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, Las̲h̲karī, the thirteenth king of the Bahmanī dynasty of the Dak an, was the younger son of Humāyūn S̲h̲āh, and succeeded his elder brother, Niẓām S̲h̲āh, on July 30, 1463, at the age of nine. His minister was the famous Maḥmūd Gāwān, Malik al-Tud̲j̲d̲j̲ār, Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Ḏj̲ahān. A compaign against Mālwa in 1467 was unsuccessful, but between 1469 and 1471 Maḥmūd Gāwān conquered the southern Konkan. In 1472 Malik Ḥasan Baḥrī, Niẓām al-Mulk, a Brahman who had been captured in Vid̲j̲ayanagar and educated as a Muslim, led a successful expediti…

, the governor of a province, or ṣūba [q. v.]. It was Akbar who first regularly divided the empire into provinces, styled ṣūba, but in his reign the title ṣūbadār was not in use, and the governor of a province is styled sipāhsālār (commander-in-chief) in the Āʾīn-i Akbarī. His successors employed the term ṣūbadār or ṣāḥib-ṣūba (lord of a province), but the use of these titles was neither uniform nor consistent. The governor or viceroy of the Dakan is usually styled ṣūbadār, but the governors of Awadh and Bangal are more often styled nawwāb-wazīr and nawwāb-nāẓim in the eighteenth century.…

, the name of a clan of the G̲h̲ilzai tribe of Afg̲h̲ānistān. A family of this tribe was established in Multān before India was invaded by Maḥmūd of G̲h̲aznī, for that district was ruled, in 1005, by Abu ’l-Fatḥ Dāwūd, grandson of S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ḥamīd Lodī who had established himself there, but the importance of the tribe dates from the reign of Fīrūz Tug̲h̲luḳ when some of its members entered India for purposes of trade, but soon occupied themselves with politics. Dawlat Ḵh̲ān Lodī competed with Ḵh…

, the son of Ḥaidar ʿAlī [q.v.] of Maisūr, was born in 1753. His father employed him in many military operations, and on one occasion, in 1771, when he and his troops were not found where they were expected to be, publicly inflicted on him a most unmerciful beating. On his father’s death, on Dec. 7, 1783, he succeeded to the throne of Maisūr, and in 1784 he concluded peace with the British, with whom his father had been at war. In 1785 war broke out between Tīpū and the Marāthā Pīs̲h̲wā, who was…

means primarily the interior part of a country or town and hence a fortified castle, such as is occupied by a commander and his forces, and the town in which such a castle stands, the chief town of a district. It is also applied to a new well. In India, where it is locally pronounced ḳaṣba, it is applied to the chief town of a pargana or maḥall, which is the smallest subdivision of a fiscal district, and is distinct from the mawḍiʿ, the village or small town which is a complete fiscal unit, and from the mazraʿ or hamlet, which is included in the area and in the fiscal accounts of the mawḍiʿ of which it is …

(Deccan), derived from the Sanskrit word daks̲h̲ina, ‘the south’. As applied to India it means, etymologically, the whole of the southern part of the country, but convention has restricted its application to the tract bounded on the north by the Vindhya mountains and the Godāvarī, the natural boundaries between northern and southern India, on the east and west by the sea, and on the south by the river Krishna, the country to the south of that river being known as the Peninsula. The Dakhan consists of …

was the title bestowed by Awrangzīb on Mīr S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn, elder son of ʿĀbid Ḵh̲ān, entitled Ḳilīd̲j̲ Ḵh̲ān, who rose to the rank of commander of 5,000 horse and held more than one provincial government under S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahān. S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn came from Turkistān to Awrangzīb’s court in 1669, and was appointed commander of 300 horse. During Awrangzīb’s reign he served with distinction in the suppression of Prince Akbar’s rebellion and in the long campaign in the Dakhan, especially at the sieges …

was the title conferred by the Mug̲h̲al emperor Ḏj̲ahāngīr on his third son, Ḵh̲urram, as a reward for his successes in the Dakan in 1616. Ḵh̲urram was ¶ born in 1592; in 1622 he caused his eldest brother, Ḵh̲usraw, whom his father had placed in his care, to be murdered, and afterwards rose in rebellion. Having been defeated in 1623 he became a.fugitive, but occupied Bengal and Bihār. In 1625 a peace was patched up between him and his father. When Ḏj̲ahāngīr died, in October, 1627, Ḵh̲urram was at Ḏj̲unnār in the Dakan, b…

