit dem 4. Jh. v.Chr. E., mehrfach auch Eúropos gen. In Sympolitie mit seinen περιπόλιοι ( peripólioi, “Orte in der Umge…

[English version] [1] Flußebene des Kaystros (Καΰστρου/Καΰστριον πεδίον). Flußebene des Kaystros [1] von der Ebene Kilbis am Oberlauf des Flusses (Κιλβιανὸν πεδίον, Strab. 13,4,13; Steph. Byz. s.v. Assos) nach Westen; am Mittel- bzw. Unterlauf liegt die “Asische Aue” (Ἄσιος λειμών) mit Schwärmen von Wildgänsen, Kranichen, Schwänen (Hom. Il. 2,461; Cic. orat. 163; Strab. 14,1,45). Vom Tmolos Blick auf die Ebenen ringsum, auch auf das K.p. (Strab. 13,4,5); von dort absteigend erreicht man das K.p. bei Hypaipa (Strab. 13,4,7f.), nördl. des h. Ödemiş. Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) Bib…

(Ἀττάλεια). [English version] [1] Das h. Antalya Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Kleinasien | Limes | Lykioi, Lykia | Pergamon | Pompeius | Zenobia Das h. Antalya; auf einem Felsrücken an der Küste von Pamphylia um 150 v.Chr. von Attalos [5] II. gegr. Hafenstadt (Strab. 14,4,1), die Pompeius 48 v.Chr. auf seiner Flucht aufsuchte (Plut. Pompeius 76; vgl. Ptol. 5,5,2; Acta Apostolorum 14,25). Stadtmauerreste aus attalidischer Zeit, Hadrianstor aus Anlaß des Kaiserbesuchs 130 n.Chr., monumentales Mausoleum (Rundbau auf kubischem Sockel). Martini, Wol…

[English version] (Πακτωλός). Fluß in Lydia, entspringt am Tmolos (Boz Dağları), durchfließt Sardeis und mündet in den Hermos [2]; h. Sart Çayı. Er war berühmt durch den im Quellgebiet ausgewaschenen Elektron- und Goldstaub (Hdt. 1,93,1; 5,101,2; Plin. nat. 5,110), dem die Mermnadenkönige (Mermnadai) ihren sprichwörtlichen Reichtum verdankten (Archil. fr. 22 D.; Hdt. 6,125). Am P. in Sardeis befanden sich Metallschmelzen. Der Goldgehalt des P. war im 1. Jh. v.Chr. angeblich erschöpft (Strab. 13,1,23; 4,5). Auch Nachbarbäche führten goldhaltige Quarzsände. Kaletsch, Hans (…