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b. al-Walīd b. al-Mug̲h̲īra al-Mak̲h̲zūmī, a contemporary of Muḥammad and a Muslim general. In the battle of Uḥud, ¶ where Ḵh̲ālid commanded the right wing of the Mekkan forces, and by his intervention at the right moment decided the battle in favour of the enemies of the Prophet he first displayed that brilliant talent for leadership to which in later days Islām owed so many successes. After Ḵh̲ālid had gone over to Islām with ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ at the beginning of the year 8 (629) he took part in the unsuccessful c…

, Abū Bakr Muḥammad, Amīr al-Umarāʾ. In 317(929-930) Ibn Rāʾīḳ was appointed prefect of police in Bag̲h̲dād along with his brother ¶ Ibrāhīm. Both were dismissed in the following year but Muḥammad b. Rāʾīḳ received his office back in 319 (931-2), while Ibrāhīm was appointed at the same time high chamberlain. After the murder of al-Muḳtadir in 320 (932) the two brothers fled with others to al-Madāʾin and thence to Wāsiṭ, and after al-Rāḍī became Caliph in 322 (934) he appointed Muḥammad b. Rāʾiḳ governor of Wāsiṭ and…

bi ’llāh, Abū Manṣūr al-Faḍl, ʿAbbāsid caliph, born in 486 (1093—1094), son of al-Mustaẓhir and a slave-girl. Al-Mustars̲h̲id, who was proclaimed his father’s successor after the latter’s death on 16th Rabīʿ II 512 (Aug. 6, 1118), was the first caliph since the occupation of Bag̲h̲dād by the Būyids who was not content with spiritual supremacy but also endeavoured to revive the caliph’s authority in temporal matters. The Sald̲j̲ūḳ sulṭān had died before al-Mustaẓhir (Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 511 = April 1118) and his son Maḥmud […

ʿAbd al-Malik b. Yazīd al-Ḵh̲orāsānī, a general in the service of the ʿAbbāsides. After the outbreak of the rebellion in Ḵh̲orāsān on the 25th Ramaḍān 129 (9th June 747) Abū ʿAwn several times took part in the war against the Umaiyads. At first he accompanied the ʿAbbāside general Ḳaḥtaba b. S̲h̲abīb; then he was sent by the latter to S̲h̲ahrazūr, where on the 20th Ḏh̲u’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 131 (10th August 749), in conjunction with Mālik b. Ṭarīf, he defeated ʿOt̲h̲mān b. Sufyān. Whilst Abū ʿAwn remained in the vicinity of Mosul, the Umaiyad caliph Marwān II marched…

, an ʿAbbāsid caliph. After the death of his father on Muḥarram 22, 169 (Aug. 4, 785) al-Hādī ascended the throne and at once put an end to the influence of his mother al-Ḵh̲aizurān, by forbidding her to interfere in the slightest in matters of state. When he proposed to exclude his brother Hārūn from the succession in favour of his son Ḏj̲aʿfar, he met with vigorous opposition from the Barmakid Yaḥyā b. Ḵh̲ālid [q. v.]. When the latter boldly persisted in his opposition, he was arrested; but th…

b. Mawdūd b. Zangī, ʿIzz al-Dīn Abu ’L-Fatḥ (or Abu ’l-Muẓaffar), lord of al-Mawṣil. Mawdūd [q. v.] died in 565 (1170); he was followed by his son Saif al-Dīn G̲h̲āzī [q. v.] as Atābeg of al-Mawṣil. When the latter came into conflict with Saladin [q. v.] in 570 (1175) he gave his brother Masʿūd command of the troops sent to relieve Ḥalab, which was being besieged by Saladin. After Saladin had left Ḥalab and seized ¶ the citadel of Ḥimṣ, Masʿūd, who had in the meanwhile attached the Ḥalabīs to his side, attacked him but was defeated in Ramaḍān 570 (April 1175) at Ḳurūn Ḥamāt. Saif al-Dīn died on 3rd Ṣaf…

