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Chorzene

(64 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Procop. Aed. 3,3; Chorzianene, Procop. Pers. 2,24; Armenian: Xorjean/Xorjayn). Region in Armenia, south of the upper course of the Euphrates on the river Gayl, modern Perisuyu, with Koloberd the capital. Modern Kiĝi in the centre of the Karagöl Daĝları south-west of Theodosiopolis (Erzurum), eastern Turkey. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography R. H. Hewsen (ed.), The Geography of Ananias of Širak, 1991, 19, 154f.

Petra

(874 words)

Author(s): Leisten, Thomas (Princeton) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) | Falco, Giulia (Athens)
(Πέτρα/ Pétra, 'rock') [German version] [1] Capital of the Nabataean Empire This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Theatre | | Commerce | Hellenistic states | India, trade with | Limes | Rome | Rome | Egypt Capital of the Nabataean kingdom (Nabataei) in Edom, about 80 km to the south of the Dead Sea in the Wādı̄ Mūsā (in modern Jordan). The city is first mentioned by Diodorus [18] under the name Pétra (Diod. Sic. 19, 95-98) as the Nabataei's place of refuge and assembly ('High place, rock'). The inscriptionally documented Semitic name of P. is Raqmu. Although the surrounding are…

Alazonius

(43 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] River (Str. 11,3; 11,2; Olazanes, Plin. HN 6,29) that springs from the southern slopes of the central Caucasus mountains and flowed into the  Cyrus (Georgian: Alasani). According to Pliny, the border between  Iberia and  Albania [1]. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Gymnias

(56 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Xenophon (Γυμνιάς; Gymniás, Xen. An. 4,7,19). Large, heavily populated and affluent town of the Skythēnoí on the left bank of the Harpasus (modern Çoruh su), at the location of or near modern Bayburt. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography O. Lendle, Kommentar zu Xenophons Anabasis, 1995, 270-272.

Iberia

(567 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] [1] Country in the centre of southern Caucasia (Ἰβηρία; Ibēría, Str. 11,3,1-6; Ptol. 5,10,1-2; Georgian Kʿartʿli, Parthian Virčan, Armenian Virkʿ). Country in the centre of southern Caucasia, bordering on the Greater  Caucasus in the north, the Likh Range in the west which runs north-south from the Greater to the Lesser Caucasus, the Kura-Aras Lowland in the east and the Lesser Caucasus in the south, especially the southern and western frontiers being fluid; approximately modern eastern Georgia. Unt…

Pityus

(263 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Christianity | Commerce | Colonization | Patricius (Πιτυοῦς/ Pityoûs: Str. 11,2,14; Ptol. 5,8,10; 5,9,1; Patrum Nicaenorum nomina p. LXII, 113 Gelzer; Zos. 1,32; Theod. Hist. eccl. 9,5,35; Suda 1670; Πιτιῦς/ Pitiûs: Procop. Pers. 2,29,18; Procop. Goth. 8,4,1-6; Procop. Aed. 3,7,8; Pityus: Plin. HN 6,16; Pithiae: Not. Dign. Or. 18,32). Identified with Picunda/Bičvinta in the republic of Abchasia/Georgia (Roman and early Byzantine fort), yet the identification of the town, f…

Orthosia

(320 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
(Ὀρθωσία; Orthōsía). [German version] [1] Carian community in the interior In Hellenistic times it was one of the smaller Carian communities inland with its own mint; in Str. 14,1,47 it is a katoikía (settlement) near Nysa to the north of the Maeander [2] (Büyük Menderes). In the 2nd cent. AD, O. was given Roman municipal status, in the 5th/6th cents. AD it was the seat of a bishopric for the diocese of Caria with Aphrodisias [1] as its metropolitan see. The ruins of O., which are situated near Donduran in Ortas in the mountai…

