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Cynthus

(35 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κύνθος; Kýnthos, Latin Cynthus). Name of a mountain 113 m high on  Delos with a sanctuary to Zeus (Cynthius) and Athena (Cynthia). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography G. Gruben, Die Tempel der Griechen, 41986, 146f.

Canethus

(60 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κάνηθος; Kánēthos). Hill on the mainland, which at the time of Alexander the Great was integrated into the fortifications of the town of Chalcis, modern Kara Baba; the site had previously served as a necropolis. Documentary evidence: Str. 9,2,8; 10,1,8; Theophr. Hist. pl. 8,8,5; schol. Apoll. Rhod. 1,77. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten, vol. 1, 409, 602.

Marmarium

(74 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Μαρμάριον/ Marmárion). Harbour on the SW coast of Euboea, which probably had the purpose of handling the marble from the quarries of Carystus [1]; today's Marmara where, near the chapel of St. Nikolaos, the building elements of a sanctuary of Apollo Marmarios are located. References: Str. 10,1,6; Steph. Byz. s.v. M.; Nonn. Dion. 13,164; Eust. Ilia 281,4. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Topographie und Geschichte der Insel Euboia, 1, 1903, 106.

Euboea

(1,553 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Wirbelauer, Eckhard (Freiburg) | Falco, Giulia (Athens)
(Εὔβοια; Eúboia). [1] Greek island [German version] I. Location The largest Greek island other than Crete extends parallel to the eastern coast of central Greece (Locris, Boeotia and Attica). E. is about 160 km long, about 5.5 to 50 km wide and has an area of 3,580 km2. It is separated by a strait from the mainland which narrows at its centre to a 40-m wide channel, the  Euripus [1]. Since the 5th cent. BC several bridges linked E. at this point to the mainland. Because of its steep cliffs the east coast is almost inaccessible with Cyme a…

Chryse, Chrysa

(125 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Χρύσα, Χρύση; Chrýsa, Chrýsē). Name of various islands and towns, among them a) an island near Lemnos, which sank in the time of Pausanias (8,33,4); b) in the time of Strabo a deserted port in the plain of Thebes on the Gulf of Adramyttium in southern Aeolis (ἡ Κιλίκιος Χ., Str. 13,1,48; 63), one of the residences of the Apollo priest Chryses (Hom. Il. 1,37); c) in the time of Strabo (13,1,47f.), a village located on a cliff above the sea near the Lecton promontory (Baba burnu?) with a temple of Apollo Smintheus, generally located on Göz Tepe. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bib…

Halonnesos

(99 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἁλόννησος; Halónnēsos). This island in the north Aegean (Str. 9,5,16; Mela 2,106; Harpocr. s.v.), modern Hag. Eustratios, Hagistrati or Strati, was the object of a conflict between Philip II and Athens: Demosth. 7 hypoth.; 7,2; 12,12; 18,69; Aesch. 3,83; Plut. Demosthenes 9,5; Dion. Hal. Demosthenes 9; 13; Ath. 6,223d-224b. The island, which belonged to Athens, was occupied by pirates; Philip II drove them out, but did not return the island to the Athenians. Traces of ancient settlement. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, H. (2), in: RE…

Marpessa

(180 words)

Author(s): Frey, Alexandra (Basle) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Μάρπησσα; Márpēssa, ‘the robbed one’). [German version] [1] Daughter of the Aetolian river god Evenus Daughter of the Aetolian river god Evenus [3]. She is kidnapped by Idas, who escapes the persecuting Evenus with the help of his father Poseidon. M.'s father plunges into the river, which is named after him. M. is then taken from Idas by Apollo, and a fight ensues between him and the god, during the course of which Idas disarms the god of his bow (Hom. Il. 9,555ff.). Zeus settles the dispute by leaving the ch…