, G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn, was one of the eighteen sons of ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Ḥusain S̲h̲āh of Bengal. He remained loyal to his eldest brother, Nāṣir al-Dīn Nuṣrat S̲h̲āh, throughout his reign, but after his death slew his son, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Fīrūz S̲h̲āh, in 1533, and ascended the throne. During a troubled reign of five years he never ruled the whole of Bengal. S̲h̲īr Ḵh̲ān Sūr, who ultimately ascended the throne of Dihlī, was already powerful in Bihār, and allied himself to Maḥmūd’s rebellious brother-in-law, Mak̲h̲dūm-i ¶ ʿĀlam, who was governor of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲īpūr. S̲h̲īr Ḵh̲ān defeated a…

, Nāṣir al-Dīn was the third of the Ḥabas̲h̲ī, or African Sulṭāns of Bengal. He succeeded his father in 1494, but was a mere puppet in the hands of one minister after another. His first minister, an African entitled Ḥabas̲h̲ Ḵh̲ān, was slain by a rival, another African known as Malik Badr the Madman, who afterwards slew Maḥmūd, he having occupied the throne for no more than six months, and usurped the throne. (T. W. Haig) Bibliography See maḥmūd 1 of Bengal.

was the title of the chief military and police officer of a sarkār (revenue district) under Muḥammadan rule in India. His duties were the maintenance of order, the punishment of rebels and rioters, and, frequently, the collection of the revenue. Though subordinate to the provincial authorities, the fawd̲j̲dār enjoyed the privilege of direct correspondence with the imperial court and the appointment was often a stepping-stone to the highest offices. The title of fawd̲j̲dār was also given, under the house of Tīmūr, to subordinate officers in the elephant stables. (T. W. Haig)

of G̲h̲azna, one of the most famous of Muslim conquerors, was the elder son of Subuktigīn and was born in 969 a. d. In 994 Nūḥ II of Buk̲h̲ārā appointed Subuktigīn governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, as a reward for assistance received from him, and Subuktigīn appointed as his deputy his son Maḥmūd, who took Nīs̲h̲āpūr from the Ismāʿīlī heretics and made it his capital. On his death in 997 Subuktigīn left his throne to his younger son, Ismāʿīl, but Maḥmūd marched to G̲h̲azna, defeated his brother, and ascended the throne in 999. Begtūzūn, an amīr of Manṣūr II of Buk̲h̲ārā, attempted to deprive Maḥmū…

, Tug̲h̲luḳ, the second king of the Tug̲h̲luḳ dynasty of Dihlī, was the eldest son of G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Tug̲h̲luḳ, its founder. During the short reign of the usurper, Nāṣir al-Dīn Ḵh̲usraw, he was in some peril, but escaped and joined his father, who was marching on Dihlī. He was known at first as Ḏj̲awna Ḵh̲ān, but received the title of Ulug̲h̲ Ḵh̲ān and was sent in 1321 to Warangal, to reduce to obedience the rād̲j̲ā, Pratāpa Rudradeva II. In this distant region he attempted to rebel, but his …

, S̲h̲ihāb al-Dīn, the fourteenth king of the Bahmanī dynasty of the Dakan, was raised to the throne at the age of twelve on the death of his father, Muḥammad III, on March 22, 1482, and remained under tutelage throughout his reign of thirty-six years. The ascendency of his first minister, Malik Ḥasan Baḥrī, Niẓām al-Mulk, who had been responsible for the death of Maḥmūd Gāwān [q. v.] was distasteful to the Foreign amīrs of the kingdom, at the head of whom was Yūsuf ʿĀdil Ḵh̲ān of Bid̲j̲āpūr, and the assassination of this minister, ordered by the young king, embitter…