Persarmenia

(198 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Armenian Parskahayk'). In AD 387, Armenia Major was divided up, with about a fifth of the territory being allocated to Rome and the greater eastern area to Iran. After the death of Aršak III (Arsaces [5]), the Roman-Byzantine area was established around AD 390 as the province of Armenia interior, while the entire eastern region, called P. by the Byzantines, remained under the rule of the Sassanids. Following the end of Arsakid rule in AD 428, the Sassanids appointed a governor general ( marzpan) to the new capital city of Dvin (Doubios). The Armenians reacted …

Aragus

(48 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] Georgian Aragvi (Armenian arag ‘fast’). River (Str. 11,3; 2) with three source rivers (Mtiuleti, Gudamaqari, Psavi) in  Iberia on the southern slopes of the Great Caucasus; the ‘Georgian military road’ ran along the A.; in Mzcheta it flows into the  Cyrus. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Nicephorius

(173 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] According to Plin. HN 6,129 ( Nikephorio) it was, along with the Parthenius, a major Armenian tributary of the Tigris. According to Tac. Ann. 15,4,2 ( Nikephorius), it flowed through Tigranocerta. Its identification depends on the location of Tigranocerta, which has hitherto been sought at Silvan (Martyropolis/Mayafarikin/Nprkert) [1]. But taking into account an Armenian historical work of the 2nd half of the 5th cent., called Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk' 4,24 [2], it was rather at Arzan [3]. In the former case…

Apsarus

(173 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] [1] Roman castle This item can be found on the following maps: | Limes The place today known as Gonio, south of Batumi (Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 6,1; Absarros: Plin. HN 6,4; Absaros: ILS 2660; Tab. Peut. 10,5; Procop. Goth. 4,2; 13; Agath. 6,1-11, Chron. pasch. I p. 61; II p. 435). Strongly fortified Roman castle at the mouth of the Apsarus [2]; five cohorts at the time of Arrian, in ruins by the time of Procopius; probably renovated in the 7th cent. The condition today: reconstructed Byzantine-Gen…

Gurgenes

(100 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] In Procopius (Pers. 1,12,4ff.), king of Caucasian Iberia who asked Justin I for help against the introduction of the fire cult demanded by Kavad I and who fled from the Persians to the Lazian mountainous countryside. Toumanoff [1] considers him to be the legendary Vaḫtang Gorgasal of Georgian and Armenian tradition although this is rejected by Martin-Hisard [2]. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography 1 C. Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, 1963, 362-378 2 B. Martin-Hisard, Le roi Vaxtang Gorgasal, in: Temps, mémoire, traditio…

Sarapanis

(148 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Str. 11,2,17; 3,4 τὰ Σαραπανά/ tà Sarapaná; Procop. Pers. 2,29,18; Procop. Goth. 4,13,15; 4,16,17: Σαραπανίς/ Sarapanís). Colchian fortress on the Phasis [1], navigable up to that point, through which the road to Iberia [1] led; identified with the remains of fortifications on the hill accessible only from the northeast at the confluence of Qvirila (Strabo's upper course of the Phasis) and Dzirula in the modern Šorapani, Georgia. Excavations in the lower town and the citadel uncovered traces of…

Apsilae

(66 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] Caucasian people on the north-eastern coast of the Black Sea around the Coraxes estuary (known today as Kodori) south of the  Abasci (Plin. 6,14; Arr. Peripl. p. eux. 11,3; Procop. Goth. 4,3; Agath. 2,15; 4,15; Geogr. Rav. 1,17).  Dioscurias/Sebastopolis was situated within the area settled by the A. A king of the A.,  Iulianus, received the insignia from Hadrian. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Guraeus

(95 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Γουραῖος; Gouraîos, Arr. Anab. 4,25,7; Γαροίας; Garoías, Arr. Ind. 4,11, according to Megasthenes; Old Indo-Aryan Gaurı̄). River (modern Panǧkorā) whose source is in the ‘Indian Caucasus’ (Hindukush) and which flows into the Cophen (modern Kābul) in a deep gorge that  Alexander [4] the Great crossed on his campaign. In the G. area lived the Guraîoi (Γουραῖοι, Arr. Anab. 4,23,1; 25,6), who raised cattle and whose land, according to Ptolemy, was called Gōryaîa (Γωρυαία, 7,1,42) with the town of Gôrya (Γωρύα, 7,1,43), perhaps modern Ǧalālābād. Plontke-Lüning, Anneg…

