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[German version] Vandal tribe originally from the area of modern Silesia (Ptol. 2,11,18: Σιλίγγαι/ Silíngai). In AD 406 they crossed the Rhenus (Rhine) - as did other Vandali - along with the Alani and Suebi and moved into Gallia and further into Hispania. For the year 411, the tribe is documented in Hispania Baetica (Hydatius, Continuatio 49, in: Chron. min. 2,18). In 416-418 they were attacked and destroyed by the Visigoths on Roman orders. Waldherr, Gerhard H. (Regensburg) Bibliography TIR M 33 Praha, 1986, 78.

[German version] (Gothic * Hulmarugeis, 'Island Rugians'). Germanic people on the islands in the southern Mare Suebicum (modern Baltic) near the mouth of the Oder, close neighbours of the Rugi, who were settled in Pomerania. An etymological relationship between the name U. and the island of Rügen is not confirmed. The U. were driven from their homeland by the Goti advancing out of Scandinavia (Iord. Get. 26). In Old Norse poetry they are found as the Holmrygir; they are also mentioned by the author of the Old English poem Widsith [1. 64], who can be dated to the 6th cent. AD. Waldherr, Gerhar…

[German version] Germanic tribe, formed in the 3rd/4th cents. AD out of the Hermunduri; first mentioned in c. AD 400 (Vegetius Renatus, De mulomedicina 3,6,3). The core settlement of the T. was to the north of the Thuringian Forest as far as the middle reaches of the Albis (modern Elbe). In the 5th cent. the tribe appears to have consolidated itself in its core territory. Immediate neighbours of the T. were the  Saxones to the north and the Alamanni to the south. Originally, their dead were cremated and buried in…

[German version] [1] Roads and bridges, construction of see Roads and bridges, construction of Eder, Walter (Berlin) [German version] [2] Voting bridge The term pons (generally in the plural form of pontes) was also used for the narrow 'voting bridges' in Rome which members of the comitia had to cross on the way to cast their votes. It is argued that the saying Sexagenarios de ponte (deicere) with its incitement to throw sixty-year olds from the bridge (Cic. Rosc. Am. 100; Fest. 452; Macrob. Sat. 1,5,10) stemmed from the demand by younger voters to bar older o…

[German version] (Οὐινδόλικοι/ Ouindólikoi). Celtic people on the Upper Bavarian-Upper Swabian plateau, probably also in Vorarlberg and Tyrol. According to an inscription on the Tropaeum Alpium (Tropaea Augusti; cf. CIL V 7817; Plin. HN 3,136 f.; CIL V 4910: Vindolici), there were at least four sub-tribes of the V.; according to Plin. HN 1,133 many sub-tribes made up the V. Str. 4,6,8 counts the Licattii (Licates, with Damasia), the Clautenatii (Κλαυτηνάτιοι/ Klautēnátioi), the Vennones who were probably rather Raetian, the Estiones (Ἐστίωνες/ Estíōnes, with Cambodunum [1]/m…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Pannonia (Τεουρνία/ Teournía). Celtic settlement (Plin. HN 3,146; Ptol. 2,13,3; Late Antiquity Tiburnia; Eugippius 17,21: metropolis Norici), modern St. Peter im Holz (Carinthia, Austria). Traces of settlement on the Holzer mountain 4 km to the west of Spittal in the valley of the Dra(v)us (modern Drau) extend back to the 11th cent. BC. Under Claudius [III 1], T. became a municipium ; its territory encompassed the western part of modern Carinthia as far as the Tauern mountains. Urba…

[German version] Auxiliary fort site in Raetia (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Raeti, Raetia), modern Straubing (in Lower Bavaria). Despite the Celtic root of the name no pre-Roman settlement is known. From the early Flavian period (69-79), four forts altogether were built at a strategically important position on the southern bank of the Danube (lower terrace) to the southeast of the Allachbach; in the neighbourhood an extended vicus developed as well as a river port (until the Trajanic or early Hadrianic period). Traces of six training camps have been fo…

[German version] (Σάλας; Sálas). River in Germania magna (Strab. 7,1,3), the modern Thuringian Saale, a left-bank tributary of the Elbe. The name derives from the salt deposits found in the areas through which the river runs. It has been argued that the Franconian Saale, which flows into the Main, was referred to in Tac. Ann. 13,57; this, however, must be the Werra. In the pre-Roman Iron Age, the Thuringian-Saale region was mostly a settlement area of the Celts, although southern fringes of the Jas…