, the name of a dynasty which reigned at Ḏj̲awnpūr, so called from the title of Malik al-S̲h̲arḳ (Lord of the East) conferred upon its founder, the eunuch Malik Sarwar, Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Ḏj̲ahān [q.v.], who, having in March, 1393, placed Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd of the Tug̲h̲laḳ dynasty on the throne of Dihlī, suppressed the Hinds rebellions in the Gangetic Doāb and Awadh, and assumed independence in Ḏj̲awnpūr. He died in 1399, leaving his dominions to his adopted son, Malik Ḳaranful, who assumed the title of Mubārak S̲h̲āh. Maḥmūd S̲h̲…

is the nomen actionis of the second formation of the verb ḥaṣala, and signifies originally, “collection”, “obtaining” or “acquiring”. In India the use of the word is restricted to the collection of the revenue, and it is applied, in the United Provinces and Madras to a subdivision of a district (called taʿalluḳa, or, corruptly, ¶ tālūkā, in the Bombay Presidency) with an area of from 400 to 600 square miles, or less in the United Provinces, forming an administrative and fiscal unit. In size the taḥṣīl comes between the pargana and the sarkār of the Mug̲h̲ul empire, and the official in …

, Abu ’l-Mad̲j̲d Mad̲j̲dūd b. Ādam, of G̲h̲aznī, was one of the most famous poets at the court of the later G̲h̲aznavid kings, where his contemporaries were Saiyid Ḥasan, ʿUt̲h̲mān Muk̲h̲tārī, ʿAlī Fatḥī and Maḥmūd Warrāḳ. He gained his livelihood as a court poet by writing verses in praise of the king and of the leading men in the state, but one day, overhearing a wellknown eccentric of G̲h̲aznī drink confusion to “the wretched Sanāʾī, who spent his time in composing mendacious verses in praise of t…

, consists of the lower valley and delta of the river Indus (Sindhu) from which the province takes its name, and lies between 20° 35′ and 28° 39′ N. and 66° 40′ and 71° 10′ E. The Aryans were settled on the Indus before 1000 b. c. and about 500 b. c. Darius Hystaspes conquered the valley, but Persian rule in Sind had passed away when Alexander the Great traversed ¶ the country in 325 b. c. After his departure it was included first in the Mauryan empire and then in that of the Bactrian Greeks. From the first century before, until the seventh century after, Christ India w…

, founder of the short-lived Muḥammadan dynasty of Maisūr, was born in 1722, the son of Fatḥ Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān, a soldier of fortune, and a Navāyaṭ lady. He first distinguished himself at the siege of Devanhallī, captured in 1749 for the rād̲j̲ā of Maisūr by his minister Nand̲j̲arūd̲j̲, and was rewarded with the command of 50 horse and 200 foot. His advancement was rapid and he soon became fawd̲j̲dār of Dindigul and d̲j̲āgīrdār of Bangalor. He gained great credit by the success of his operations against the Marāṭhas in 1759 and was saluted as Fatḥ Ḥaidar Bahādur. He en…

, the sixth king of the Tug̲h̲luḳ dynasty of Dihlī, was the son of Fīrūz, at whose death the son of Fatḥ Ḵh̲ān, his eldest son, was raised to the throne on Sept. 20, 1388, as G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn Tug̲h̲luḳ II, but was slain on Feb. 19, 1389, and was succeeded by his cousin Abū Bakr, son of Ẓafar Ḵh̲ān, the second son of Fīrūz. Muḥammad, the third son, contested the succession and, after suffering more than one defeat, occupied Dihlī and ascended the throne on Aug. 31, 1390. Abū Bakr took refuge wi…