Orthocorybantii

(182 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Ὀρθοκορυβάντιοι; Orthokorybántioi). Ancient Greek designation for the Saka tigra χ audā (Persian for 'peaked-capped Sakas', Massagetans) in Hdt. 3,92. The O. were nomads in the region south-east of Lake Aral between Oxus (Amu Darjā; Araxes [2]) and Iaxartes (Syr Darjā) [2]. West of them, the Saka haumavarkā ('intoxicated revelling Sakas') settled. In 530 BC, Cyrus [2] II fell in a battle in the war against the peaked-capped Sakas, who were then brought to submission by Darius [1] I in 519 BC. Their king Skunxa is depicted at…

Vakhtang Gorgasal

(108 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Georgian 'wolf's head'). King of Caucasian Iberia (Iberia [1]), second half of the 5th/beginning of the 6th cent. AD, whose Life (Kartlis Cxovreba, 139-244) [1; 2], written down in the 11th cent., portrays him as a champion of national identity and Christianity. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography 1 R. Thomson, Rewriting Caucasian History, 1996, 153-251 (Eng. transl.) 2 G. Pätsch, Das Leben Kartlis. Eine Chronik aus Georgien, 300-1200, 1985 (Ger. transl.). B. Martin-Hisard, Le roi V. G., in: Temps, mémoire, tradition au Moyen âge, 1983, 207-242 M…

Tigranocerta

(336 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Asia Minor | Limes | Limes | Pompeius (Τιγρανόκερτα/ Tigranókerta, Latin Tigranocerta and - certae, Armenian T( i) granakert; mentioned in Str. 11,12,4; 16,1,23; Tac. Ann. 15,4 f.; Plin. HN 6,9,26; App. Mith. 10,67; Plut. Lucullus 11 f.; 26; 29; Tab. Peut. 11,3; Eutr. 6,9,1; Buzandaran Patmutiwnk (BP) 4,24; 5,27 [1]). A new capital of Armenia (in addition to Artaxata), founded after 80 BC by Tigranes [2] II (95-55 BC) in the Armenian province of Arzane…

Cytaea

(121 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Κυταιίς; Kytaiís, Apoll. Rhod. 2,1267; Κύταια; Kýtaia, schol. ad Lycoph. Alexandra 1312; Κόταϊς; Kótaïs (τὸ φρούριον), Procop. Goth. 4,14,49; 4,14,51 Agathias 2,19,1). City in  Colchis, on the headwaters of the modern Kutaisi on the middle Rioni ( Phasis) in Georgia. Archaeological finds indicate the existence of a settlement with acropolis from the 7th cent. BC; fragments of Greek pottery indicate contacts between inland Colchis and the Mediterranean region from the 7th/6th cents. BC. In the…

Zalissa

(113 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Ζάλισσα/ Zálissa). Town in Iberia [1], mentioned only in Ptol. 5,10,2, identified with Dzalisa in Muxranital, about 45 km to the northwest of Tbilisi in Georgia. In the northwest of the area, there is a citadel, in the plain the site of the 2nd cent. BC to 8th cent. AD town (approximately 70 ha), among other things remains of a palace with a mosaic of Dionysus (3rd cent. AD; [1]) and three-roomed thermal baths (serial type), a further thermal bath with a natatio (Piscina [2]), streets, water conduits and sewers survive. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography 1 M…

Portae Caspiae

(85 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Plin. HN 6,30; Πύλαι Κάσπιαι/ Pýlai Káspiai: Hecat. FGrH 1 F 286; Str. 11,5,4; 11,12,5; Θύραι Κάσπιαι/ Thýrai Káspiai: Ios. Ant. Iud. 18,4,4). The modern Sirdara Pass in the Elburs mountains (Caspii montes), between Media and Parthia, 60 km to the northeast of Teheran. At the same time the name was also used for the road from Darband to the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography M. Schottky, Parther, Meder und Hyrkanier, in: AMI 24, 1991, 61-135, esp. 123.

