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[German version] I. Preliminary remark Originally sung poetry, often accompanied by dance, metric literature was obviously subject to other formative conditions than poetry intended from the outset for spoken presentation or for reading. Texts of such kinds still show traces of their earlier sound form ( Music). Accordingly the form ranged from simple ‘melodic lines of sound’, as can be presumed for the ancient Orient and Israel ( parallelismus membrorum, strophic poetry, sometimes with rhythmic accent order, congruence of form and language s…

Roman family name, evident from the 3rd. cent. BC, in Rome from the 1st cent. (Schulze, 135 ThlL, Onom. 49-51). I. Republican Age [German version] [I 1] C., L. Mint master 112 or 111 BC Mint master 112 or 111 BC (RRC 298), perhaps identical with the praetor or propraetor of Hispania ulterior of 104 BC (AE 1984, 495). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography D. Nörr, Aspekte des röm. Völkerrechtes, 1989, 24-27. [German version] [I 2] C., M. Praetor in 75 BC Praetor in 75 BC. (Cic. Verr. 2,1,130; MRR 3,44f.). Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) II. Imperial Age [German version] [II 1] C. Anthianus, …

[German version] I. Historic M. Tullius C., born on 3 January 106 BC in  Arpinum. The Tullii Cicerones maintained manifold relations with the Roman urban aristocracy. They enabled C. to prepare for a public career in close association with the most important speakers of his time, L. Licinius Crassus ( cos. 95) and M. Antony ( cos. 99), as well as the leading authorities in civil and sacred law, Mucius Scaevola Augur and Mucius Scaevola Pontifex. The Social Wars and the subsequent civil war turmoil kept C. away from the forum. He was initiated into co…

[German version] [1] Friend of the poet Tibullus Friend of the poet  Tibullus, to whom he dedicated elegiae 2 and 3 of his 2nd book. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [2] Cornutus Aquila Governor of Galatia 6 BC Praetorian imperial governor of Galatia in 6 BC [1. 253]. Eck, Werner (Cologne) [German version] [3] Cognomen of many senators Cognomen of many senators (PIR2 II p. 375). Eck, Werner (Cologne) Bibliography 1 Thomasson, I. [German version] [4] L. Annaeus Cornutus. Stoic philosopher and scholar, 1st cent. AD (First name only in Charisius, Gramm. 162,9). Born in Lepti…

Scharf, Friedhelm (Kassel RWG) [German version] I. In Art History (CT) Scharf, Friedhelm (Kassel RWG) [German version] A. Parameters of the Problem (CT) Forgery constitutes a subcategory within the field of reproductions of artworks by hand, where forgery itself, however, in the form of an ultimate (deceitful) intention, need not be involved. The gap between authentic and non-authentic products depends to a large extent upon the attitude of the possessor or the recipient [10. 416-418]. Indications of intent to deceiv…

[German version] Mentioned only in connection with Cicero (ac. 1,5 f.; Tusc. 4,6 f.; fam. 15,19,2: Cassius to Cic.). Author of popular Epicurean didactic writings in Latin, certainly of a work on physics (1st half of the 1st cent. BC, perhaps c. 60). Cicero reproaches A.'s works for their unpretentiousness. Leonhardt, Jürgen (Marburg/Lahn) Bibliography H. Jones, The Epicurean Tradition, 1989 C. J. Castner, Prosopography of Roman Epicureans, 21990, 7-11.

(Ἰόβας; Ióbas, Ἰούβας; Ioûbas, Ἰόβα; Ióba). [German version] [1] King of Numidia, 1st cent. BC Born in c. 85 BC, died in 46 BC, king of Numidia, son and successor of Hiempsal. In 63 J. represented Numidian interests in Rome (Cic. Leg. agr. 2,59). In 62 he became the enemy of Caesar who protected  Masintha and pulled J.'s beard (Suet. Iul. 71; re his appearance [1; 2]). In 50 J. was already king, but not yet recognized by Rome [3. 126-128]. C.  Scribonius Curio demanded Numidia's annexation; the Senate rejected t…