Dion

(2,219 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Höcker, Christoph (Kissing) | Et al.
[German version] I. Persons (Δίων; Díōn) Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [German version] [I 1] Close friend of Plato and defender of his philosophy Son of Hipparinus, brother-in-law and son-in-law of Dionysius I of Syracuse, b. 409 BC, close friend of Plato and defender of his philosophy since Plato's first visit to Syracuse in 388. He gained prestige and wealth as Dionysius' I' trusted friend and advisor and also remained an influential person under Dionysius II. In 366, he arbitrated the peace with Carthage and called Pl…

Melos

(1,080 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto)
[German version] [1] Cyclades island (Μῆλος/ Mêlos, Doric Μᾶλος/ Mâlos; Latin Melos, modern Milos). Name of the westernmost of the Cyclades islands, the fifth largest at 161 km2. Included in the archipelago of M. are Kimolos off the northeastern point, Polaegus (modern Polivo) to the east, and Erimomilos to the west of M., plus a number of very small islands and rocks. M. is the caldera of a Pliocene volcano; its relics are still present today in the sulphurous thermal springs in the northeast and southeast. The sea has access to the caldera of the crater …

Icos

(163 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἰκός; Ikós). Island, 62 km2 in size, in the northern Sporades, modern Hallonesos (also Chelidromia or Chilidromia); member of the  Delian League with a tribute of 1,500 drachmae, likewise of the  Athenian League. After the conclusion of peace between the Athenians and Philippus II in 338, the island came under Macedonian suzerainty; in Athenian possession from 42 BC to the late Roman Imperial period. After the fall of Constantinople, I. was under Venetian influence; after 1537 under…

Abantes

(63 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἄβαντες; Ábantes). A. is the name given even by Homer (Il. 2,536 ff.; 4,464) to the inhabitants of the island of  Euboea, also known as Abantis (Str. 10,1,3; Paus. 5,22,3). In historical times, the name A. only survives in the phyle Abantis of the town of  Chalcis (CIL XII 9,946). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography E. Meyer, s. v. A., in: LdA 1,61.

Leros

(352 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Λέρος; Léros). Island of the Dodecanese, off the coast of Asia Minor, between Patmos and Kalymnos, 53,5 km2 in extent. Its coast has several bays and coastal plains that extend deep into the interior of the island. According to Str. 10,5,19, L. and its neighbour Calymna were included in the Kalýdnai nḗsoi (Hom. Il. 2,677). The island, which has kept its ancient name until today, was already settled in the early Bronze Age (potsherds near Parthenium). There is a Mycenaean fortress in the north on the Kastro above the bay of Alinda…

Lade

(79 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Λάδη; Ládē). Island originally off the coast of Miletus, length 3 km, height up to 98 m, today only a hilly ridge about 2 km from the coast because of the alluvial deposits of the Maeander. L. became known through the defeat of the Greeks in the Ionian Rebellion 496 BC: Hdt. 6,7ff.; Thuc. 8,17,3; Arr. Anab. 1,18,4ff.; Str. 14,1,7; Paus. 1,35,6. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. L., RE 12, 381.

Cynosura

(346 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Κυνόσουρα; Kynósoura, ‘dog's tail’). Name of several headlands. [German version] [1] Promontory on the east coast of the island of Salamis Promontory on the east coast of the island of Salamis, 4 km long and narrow (Hdt. 8,76,1; 77,1). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 1, 870. [German version] [2] Narrow headland in the north-east of the bay of Marathon Narrow headland in the north-east of the bay of Marathon, where the Persian fleet landed in 490 BC (Paus. 1,32,3; 7), modern Cape Stomi. On C. there are walls of unknown d…

Oliaros

(85 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ὠλίαρος; Ōlíaros). Largest (38 km2) of the islands grouped around Paros, modern Antiparos (Str. 10,5,3; Mela 2,111). The Saliangos reef was the site of the earliest known late Neolithic settlement in the Cyclades. Early Cycladic graves have come to light on the neighbouring island of Diplo. The stalactite caves on O. were much frequented in ancient times already. In other respects the history of O. is closely connected with Paros. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch, s.v. Antiparos, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 121.