Gerrhus

(157 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
(Γέῤῥος; Gérrhos). [German version] [1] River in the north Pontus River in the north Pontus between  Borysthenes and  Maeotis, the border between the monarchic and nomadic Scythians, identified as modern Moločnaja voda (Ptol. 3,5,4; Plin. HN 4,84, Gerrhus). Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) [German version] [2] Region around modern Nicopol/Ukraine Region around modern Nicopol/Ukraine, in the 5th/4th cents. BC centre of the monarchic Scythians and seat of their rulers, who were buried in large kurgans ( Funerary architecture) (Hdt. 4,71). Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) …

Georgia, Georgians

(674 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) | Schyboll, Achim (Schliengen)
(Georgian Sakartvelo, Persian Gurǧistān, Arabic al-Kurǧ or Ǧurzān, Turkish Gürcistan, Russian Gruzija). [German version] I. Geographical location Land in west and central Caucasia south of the main range of the Great  Caucasus. It is divided into two parts by the Liḫi-(Surami) mountain range that runs north-south from the Great to the Small Caucasus:  Colchis in the west, a humid and unhealthy region until the drainage projects of the early 20th cent. which also includes the river system of the Rioni/  Phasis …

Hippus

(183 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) | Burchard, Christoph (Göttingen)
[German version] [1] Northern tributary of the Phasis (Ἵππος/ Híppos Str. 11,2,17; Steph. Byz. s.v. Αἶα; Hippos Plin. HN 6,13; Ἵππις/ Híppis in Mocheresis Procop. Goth. 4,1,6); northern tributary of the  Phasis in  Colchis, the modern Cʿḫeniscqali (‘horse water’) in West Georgia. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography E. Kiessling, s.v. H., RE 8, 1915-1918. [German version] [2] Settlement in the Decapolis This item can be found on the following maps: Syria (ἡ Ἵππος/ hē Híppos, Euseb. On. 22,21 Ἵππη/ Híppē; Aramaic Sūsı̄ṯā ‘mare’). Hellenistic-Byzantine city (region) …

Gogarene

(144 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Γωγαρηνή; Gōgarēnḗ), Str. 11,14,4f.; Ptol. 5,12,4; χωρίον μεταξὺ Κόλχων καὶ Ἰβήρων ανατολικῶν, Steph. Byz. 216; Armenian Gugark, AŠX 5,22 [1]). Fertile plateau in ancient times (olive-growing, etc.) in the Little Caucasus south-east of Cyrus bend, possibly corresponding to modern southern Georgia and parts of northern Armenia; frontier district between Armenia and Iberia with changing ownership: in the 5th/4th cents. BC G. belonged to Armenia, in the 3rd cent. to Iberia, in the 2nd cent. G. was…

Lazica, Lazice

(281 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Procop. Pers. 1,1,28 i.a., Agathias 2,18,4, i.a.: Λαζική; Lazikḗ). Term for Colchis in early Byzantine sources after the Kartvelian tribe of the Lazae, who were located in the interior south of the river Phasis in the 1st cent. AD and in the 4th cent. acquired the hegemony over Colchis and the tribes of the Abasci, Apsilae, Misimiani, Scymni and Svani. The capital was Archaeopolis (Procop. Pers. 2,29,18), which is identified with the ruined town near modern Nokalakevi on the Techuri (Glaucus?) in wes…

