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[German version] An Etruscan city lying c. 30 km south of modern Bologna on the Pian di Misano plateau above the River Reno in the northern foothills of the Emilian Apennines. Italian excavations since the 19th cent. have uncovered large parts of the city and an acropolis on the hill Misanello to the west. The city, which was constructed in the last quarter of the 6th cent. BC in an orthogonal compass-aligned layout (cf. site map), was in its earlier mid-6th century settlement only a small collection …

[German version] (modern San Giuliano). Etruscan settlement near Barbarano Romano (south of Viterbo) on a tuff plateau at the confluence of two streams. Apart from an inscription of an Estruscan sherd, mediaeval geographers pass down the name of M. (or Marturanum). This agrarian centre, which existed from the 8th to the 3rd cent. BC, flourished during the 6th cent. Its second blooming came in the Hellenistic period. The precipices opposite the town of San Giuliano contain rock graves with chambers…

[German version] In the vicinity of the modern town of B. were several small Etruscan settlements, e.g. on the hill of Pianmiano 2 km to the north-east, and Piano della Colonna 3 km to the north-west, and on Monte Casoli; possibly the ancient Maeonia or Pneonia. The settlement of the region is limited to the period from the Archaic to the early Hellenistic; only Pianmiano was still settled into the 6th cent. AD. The necropoleis were robbed in the 19th cent. The Parco dei Mostri with its rock statues , established in the Renaissance, displays many pointers to ancient influence. Miller, Martin (…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Villanova Culture Little more than its dimensions is known about the Etruscan-Campanian settlement on a plain rising slightly above the Piana del Sele near the present-day site of P. (10 km south of Salerno) of c. 85 hectares. Only two shrines have been excavated in the western quarter along with some workshops (ovens of brickworks from the 6th and 5th cents. BC and a dye works) in the eastern. The large necropoleis southwest and east of the ancient settlement have been systemat…

[German version] Medieval fortress 18 km south of Rome on the via Laurentina. On the hill of the castle there is a settlement from the 8th-6th cents. BC with a large necropolis from which since 1971 c. 350 tombs have been systematically examined. The settlement was protected by two watercourses, the third side was fortified in the 8th cent. BC by an embankment to which a wall made of large regular tuff blocks was bonded at the end of the 7th cent. In the 6th cent. BC a large fortification wall made of regular tuff stone blocks in …

[German version] In antiquity the Etruscan settlement situated on a hill that was flat on top and fell away steeply on the edges, 14 km south-east of Scansano, probably belonged to the area of influence of Vulci. In the 6th cent. BC there was a rural sanctuary here. A settlement can only be proven for the late 4th and early 3rd cents. BC. The settlement that was fortified by a surrounding wall made of large blocks with rough stone filling was violently destroyed in about 280 BC. American excavatio…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Etrusci, Etruria From 1966 on, American excavations have been uncovering a large Etruscan building complex on the Poggio Civitate hill near Vescovado di Murlo, 18 km south-east of Siena. Two different construction phases have been identified. The first building, dating from around 650 BC, was destroyed by fire in the last quarter of the 7th cent. The later, almost square-shaped structure, about 60 m in length, consists of four wings, each with several rooms, arranged around a large central courtyard, with colonn…

[German version] Swedish excavations, 1956-1967, uncovered large sections of an Etruscan settlement on a high plateau at the confluence of two water courses in the northeastern foothills of the Tolfa Mountains. The floor plans of houses from three settlement phases are important for the study of the architecture of archaic Etruscan houses (cf. House [II C]): a late Bronze Age hut settlement with timber-framed buildings smaller than the long houses in Luni sul Mignone was located under the courtyar…

[German version] The Lucanian sanctuary of the Oscan goddess Mefitis Utiana in the mountains above Vaglio Basilicata has been systematically excavated since 1969. Several buildings of sandstone and limestone blocks, belonging to two phases, are grouped around a 27 × 21 m paved courtyard. The centre is formed by an elongated altar along the southern side. A large votive pit with Oscan/Lucanian inscriptions (in the Greek alphabet), chariot wheels, marble statues, terracottas, thymiateria, bronze …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria Of the Etruscan settlement (possibly Caletra in antiquity) on the confluence of Albegna and Elsa in the Maremma/south Etruria only the necropoleis are known, and they provide evidence for a significant agrarian centre in the late 8th to 6th cents. BC. Earliest phase: pozzetto graves dating from the late Villanovan period for cremations and fossa graves for inhumations. Later fossa graves were placed within a stone circle made of …

