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[German Version] I. New York State Federal state in the northeast of the United States; capital Albany, New York. It was founded in 1626 as the Dutch trading colony of “New Netherlands,” renamed New York in 1664 after the conquest by Great Britain. A founding colony of the United States, it signed the Declaration of Independence on Jul 9, 1776. During the colonial period, Protestant religious groups predominated, and Judaism was tolerated. Until the declaration of freedom of religion in the constitution of Apr 20, 1777, there was widespread discrimination against Catholicism. In the 18…

[German Version] ( Jan 28, 1893, Naumiestis, Lithuania – Nov 28, 1963, Cleveland, OH), rabbi and sociopolitical leader of American Judaism. After emigrating to the United States in 1902, he studied at Hebrew Union College from 1911 to 1915. He was ordained to the rabbinate in 1915 and served as a rabbi in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1917 on. With labor unions and the Zionist Organization of America, he campaigned for social justice and the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine. During the Holocau…

[German Version] I. Geopolitical Problematics, Concept and Idea From its beginnings in the late 18th century, the United States has possessed a deeply rooted Christian heritage that has profoundly influenced its political development (see also America, North America). America’s sense of being a “chosen nation” with a “manifest destiny” has helped it to promote the idea of freedom at home and abroad and to become a world power. Religious rhetoric has often been used as an effective tool for justifying go…