Saspeires

(118 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Σάσπειρες/ Sáspeires: Hdt. 1,104; 110; 3,94; 4,37; 40; 7,79; Σάπειρες/ Sápeires: Apoll. Rhod. 2,395; Ἑσπερῖται/ Hesperȋtai: Xen. An. 7,8,25; Str. 14,1,39; Latin Sapires: Amm. Marc. 22,8,21). East Kartvelian tribe, according to Herodotus between the Colchians and the Medes, and belonging to the eighteenth satrapy together with the Matienians and the Alarodians (3,18); documented probably from the 3rd century BC onward; on the upper reaches of the Acampsis/Çoruh, it can be identified with the city of Sp…

Vani

(184 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] City in West-Georgia, c. 25 km southwest of Kutaisi, a centre of ancient Colchis. In 1896, a structure with three terraces which had been destroyed in the mid 1st cent. BC began to be excavated (with interruptions). Three phases could be distinguished (I: 8th-6th cents.; II: 5th-4th cents.; III: 3rd-1st cents. BC). Several buildings were uncovered (a surrounding wall with gate in phase III) as well as tombs (gold jewellery with granulation); the finds include a large number of Greek …

Acampsis

(77 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Arr. Per. p. E. 7,4,5), flumen Acampseon (Plin. HN 4,12), Acampsis, Acapsis (Geogr. Rav.; Ακαψις Suda), Byzantine Boas. River that originates from the northern slopes of the Parchari mountains (Armen. mountain range, Procop. Goth. 4,2; today Ardicin Dagi, north-eastern Turkey) and flows into the south-eastern area of the Black Sea; according to Procopius, forms the western border to Lazica (Coroch in Georgian, Çoruh Nehri in Turkish). The fortress  Apsarus lies at its mouth. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Pap(a)

(206 words)

Author(s): Schottky, Martin (Pretzfeld) | Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] (Pahlavi pāp, bāb, ‘father’). Son of the Armenian king Arsaces [4] II and Pharandsem of Siwnik'. After his father was captured, P. fled to Valens, who restored him as ruler of Armenia in the same year (AD 369) with the support of the comes et dux Terentius (Amm. Marc. 27,12,9-10). In the following,  Sapor [2] II managed to persuade P. to implement anti-Roman measures. P. thus dispatched the heads of his ministers Cylaces and Artabannes [1] to the Persian king (Amm. Marc. 27,12,14). However, the poisoning of the katholikós Nersēh by the king as claimed by Armenian …

Kobuleti-Pichvnari

(53 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[German version] Town on the Colchis coast, c. 20 km north of modern Batumi. Extensive necropolis from the 6th-2nd cents. BC with Attic black-figured and red-figured ceramics; the synchronous Greek settlement (Matium? Plin. HN 6,12) has not been proven to date. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography D. Braund, Georgia in Antiquity, 1995, 109-117.

Pityus

(208 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Handel | Kolonisation | Regnum Bosporanum | Schwarzmeergebiet (Πιτυοῦς: Strab. 11,2,14; Ptol. 5,8,10; 5,9,1; Patrum Nicaenorum nomina p. LXII, 113 Gelzer; Zos. 1,32; Theod. hist. eccl. 9,5,35; Suda 1670; Πιτιῦς: Prok. BP 2,29,18; Prok. BG 8,4,1-6; Prok. aed. 3,7,8; Pityus: Plin. nat. 6,16; Pithiae: Not. dign. or. 18,32). Identifiziert mit Picunda/Bičvinta in der Republik Abchasien/ Georgien (röm.-frühbyz. Kastell). Die bei Strabon bzw. Plinius erwähnte Stadt, gegründet…

Petrus

(1,903 words)

Author(s): Frank, Karl Suso (Freiburg) | Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] [1] Apostel (Πέτρος, eigentlich “der Fels”). Apostel, führende Gestalt des von Jesus von Nazareth berufenen Jüngerkreises und der christl. Urgemeinde. Frank, Karl Suso (Freiburg) [English version] A. Allgemein Quellen zu seinem Leben sind: (1) die nt. Schriften: Evangelien, Apostelgeschichte, Paulusbriefe (1 Kor, Gal), 1. und 2. P.-Brief (die biographische Auswertung muß den bes. Charakter dieses Schrifttums berücksichtigen); (2) altkirchliches Schrifttum, das die Erinnerung an P. wachhält, seine Ansehensst…

