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[German version] (Πενία/ Penía, Πενίη/ Peníē). Greek 'Poverty', or 'Neediness', personified, appearing most frequently in allegory as man's teacher, with Ponos ('Toil'), Karteria ('Strength'), Sophia ('Wisdom') and Andreia ('Courage') as her attendants. She gives rise to the arts and teaches hard work (Aristoph. Plut. especially 507ff.; Lucian, Timon 31f.; Theoc. 21,1). P. is sometimes called a goddess (Alci. 3,40,2; Hdt. 8,111); the Athenians' demands for money in Hdt. 8,111 with its allusion to the deities Peithṓ ('Persuasion') and Anankaíē ('Compulsion'), rejected by t…

(Πειρήν; Peirḗn). [German version] [1] Son of Argus and Euadne Son of Argos [I 1] and Euadne (Apollod. 2,3), father of Io (Apollod. 2,5; Hes.Cat. 124) or of Callithyia (= Callithoe [2]), whom P. employed as priestess in the sanctuary of the Argive Hera that he founded (Plut. FGrH 388 F 2). Other forms of the name: Peiras (Apollod. 2,3), Peirasus (Paus. 2,17,5), Peiranthus (Hyg. Fab. 145). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Glaucus Son of Glaucus [2], brother of Bellerophontes, who accidentally killed P. and had to flee from Argos (Apollod. 2,30). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel)

(Πρόθοος/ Próthoos). [German version] [1] Mythical member of the Calydonian royal family Son of Agrius [1], who with the help of his brothers seizes rule of Calydon from their uncle Oeneus, handing it to their father, but is later killed with his brothers for this deed by Diomedes [1] and Alcmaeon [1] (Apollod. 1,77 f.). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Participant in the Calydonian boar hunt Son of Thestius, who, according to Paus. 8,45,6, was depicted with his brother Cometes [2] as a participant in the Calydonian Hunt (Meleager) on a pediment of th…

(Περσαῖος; Persaîos). [German version] [1] Father of Hecate Father of Hecate (H. Hom. 2,24), P. corresponds to Perses [1]. Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] From Citium, Stoic philosopher, 4th/3rd cent. BC P. from Citium. Stoic philosopher, born c. 307/6 BC in Citium on Cyprus. Details of his biography in Diog. Laert. 7,36 and Philodemus' History of the Stoa (coll. 12-14 Dorandi); cf. also SVF I 435-462. In Athens P. was a favoured pupil of the Stoa founder Zeno of Citium. As Zeno's faithful follower P. was sent in his stead to the court of An…

[German version] (Τουτόλα) or Tutula (Τουτούλα), also Philotis (Φιλῶτις, Φιλωτίς); Latin Tutela. Legendary maidservant at the time of the Latin wars, by whose plan the Romans appear to accede to the Latini's demands for Roman women but send T. and slave-girls into the Latin camp, dressed as married Roman women; after successful deception T. gives the Romans a sign to attack the distracted enemy (Plut. Romulus 29,7; Plut. Camillus 33,4 f.; Polyaenus, Strat. 8,30; Macrob. Sat.  1,11,38). The Caprati…

[German version] (Πυργώ; Pyrgṓ). Aged nurse in Priamus' household. According to Virgil's version P. recognises that Iris, who has been sent at the instigation of Juno and who, in the form of Beroë, calls upon the Trojan women to burn their ships during their stay on Sicily, is a goddess and so gets the initially hesitant Trojan women to obey the request (Verg. Aen. 5,644-663). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel)

[German version] (Πυλαιμένης; Pylaiménēs). Son of Bisaltes (Apollod. Epit. 3,35) or of Melius (Dictys 2,35), leader of the Eneti of Paphlygonia, allies of the Trojans (Hom. Il. 2,851; Str. 12,3,8; Apollod. Epit. 3,35), killed in Troy by Menelaus [1] (Hom. Il. 5,576-589), Patroclus [1] (Nep. Datames 2,2) or Achilles [1] (Dictys 3,5; Hyg. Fab. 113). An epigram on those who fell in Troy can be found in  Aristot. Peplos 54 Rose. Ancient Homeric philology  tried to explain the fact that P., despite his …