b. Yaḥyā, a Barmakid, born in Ḏh̲u ’l-Ḥid̲j̲d̲j̲a 148 (February 766), governor of Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān, Ṭabarīstān, al-Raiy etc. 176—180(792— 796-797) and of Ḵh̲orāsān 178-179 (794-795— 795-796). On the fall of the Barmakids in 187 (803) he was thrown into prison. He died in confinement in al-Raḳḳa in Ramaḍān 192 or Muḥarram 193 (808). For further details see above i. 665a (article bakmakids). (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. Yaḥyā. See also the art. ʿabbāsa and Bouvat, Les Barmécides d’après les historiens arabes et persans. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḳasrī, governor of the ʿIrāḳ. The Ḳasr family to which Ḵh̲ālid belonged was a branch of the tribe of Bad̲j̲īla [q. v.]; his mother was a Christian. In the year 89 (707/708) or 91 (709/710) he was appointed governor of Mekka by the Caliph al-Walīd. Here he remained during the life time of al-Walīd; after the accession of Sulaimān in 96 (715), however, he was dismissed and lived in retirement until in S̲h̲awwāl, 105 (March, 724), His̲h̲ām appointed him successor of the governor ʿUmar…

b. S̲h̲abīb al-Ṭāʾī, an Arab general. We find Ḳaḥṭaba, whose real name was Ziyād, mentioned as early as the year 100(718/719) among the twelve chiefs of the ʿAbbāsid faction in Ḵh̲orāsān, who are said to have been chosen by the Kūfan emissary Abū ʿIkrima al-Sarrād̲j̲ to further ¶ the ʿAbbāsid cause. When the long prepared revolution broke out in the summer of 129 (747), Ḳaḥṭaba was in Mecca to which he had gone in order during the pilgrimage to meet in person the leader of the ʿAbbāsids, Ibrāhīm b. Muḥammad [q. v.]. He did not return to Ḵh̲o…

, the name of two viziers: 1. Abu ’l-Faḍl Muḥammad b. Abī ʿAbd Allāh al-Ḥusain b. Muḥammad al-Kātib, called Ibn al-Amīd after his father who was known as al-ʿAmīd and had been Mardāwīd̲j̲’s vizier. In 388 (939-940) Ibn al-ʿAmīd was appointed vizier by the Būyid Rukn al-Dawla. He was held in great esteem by the latter and his influence continued to increase. In 344 (955-6) the Ḵh̲orāsānians under Muḥammad b. Mākān advanced against al-Raiy and Iṣfahān, which fell into their hands. Ibn al-ʿAmīd was defeated; while …

, Abu ’l-Ḳāsim ʿAlī b. Ṭirād b. Muḥammad, a vizier of the ʿAbbāsids. He and his family had the name Zainabī because they were descended from Zainab bint Sulaimān b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh b. al-ʿAbbās, the cousin of the two first ʿAbbāsids, who was held in great honour among the ʿAbbāsids. In Rad̲j̲ab 453 (July—Aug. 1061) his father Ṭirād was appointed chief inspector ( naḳīb al-nuḳabāʾ) of the ʿAbbāsid s̲h̲arīfs and after his death in Shawwāl 491 (Sept. 1098), ʿAlī al-Zainabī inherited this office with which was combined in 517 (1123—1124) that of the ʿAlid chief inspectorate ( niḳābat al-ʿalawī…

, ʿAbu ’l-Abbās ʿAbd Allāh [b. Hārūn], ʿAbbāsid caliph, born in Rabīʿ I 170 (Sept. 786), son of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd and a Persian slave named Marād̲j̲il. After a desperate struggle, which ended in the assassination of the Caliph al-Amīn [q. v.] in Muḥarram 198 (Sept. 813), the latter’s brother al-Maʾmūn ascended the throne; it was six years, however, before he could make his entry into Bag̲h̲dād. On account of his sympathy for things Persian, which was stimulated by the vizier al-Faḍl b. Sahl [q. v.] the Caliph was not ¶ at all popular with the Arabs. An ʿAlid Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm, usu…

al-Lait̲h̲ī, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān. As early as 86 (705) we find him distinguishing himself in the campaigns of Ḳutaiba b. Muslim [q. v.] in Central Asia and from this time onwards his name is often mentioned in history. In 106 (724) he took part in the campaign conducted by Muslim b. Saʿīd al-Kilābī, governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, against Farg̲h̲āna. When the two tribes of Rabī’a and al-Azd refused military service, Naṣr was sent with the Mudarīs against the mutineers and defeated them at al-Barūḳān ne…