Persarmenia

(166 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (armenisch Parskahayk'). Bei der Teilung von Armenia maior 387 n.Chr. ging etwa ein Fünftel des Gebietes an Rom, der größere östl. Bereich an Iran. Während der röm.-byz. Bereich nach dem Tod Aršak III. (Arsakes [5]) um 390 als Prov. Armenia interior etabliert wurde, blieb der gesamte östl. Bereich, von den Byzantinern als P. bezeichnet, unter der Herrschaft der Sāsāniden, die nach dem Ende der Arsakidenherrschaft 428 n.Chr. einen Generalgouverneur ( marzpan) in der neuen Hauptstadt Dvin (Doubios) einsetzten. Auf die forcierte rel. und kulturelle I…

Gurgenes

(94 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Bei Prokopios (BP 1,12,4ff.) König des kaukasischen Iberien, der Iustinus I. um Hilfe gegen die von Kavad I. geforderte Einführung des Feuerkults bat und vor den Persern in das lazische Bergland floh. Toumanoff [1] hält ihn für den legendären Vaḫtang Gorgasal der georg. und armen. Überl., was Martin-Hisard [2] ablehnt. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography 1 C. Toumanoff, Studies in Christian Caucasian History, 1963, 362-378 2 B. Martin-Hisard, Le roi Vaxtang Gorgasal, in: Temps, mémoire, tradition au Moyen Âge: Aix-en-Provence, 4-5 …

Gerrhos

(147 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
(Γέῤῥος). [English version] [1] Fluß im Nord-Pontos Fluß in Nord-Pontos zw. Borysthenes und Maiotis, Grenze zw. Königs- und Nomadenskythen, gleichzusetzen mit der h. Moločnaja voda (Ptol. 3,5,4; Plin. nat. 4,84, Gerrhus). Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) [English version] [2] Region um das h. Nikopol/Ukraine Region um das h. Nikopol/Ukraine, im 5./4. Jh. v.Chr. Zentrum der Königsskythen und Sitz ihrer Herrscher, die in in großen Kurganen (Grabbauten) beigesetzt wurden (Hdt. 4,71). Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) [English version] [3] Fluß im kaukasischen Albanien Fluß im …

Mestleta

(204 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (Μεστλῆτα, Ptol. 5,10,8; Agathias Scholastikos 2,22,5: Μεσχιθά, georg. in Kartlis cxovreba [1]: Mceta). Hauptstadt des kaukasischen Iberia [1] vom 3. Jh. v.Chr. bis E. 5. Jh.n.Chr. (Erhebung von Tbilisi zur Hauptstadt durch Vaxtang Gorgasal) an der Mündung des Aragos in den Kyros [5], Ausgangspunkt des Weges zu den Portae Caucasiae (Kaukasiai Pylai), seit der Christianisierung im 4. Jh. Sitz des georg. Kirchenoberhauptes. Die Stadt war ummauert, 75 n.Chr. wurden die Mauern durch Vespasian befestigt (vgl. ILS 8795). M. erstr…

Nikephorios

(152 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Bei Plin. nat. 6,129 ( Nikephorio) neben dem Parthenios bedeutender Tigris-Zufluß aus Armenien, nach Tac. ann. 15,4,2 ( Nikephorius) an Tigranokerta entlangfließend. Die Identifizierung hängt von der Lokalisierung Tigranokertas ab, das bislang bei Silvan (Martyropolis/Mayafarikin/Nprkert) gesucht wurde [1], doch - berücksichtigt man das in der 2. Hälfte des 5. Jh.n.Chr. entstandene armen. Geschichtswerk Buzandaran Patmut'iwnk' 4,24 [2] - eher bei Arzan lag [3]. In ersterem Fall wurde der N. gleich…