(Τρωίλος/ Trōílos, Lat. Troilus). [German version] [1] Son of Priamus Son of Priamus (or Apollo) and Hecabe (Hom. Il. 24,257; Apollod. 3,151). The sparse early textual records yield only that T. - referred to by the epithet hippochármēs ('horse fighter' or 'chariot fighter', Hom. Il. 24,257, on this [1. 292]) - was killed by Achilles [1], an event which according to Proclus (45 Kullmann, [1. 291-293]) had been presented earlier in the Kýpria . The many visual representations from the Archaic Period indicate that the story of T. was well known …

[German version] (Ῥόδη; Rhódē). Presumably identical with Rhódos (Ῥόδος; cf. the form of the name in Pind. Ol. 7,71b and schol. Pind. Ol. 7,71b), the eponym of the island of Rhodes (Diod. Sic. 5,56,3; schol. Pind. Ol. 7,24g), daughter of Poseidon and Amphitrite (Apollod. 1,28) or Aphrodite (Pind. O. 7,14; schol. Pind. Ol. 7,24 f) or Halia [2] (Diod. Sic. 5,55,4), alternatively of Oceanus (Epimenides FHG 4,404) or Asopus (schol. Hom. Od. 17,208); wife of Helios (Sol; Pind. Ol. 7,14), the main god of the…

(Σθένελος/ Sthénelos). [German version] [1] Son of Actor Son of Actor, takes part in Heracles' [1] campaign against the Amazons, during which he is killed on the Paphlagonian coast. There S. appears in full armour to the passing Argonauts, who, prompted by Mopsus, sacrifice to him (Apoll. Rhod. 2,911-927 with schol.; Promathidas FGrH 430 F 4-5; Val. Fl. 5,87-100). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Son of Androgeos Son of Androgeos, grandson of Minos. S. and his brother Alcaeus are taken hostage together by Heracles [1] on Paros because they were respons…

[German version] (Πρόμαχος/ Prómachos; Ἐχέφρων/ Echéphrōn). Sons of Heracles [1] and Psophis, the daughter of the Sicanian king Eryx [2]; Heracles left Psophis and the twin brothers P. and E. in the care of his friend Lycortas in Phegia. P. and E. were said to have renamed Phegia Psophis after their mother, and are mentioned as founders of the temple of Aphrodite Erycina (Paus. 8,24,1 f.; Steph. Byz. s. v. Φήγεια). According to Paus. 8,24,6 f., they had their own hero sanctuaries. Eiben, Susanne (Kiel)

[German version] (Πλημναῖος/ Plēmnaîos). King of Aegialea (= Sicyon), son of Peratus, father of Orthopolis, the only one of P.' children to be kept alive and brought up by  Demeter (Paus. 2,5,8); in thanks P. institutes a sanctuary to Demeter ( ibid. 2,11,2). P. is considered to be the 11th king of Sicyon (Eus. Chronicon 1 p. 175f. Schoene). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel)

(Περιήρης/ Periḗrēs, on the form Περίηρς/ Períērs see Alcm. PMG fr. 78). [German version] [1] Son of Aeolus Son of Aeolus [1] (or Cynortes) and of Enarete (Aenarete), husband of Gorgophone [3], father of Aphareus [1], Leucippus, Icarius, Tyndareos and Pisus the founder of Pisa, ruler of Messenia in Andania (Hes. Cat. 10; Stesich. PMG fr. 50; Apollod. 1,51; 1,87; 3,117; Paus. 4,2,2; 4,3,7; 6,22,2). Eiben, Susanne (Kiel) [German version] [2] Chariot driver of Menoeceus Chariot driver of Menoeceus, who, by fatally wounding  king Clymenus [4] of the Minyae with the throw o…

[German version] (Πενθίλος; Penthílos). Son of Orestes [1] and Erigone [2], father of Damasius and Echelas, or Archelaus (Paus. 2,18,5f.; 3,2,1; 5,4,3; Str 13,1,3). P. and the Penthilides are attributed, along with Orestes, with the Aeolian colonisation, esp. that of Lesbos (Paus. 3,2,1; Str. 9,2,3; 9,2,5; 13,1,3; schol. Lycoph. 1374; Hellanicus FGrH 4 F 32). The violent rulership of the Penthilides in Mytilene is ended by Megacles and Smerdis (Aristot. Pol. 5,10, 1311b), the Lesbian city Penthile supposedly derived its name from P. (Steph. Byz. s.v. Πενθίλη/ Penthílē). Eiben, Susa…