, Abū ʿAlī Muḥammad b. ʿAlī b. al-Ḥasan b. Muḳla, an ʿAbbāsid vizier, born in Bag̲h̲dād in 272 (886). He was first of all collector of taxes in a district of Fārs, but in the middle of Rabīʿ I 316 (May 928) he was appointed vizier by al-Muḳtadir. After two years of beneficial activity, he was dismissed on Ḏj̲umāda I 318 (June 930) because he was on intimate terms with Muʾnis, the chief of the Praetorians, whom the Caliph hated, and his enemy the chief of police, Muḥammad b. Yāḳūt, had him arrested and burned his house. After a considerable sum had been extorted from him, he was banished to Fārs. In ¶ Ḏh̲u…

b. Ḳais al-Fihrī, chief of the tribe of Ḳais, an ardent partisan of Muʿāwiya. In the year 39 = 659-660 by the latter’s orders he undertook an expedition with 3000 men against the partisans of ʿAlī in the Ḥid̲j̲āz and barred the way for pilgrims to Mecca, till ʿAlī sent Ḥud̲j̲r b. ʿAdī al-Kindī against him, who put al-Ḍaḥḥāk to flight. In the year 55 = 674-675 or according to another authority in 54 he was appointed governor of Kūfa. After filling this office for some time, he was dismissed in 58 =…

See also Masʿūdī, Murūd̲j̲, Paris, i. 59; v. 2, 163 sq., 172 sq., 368; vi. 30, 165; viii. 30; Guidi, Tables alphabétiques ¶ and Barbier de Meynard, Surnoms et sobriquets dans la littérature arabe, in J.A., ser. x., ix. 391. (K. V. Zetterstéen)

, a Muḥammadan dynasty in al-Ḥilla. The Banū Mazyad belonged to the tribe of Asad and lived west of the Tigris, from Kūfa to Hīt. In the southeast, on the Ḵh̲ūzistān frontier, the Banū Dubais had settled. When Abū ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim Muḥammad b. Mazyad, who was related to the Banū Dubais, slew one of their chiefs with ¶ whom he had quarrelled, a war broke out between the two tribes (401 = 1010-1011). Abū ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim fled to his brother Abū ’l-Ḥasan ʿAlī; the latter set out against the Banū Dubais with an army, but was defeated and Abu ’l-G̲h̲anāʾim fell …

, Badr al-Dīn Abu ’l-Faḍāʾil al-Malik al-Raḥīm, Atābeg of al-Mawṣil. Luʾluʾ, who had once been his slave, had great influence with the Zangid Nūr al-Dīn Arslān S̲h̲āh I and when Nūr al-Dīn on his deathbed(607 = 1210—1211) confirmed the nomination of his son al-Malik al-Ḳāhir ʿIzz al-Dīn Masʿūd as his successor, he appointed Luʾluʾ as regent of the kingdom, while the younger son Imād al-Dīn Zangī was given the two fortresses of al-ʿAḳr and S̲h̲ūsh near al-Mawṣil. At the end of Rabīʿ I, 615 (end of June 1218) al-Malik al-Ḳāhir died after appointing his minor son Nūr ¶ al-Dīn Arslān S̲h̲āh his…

b. Muḥammed b. ʿAlī b. ʿAbd Allāh, brother of the caliphs Abu ’l-ʿAbbās al-Saffāḥ and Abu Ḏj̲aʿfar al-Manṣūr. ʿAbbās helped to retake Malaṭya in 139 (756), and three years later was appointed by al-Manṣūr as governor of Mesopotamia and the neighboring frontier district. He was dismissed in 155 (772); that does not prevent his name from figuring frequently in the history of the times which followed immediately, however little important his political part may have been. He especially and often distingui…