Search

Esch, Arnold [German version] I. History and Interpretation (CT) Esch, Arnold [German version] A. Main Features of Rome's Urban History (CT) After the end of the Roman Empire and the dissolution of government structures, it increasingly fell to the Church as the only institution still intact, and also the largest landowner, to take on secular tasks: political negotiations, organization of the grain distribution, repair of the city's fortifications and aqueducts and many more. Since the Byzantine emperor ruled Rome i…

Alonso-Núñez, José Miguel (Madrid) [German version] A. Introduction and Terms (CT) Historical thinking and historiography have roots in Antiquity.  Models were developed at the time that shaped later historiography as well as later historical thinking. The word 'history' first appears in Herodotus (ca. 484 - after ca. 430 BC) (Hdt. pr. 1: histories apodexis, ἱστορίης ἀπόδεξις) in the sense of the result of research. According to him, history is the acquisition of knowledge through the questioning of witnes…

Oscan praenomen ( Egnatius [I 3]). Attested as a Roman nomen gentile from the 2nd cent. BC. The most important holder is the seven-time consul M. [I 1]; the prominent Imperial-period Spanish bearer of the name, M. [II 3], is probably a descendant of family members of that Marius. I. Republican Period [German version] [I 1] M., C. Seven-time consul, victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni, opponent of Sulla The seven-time consul; victor over Jugurtha and over the Cimbri and Teutoni. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [German version] A. The rise to political prominence Born c. 157 BC…

[German version] The term SF or subsistence economy (= SE) is used to describe an economy which is oriented to self sufficiency and whose basis is agriculture. SF was of fundamental significance precisely for the farming economy of Antiquity; it is described primarily in Hesiod and Virgil  (Hes. Erg. 383-608; Verg. G. 1,43-350; 2,458-540; cf. also the Moretum). A peasant family produced for itself the food, clothing and implements necessary for living, and was dependent only to a limited extent on…

[German version] (κιννάβαρι/ kinnábari, Lat. minium) is a mineral of red to brownish-red colour (mercury sulphide, HgS), mostly found in sedimental stone in the vicinity of volcanic activity.  Theophrastus, who provides a detailed description of cinnabar, distinguishes between natural and man-made cinnabar and cites Spain and Colchis as places of origin (Theophr. De lapidibus 58-60 Eichholz). According to  Plinius [1], who refers to Theophrastus, it was Callias [5] who supposedly discovered cinnabar in the  Laurium district towards the end of the 5th cent. BC; Pliny also mentions other cinnabar deposits in Spain, Colchis, and Ephesus (Plin. HN 33,113 f.). The Romans relocated the workshops from Ephesus to Rome, also processing …

[German version] I. Definition Economical ethics (EE) deal with t…

[German version] I. Ancient Orient and Egypt In Egypt and southern Mesopotamia navigation played a major role, especially in inland traffic but also in communication across the sea. In both countrie…

…

[German version] A. General Piracy is armed robbery using ships on open or coastal waters. The boundaries between naval warfare and piracy hard to set; the same goes for sea trade and piracy. In the eastern Mediterranean piracy was practically aided and abetted by on-going wars - from the  Peloponnesian War to the Wars of the Successors (Diadochi, wars of the) - which prevented Greek cities from ensuring the security of sea routes; pirates also often supported warring powers thereby consolidating their own position. Pirates also played a considerable economic role: in the East …

[German version] I. Mesopotamia Mesopotamia's economy was based on  agriculture, with animal  husbandry integrated into it. Craft production ( Crafts) was only supplementary in character and catered for internal demand as well as external trade (production of high-quality textiles for  Commerce). Agriculture in southern Mesopotamia (Babylonia) was entirely dependent on artificial  irrigation; in northern Mesopotamia (Assyria) it was generally rainfed. Varying agricultural regimes led to different patterns of land tenure. Large production units are attes…

…

[German version] I. Greece …

[English version] [1] Bf. von Tours, 316/7-397 Bischof von Tours (Caesarodunum (Turonum)), christl. Mönch und Wundertäter, geb. 316/7 in Sabaria/ Pannonien; gest. 8.11.397 in Candes/Loire. Laut Sulpicius Severus' Vita Martini (geschrieben 396/7, ergänzt durch 3 Briefe und 2 (3) Dialoge) war M. Sohn eines röm. Tribuns und leistete seinen Militärdienst unter den Kaisern Constantius [2] II. und Iulianus [11] Apostata; in dieser Zeit Bekehrung zum Christentum (“Mantelteilung” bei Amiens, Vita 3), Abschied vom Militär (3…

Osk. Praen. (Egnatius [I 3]). Als röm. Gentilname seit dem 2. Jh.v.Chr. bezeugt. Bedeutendster Angehöriger ist der siebenfache Consul M. [I 1]; der prominente Namensträger der Kaiserzeit aus Spanien M. [II 3] ist wohl Nachkomme von dessen Familienangehörigen. I. Republikanische Zeit [English version] [I 1] M., C. Siebenfacher Consul, Sieger über Iugurtha, die Combern und Teutonen, Gegner Sullas Der siebenfache Consul; Sieger über Iugurtha sowie die Cimbern und Teutonen. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) …

Alonso-Núñez, José Miguel (Madrid) RWG [English version] …

[English version] Rhetor und Geschichtsschreiber der frühen Kaiserzeit. Als Rhetor war er Schüler des Apollodoros von Pergamon (Sen. contr. 2,1,35-36). Ädil im Jahre 22 n. Chr., war er ein Denunziant und Mitankläger des Silanus, der wegen maiestas (Tac. ann. 3,66) angeklagt wurde. B.N.s würdeloses Verhalten wurde nach dem Sturz Seians gegeißelt; er wurde als Anhänger Seians verurteilt (Iuv. 10,82ff.). B.N. war ehrgeizig, hatte Talent und betätigte sich als Historiker (Sen. suas. 6,20f.); er schrieb auch über die Ermordung Ciceros (ebd.). Alonso-Núñez, José Miguel (Madrid) Bibl…