[German version] (Virda). River which flows from the Allgäu Alps northwards, approximately parallel to the Licca (modern Lech), through the Alpine foothills, modern river Wertach. After 133 km, it joins the river Licca in Augusta [7] Vindelicum (modern Augsburg) (cf. Ven. Fort. 641; Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum 2,13). For the name, Celtic ('powerful', 'speedy') or Roman (from Latin viridis = 'green', after the colour of the water) origins might be assumed; from the 10th/11th cent., Werthahe/-a, Wertha. Segments of the valley of the V. form …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Commerce | Legio | Limes | Pannonia Roman camp with civilian settlement on the Istrus (Danuvius/Danube), in Pannonia superior; the modern Vienna. The etymology of the place-name V. is disputed, but a Celtic origin may be assumed; the modern name Vienna/Wien probably refers to the Slavic (?) name of the Wien river. The first literary occurrence is in Ptol. 2,14,3 (Οὐι[νδ]όβονα/ O ui[nd] óbona; cf. Tab. Peut. 5,1: Vindomana; It. Ant. 34,25; 34,28; Not. Dign. Occ. 34,25; Aur. Vict. Caes. 16,14; (Ps.-)Aur. Vic…

[German version] (Κούαδοι/ Koúadoi, Κουάδοι/ Kouádoi). The Q., first mentioned in Tac. Ann. 2,63,6, were part of the Suebi (Elbe Germani). They and the Marcomanni migrated eastwards from the Main after 9 BC (southern Moravia, Lower Austria north of the Danube, southern Slovakia). Beginning in AD 19, the territory they ruled stretched inter Marum et Cusum, i.e. between the modern River Morava and the Regnum Vannianum (Vannius). Until the Marcomanni Wars they largely lived in peaceful coexistence with Rome with growing dependence on Rome and distinct romanizati…

[German version] East Germanic tribe or ethnic group. Information about their early history and origin (possibly from southwestern Sweden and northern Denmark [1]) is hypothetical. Late references to wars with the Goti and Langobardi (Iord. Get. 26 f.; Paulus Diaconus, Historia Langobardorum 1,7 ff.) are also problematic. According to Plin. HN 4,99 f., V. designates a group of tribes (possibly identical with the Vandilii: Tac. Germ. 2,4). They probably belonged to the cult-based grouping of tribes called the Lugii [1] and were related to the…

[German version] Celtic people, mentioned in the inscription on the Tropaeum Alpium ( Tropaea Augusti ; CIL V 7817; Plin. HN 3,136) after the Trumpilini and Camunni and before the Vennonetes/Vennones and the Isarci; since tribes are listed there in the order of their subjugation to Rome, the V., like the Camunni, may have been subjugated in 16 BC by the Roman pro-consul P. Silius [II 7] (cf. Cass. Dio 54,20,1). Their main area of settlement was in the Vinschgau/Venosta valley, extended eastw…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Township at the foot of Mount Isel on a cone of debris and alluvial deposits above the River Sill on the route of the Brenner pass (It. Ant. 256; 258 f.; 275; 279 f., possibly identical with the Vetonia in Tab. Peut. 4,2), modern Wilten (a southern district of Innsbruck). Traces from the La Tène period (La Tène culture) where a settlement existed from the 1st to the 4th cent. AD, probably beneath the modern White Canon Abbey (buildings about 500 m2 in area; Mansio ?). To the north of V., three three-aisled horrea ('stor…

[German version] ( Rugii, Rogi; Ῥυγοί/ Rhygoí). East Germanic tribe mentioned by various ancient authors [1. 1213 f.] whose oldest places of residence were probably south-western Norway and the Vistula delta. Tac. Germ. 43,6 is the first to mention them and localizes them between the Oder and the Vistula. In the course of time, they moved south and, in the 1st half of the 5th cent. AD, they appeared on the central Danube and belong to the empire of the Hunni, albeit with their own king. Either startin…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Limes | Pannonia | Rome | Rome Italic-Roman trade centre (Noric iron) on the Magdalensberg (1058 m) in Carinthia in Austria, on the eastern edge of the Zollfeld with a sanctuary on the peak of the mountain. The identity of V. with an indigenous Celtic centre, occasionally identified with Noreia, has yet to be proven. About the middle of the 1st cent. AD, the settlement centre was relocated to the nearby Zollfeld. From the time of Claudius [III 1] a municipium ('Claudium V.', Plin. HN 3,16), until the second hal…