[German version] Medieval fortress west of Viterbo on the site of the Roman Castellum Axia (Cic. Caecin. 7,20), situated on a tuff plateau that falls away steeply to water courses to the west, north and south. The tuff spur is protected from the hinterland by three ditches. In archaic times, the settlement stretched as far as the eastern ditch, but in the Hellenist…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria Place of settlement in early history in the northern foothills of the Tolfa mountains c. 80 km northwest of Rome. On a 560 by 150 metre tuff plateau with steeply dropping edges bounded in the north and south by valleys. Swedish excavations (1960-1963) were able to reveal three phases of settlement. The Bronze Age settlement (14th-11…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria | Etrusci, Etruria The Etruscan settlement lay on a high plateau at the confluence of two watercourses south-west of Viterbo. A late Bronze Age settlement (2nd half of 2nd millenium BC) was followed initially by a hiatus lasting into the 6th cent. BC. N. experienced a cultural peak in the late Etruscan period, when the Tarquinii expanded into the interior of Etruria in the mid-4th cent. The plateau was 10.5 ha in size; it was fortified to the south by a ditch and encircled by a wall. On the tuff stone slopes opposite the town were the rock tomb necropoleis of the 4th-3rd cents., with cube-shaped and semi-cube-shaped dado tombs in up to four levels and platforms that could be walked upon for the cult of the dead. As at Castel d'Asso, the grave chambers were underneath the façades. In some tombs, the two-storey façade was divided by a canopy supported by Tuscan columns. There were also occasional examples of tombs with temple pediment façades …

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria The now almost entirely abandoned episcopal city of S. near Pitigliano, to the west of Lake Bolsena, was called Suana in the Roman period. Like the Etruscan settlement which belongs to Volci/Vulci territory, it lies on a steep-sided tuff outcrop at the confluence of two water courses. Excavations by the University of Pisa and surveys by the Tuscan Monument Authority have mainly studied the necropoleis. Two periods of prosperity h…

[German version] [1] Port in Gedrosia (Μουσάρνα; Mousárna). Port in Gedrosia, visited by Nearchus [2] (Arr. Ind. 26,10-27,2). He found a pilot here who was able to guide the fleet as far as Carmania. According to Ptol. Geog. 6,8,9, M. was the easternmost settlement of Carmania, west of the Gedrosian frontier. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) [German version] [2] Settlement at Viterbo The civitas of M. is generally identified with a small, late Etruscan settlement discovered in 1849 on the Poggio della Civita, 10 km west of Viterbo. French excavations undertaken since 1983 have exposed town walls made of of tufa blocks, dating from the late 4th cent. BC, some rectangular insulae with atrium houses from the 3rd to 1st cents. BC, and baths. The graves in the necropoleis, including two of the Alethnas family, were already excavated in the 19th cent. Miller,…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Etrusci, Etruria Etruscan settlement to the south of the later Roman colony  Ferentium. A. is situated on a high altitude plateau of 32 hectares with steep drops along its edges to water co…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Umbri, Umbria The Roman colony H., established in the 3rd or 2nd cent. BC, lay on a hill south-east of Magliano. The equation with the H. mentioned by Ptol. 3,1,43 …

[German version] The Etruscan settlement of PB near Pitigliano (Prov. Grasseto, Italy) is most often identified with the Statonia (Etruscan Statne) mentioned in Str. 5,2,9 [1; 2]. The latter, however, is also located in the Monti Cimini west of Viterbo [4]. Of the ancient settlement on the rock plateau Le Sparne only minimal remains of the surrounding wall and a temple area remain. The necropolis, excavated since 1897, has rock chamber graves dating to the 7th and 6th cent. BC as well as to the 3rd and 1st. The site was not settled continuously. The finds (ceramics and terracotta, i.a.) of th…

[German version] The small Etruscan settlement of S. was on the Colle di San Lorenzo in Viterbo near the papal palace and the cathedral which is separated by a passage from an adjacent hill which was also built over by mediaeval Viterbo. Parts of the encircling wall and the sewerage system are still visible. Of the Roman municipium of Surrina Nova, on a hill between Viterbo and Lake Bullicame, there are onl…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Socii (Roman confederation) | Umbri, Umbria | Coloniae | Regio, regiones A small town, nowadays ins…