Lazika, Lazike

(257 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (Prok. BP 1,1,28 u.a., Agathias 2,18,4 u.a.: Λαζική). Bezeichnung für Kolchis in den früh-byz. Quellen, nach dem kartvelischen Stamm der Lazai, die im 1. Jh.n.Chr. im Binnenland südl. des Phasis ansässig waren und im 4. Jh. die Hegemonie über Kolchis und die Stämme der Abasken, Apsilen, Misimianen, Skymner u. Svanen errungen hatten. Hauptstadt war Archaiopolis (Prok. BP 2,29,18), identifiziert mit der Ruinenstadt beim h. Nokalakevi am Techuri (Glaukos?) in Westgeorgien. L. selbst war byz. Vasall. Im…

Meribanes

(42 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] M. III., König des kaukasischen Iberia [1], an den Constantius [2] II. 360/61 eine Gesandtschaft schickte, um ihn auf röm. Seite gegen die Perser zu ziehen (Amm. 21,6,8). Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography W. Enßlin, s.v. M., RE 15, 1028  PLRE 1, 598.

Apsilai

(54 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Kaukasisches Volk an der nordöstl. Schwarzmeerküste um die Mündung des Koraxes (h. Kodori) südl. der Abaskoi (Plin. 6,14; Arr. per. p. E. 11,3; Prok. BG 4,3; Agath. 2,15; 4,15; Geogr. Rav. 1,17). Im Gebiet der A. lag Dioskurias/Sebastopolis. Der A.- König Iulianus erhielt von Hadrian die Insignien. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Kobuleti-Pičvnari

(46 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Ort an der Kolchisküste, ca. 20 km nördl. des h. Batumi. Umfangreiche Nekropole aus dem 6.-2. Jh.v.Chr. mit att.-sf. und rf. Keramik; die synchrone griech. Siedlung (Matium? Plin. nat. 6,12) ist bisher nicht nachgewiesen. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography D. Braund, Georgia in Antiquity, 1995, 109-117.

Heniochoi

(135 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (Ἡνίοχοι, Ps.-Skyl. 71). Im 5. Jh. v.Chr. großer Stammesverband an der kaukasischen buchtenreichen und dichtbewaldeten Pontosküste zw. Zygoi und Achaioi im Norden und Sanigai im Süden. Im Gebiet der H. wurde Pityus/Picunda gegr.; die H. trieben Viehzucht, daneben Piraterie mit leichten Booten (Strab. 11,2,14) und wurden gegen E. des 4. Jh. v.Chr. vom bosporanischen König Eumelos [4] unterworfen, der die Seeräuberei im Pontos bekämpfte (Diod. 20,25,2). Im 1. Jh. v.und n.Chr. kam e…

Gymnias

(52 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Xenophon (Γυμνιάς, Xen. an. 4,7,19). Große, volkreiche und wohlhabende Stadt der Skythēnoí am linken Ufer des Harpasos (h. Çoruh su), an der Stelle oder in der Nähe des h. Bayburt. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography O. Lendle, Komm. zu Xenophons Anabasis, 1995, 270-272.

Akampsis

(63 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (Arr. per. p E. 7,4,5), flumen Acampseon (Plin. nat. 4,12), Acampsis, Acapsis (Geogr. Rav.; Ακαψις Suda), byz. Boas. Fluß, der am Nord-Hang des Parchari entspringt (armen. Gebirge, Prok. BG 4,2; h. Ardicin Dagi, Nordost-Türkei) und in das süd-östl. Schwarze Meer mündet; bildet nach Prokop die Westgrenze Lazikas (georg. Coroch, türk. Çoruh Nehri). An seiner Mündung liegt die Festung Apsaros. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)

Kyros

(2,401 words)