[German version] (Οὐιστούλα/ Ouistoúla). The main river in modern Poland (Amm. Marc. 22,8,38: Bisula; Plin. HN 4,81; 97; 100: Vistla, Visculus; derived from Indo-European *vis = 'to flow': Germanic *Wistlo, Slavonic Visla), German Weichsel, Polish Wisła. The V.'s source rivers, the Black and White Vistula, rise in the Jablunka mountains in the western Beskids, accurately given in Ptol. 2,11,4; 3,5,5 as in the east of the Asciburgium mountains. Its wide-branching delta (modern Bay of Gdansk) formed a natural gateway…

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[German version] (Ταΐφαλοι/ Taḯphaloi, Suda s. v. Τ.; also Taifruli). Semi-nomadic Eastern Germanic equestrian people, recorded in the mid-3rd cent. AD in Dacia (Daci) and Moesia (Moesi; Iord. Get. 91) and then with the Tervingi in the north of Transylvania (Eutr. 8,2,2). In the middle of the 4th cent., they probably settled to the east of Muntenia (in modern Romania) as far west as the Alutus (modern Olt) with their core in the Muntenian Baragan Steppe. Earliest mention in lit…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Raeti, Raetia Roman auxiliary fort in Raetia (Raeti), modern Künzing (Lower Bavaria). No traces of earlier Celtic settlement have been found. Around AD 90, an auxiliary fort was built on a slightly raised loess terrace on a loop of the Danube on the right side of the river. The four-phase construction (phase three = first stone construction featured up to five fosses) was occupied - possibly with a brief interruption between AD 135 and c. 150 -- by a garrison until the 2nd half of the 3rd cent. AD (name: It. Ant. 249…

[English version] (Κούαδοι, Κουάδοι). Die erstmals bei Tac. ann. 2,63,6 erwähnten Q. gehörten zu den Suebi (Elbgermanen). Sie wanderten nach 9 v. Chr. zusammen mit den Marcomanni vom Main nach Osten (Südmähren, Niederösterreich nördl. der Donau, Südslowakei). Ab 19 n. Chr. erstreckte sich das Herrschaftsgebiet inter Marum et Cusum, d. h. zw. der h. March und dem regnum Vannianum (Vannius). Bis zu den Markomannenkriegen lebten sie weitgehend in friedlicher Koexistenz mit Rom mit wachsender Abhängigkei…

[English version] ( Rugii, Rogi; Ῥυγοί). Von verschiedenen ant. Autoren [1. 1213 f.] erwähnter ostgerman. Stamm, dessen älteste Wohnsitze wohl in SW-Norwegen und im Weichsel-Delta lagen. Tac. Germ. 43,6 erwähnt sie erstmals und lokalisiert sie zw. Oder und Weichsel. Im Laufe der Zeit zogen sie nach Süden und erschienen als Angehörige des Reichs der Hunni, aber mit eigenem König, in der 1. H. des 5. Jh. n. Chr. an der mittleren Donau. Entweder bereits ab 430 - dann in Abhängigkeit von den Hunni - ode…

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[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Christentum | Handel | Legio | Legio | Limes | Raeti, Raetia Legionslager an der Donau gegenüber der Mündung des Flusses Regen, h. Regensburg (Tab. Peut. 4,4; Itin. Anton. 250,1: Regino; Not. dign. occ. 35,17; Itin. Anton. 259,3; 6: ad castra; Meilensteine [1; 2]: a legione; CIL V 32909: D( omo) Regino; erst ma. überl., aber möglicherweise auf eine kelt. Wz. zurückgehender Name für die zugehörige Zivilsiedlung: Radaspona). Errichtet in den 70er J. des 2. Jh. n. Chr. als Standquartier der legio III Italica (CIL III 1196…

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[English version] [1] s. Straßen- und Brückenbau s. Straßen- und Brückenbau Eder, Walter (Bochum) [English version] [2] Stimmbrücke Mit p. (in der Regel im Pl. pontes) werden auch die engen “Stimmbrücken” in Rom bezeichnet, die in den comitia auf dem Weg zur Abstimmung überschritten werden mußten. Der Ursprung des Sprichworts Sexagenarios de ponte (deicere), das dazu auffordert, ‘Sechzigjährige von der Brücke zu werfen’ (Cic. S. Rosc. 100; Fest. 452; Macr. Sat. 1,5,10) wird mit dem von den Jüngeren verlangten Ausschluß der Alten von der Abstimmung…