Author(s): Wiesehöfer, Josef (Kiel) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna) | Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
(Κῦρος, lat. Cyrus). [English version] [1] K. I. (d.Ä.) Großvater Kyros' [2] (d.Gr.), aus der Zylinder-Inschrift seines Enkels (TUAT I 409,21) bekannt. Dieser weist ihm dort den Titel “großer König, König von Anšān” ( šarru rabû šar Anšān; Anschan) zu und nennt ihn einen “Nachkommen” ( liblibbu) des Teispes. Die genealogische Verbindung K. (I.) - Kambyses (I.) - K. (II.) kennt auch Hdt. 1,111. K. d.Ä. dürfte demnach als Kleinkönig pers. Abstammung über (einen Teil (?) des ehemals elam.) Fārs im 7./6. Jh. v.Chr. zu interpretieren sein. Ob …

Hippos

(178 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) | Burchard, Christoph (Göttingen)
[English version] [1] nördl. Zufluß des Phasis (Ἵππος Strab. 11,2,17; Steph. Byz. s.v. Αἶα; Hippos Plin. nat. 6,13; Ἵππις in Mocheresis Prok. BG 4,1,6); nördl. Zufluß des Phasis in der Kolchis, der h. Cḫeniscqali (“Pferdewasser”) in West-Georgien. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography E. Kiessling, s.v. H., RE 8, 1915-1918. [English version] [2] Siedlung in der Dekapolis Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Syrien (ἡ Ἵππος, Eus. On. 22,21 Ἵππη; aram. Sūsı̄ṯā “Stute”). Hell.-byz. Stadt(region) östl. des Sees Genezareth. Zuerst gen. bei Plinius (…

Caspii montes

(84 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] Κάσπιον ὄρος ist nach Eratosthenes (bei Strab. 11,2,15) einheimischer Name des Kaukasus, nach Ptol. 5,13,4 die Armenia von der parth. Provinz Media trennende Bergkette (h. Talyš-Kette, Grenze zw. Azerbaiǧān und Iran). Bei Mela 1,109 und Plin. nat. 5,99 sind die C. m. neben dem Kaukasus ein selbständiges Gebirge, wohl das Elburs-Gebirge mit dem Demavend (5670 m). Nach Amm. 23,6,74 bildeten sie die nördl. Grenze des Perserreichs. Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena) Bibliography R.H. Hewsen (Hrsg.), The Geography of Ananias of Sirak, 1991, 65A, 253.

Gogarene

(121 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] (Γωγαρηνή, Strab. 11,14,4f.; Ptol. 5,12,4; χωρίον μεταξὺ Κόλχων καὶ Ἰβήρων ανατολικῶν, Steph. Byz. 216; armen. Gugark, AŠX 5,22 [1]). Im Alt. fruchtbare Hochebene (u.a. Olivenkultur) im Kleinen Kaukasos südöstl. des Kyrosbogens, etwa dem h. Südgeorgien und Teilen Nordarmeniens entsprechend; Grenzmark zw. Armenien und Iberien mit wechselnder Zugehörigkeit: im 5./4. Jh. v.Chr. gehörte G. zu Armenien, im 3. Jh. zu Iberien, im 2. Jh. war G. als “Iberische Mark” mit einem Fürsten von Gugark armen.…

Apsaros

(152 words)

Author(s): Plontke-Lüning, Annegret (Jena)
[English version] [1] röm. Kastell Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Limes | Straßen Das h. Gonio südl. von Batumi (Arr. per. p. E. 6,1; Absarros: Plin. nat. 6,4; Absaros: ILS 2660; Tab. Peut. 10,5; Prok. BG 4,2; 13; Agath. 6,1-11, Chr. pasch. I p. 61; II p. 435). Stark befestigtes röm. Kastell an der Mündung des A. [2]; 5 Kohorten z. Z. Arrians, z. Z. Prokops in Ruinen, wohl im 7. Jh. erneuert. Zustand heute: Rekonstruierte byz.-genues.-türk. Mauern, im Innern Reste von Bauten und arch. Materia…
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