Lemnos

(813 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
This item can be found on the following maps: Peloponnesian War | Pergamum | Persian Wars | Athenian League (Second) | Aegean Koine (Λῆμνος; Lêmnos). [German version] A. Location Fertile L., which is, however, today almost treeless, is - at 477 km2 - one of the larger Aegean islands. Mainly consisting of slate with volcanic rock deposited in it, the low hill country reaches its highest elevation with the Skopia at 470 m. The rugged coast has bays that cut in deeply. The ancient capital cities were Myrina on the west coast (remains of a…

Gaurium

(105 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Γαύρειον, Γαύριον; Gaúreion, Gaúrion). The name of a settlement with a deep harbour on the north-western side of the island of Andros in the Cyclades. In the Hellenistic period, G. served as a port and is mentioned in association with various events in wars: Xen. Hell. 1,4,22; Diod. Sic. 13,69,4f.; Liv. 31,45,3ff.; GGM 1,500. Inland at Hagios Petros are the remains of a Hellenistic round tower, probably used to protect the nearby mines. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography J. T. Bent, Aegean Islands, 21966, 291ff. Lauffer, Griechenland, 230 L. Ross, Reisen…

Cythera

(756 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Aegean Koine | Education / Culture (Κύθηρα; Kýthēra, Lat. Cythera, the modern Kithira). [German version] A. Geography of the island Off the south-eastern tip of the Peloponnese, 30 km long and 18 km wide, C. covers an area of around 262 km2, and is surrounded by several small, uninhabited islands. The coast consists mostly of steep cliffs, indented with small bays from which narrow, steep valleys lead into…

Callas

(43 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κάλλας; Kállas). River on the northern coast of Euboea [1] near Histiaea-Oreos, probably identical with the modern Xerias or Xeropotamos (Str. 10,1,4). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 9, 82 Philippson/Kirsten 1, 574f.

Andros

(344 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἄνδρος; Ándros). With an area of about 384 km2, the second largest island of the Cyclades, seven nautical miles off Cape Caphireas (on the southern tip of  Euboea), mountainous (994 m) and abounding in water. The oldest settlement to date on A. has been discovered on its western coast, near Zagora (peak in the geometric period). In antiquity, its main town was located on the southern coast near Palaiopolis, where town walls, dwellings and a temple dating from the 6th/5th cents. BC have b…

Delos

(3,027 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Dark Ages | Commerce | Ionic | Marble | Natural catastrophes | Oracles | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Δῆλος; Dêlos), also Lesser D. (ἡ μικρὰ Δῆλος; hē mikrà Dêlos). [German version] I. Geography Island at the centre of the Cyclades, separated from Rheneia or Greater Delos (17 km2) by a channel 1 km wide. The small, now uninhabited island is some 6 km long and 1.2 km wide; it covers an area of 3.5 km2. D. is an elongated rocky ridge jutting from the sea, consisting mainly of gnei…

Caphereus

(43 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Καφηρεύς, Καφαρεύς; Kaphēreús, Kaphareús). Much feared south-eastern cape of Euboea, modern Kavo Doro. Documentary evidence: Hdt. 8,7,1; Str. 8,6,2; Ptol. 3,14,22; Plin. HN 4,63; Mela 2,107. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 6f.

Caucasa

(47 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Καύκασα; Kaúkasa). Port on the northern coast of Chios (Hdt. 5,33,1); its inhabitants are epigraphically referred to as Kaukaseís (SGDI 5654; SEG 19, 575; Apollon Kaukaseus and Artemis Kaukasis in Erythrae, Syll.3 3, 1014a,19f.). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 6, 2292.

Astypalaea

(185 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἀστυπάλαια; Astypálaia). Dodecanese island (97 km2; circumference according to Plin. HN 4,23: 88 milia passuum), situated between  Amorgos,  Anaphe and Calymnus. A. consists of two parts, joined only by a 100m wide isthmus. Evidence of early Bronze-Age settlements has been found on the eastern part, especially in the bay of Vathy. Mycenaean chamber tombs have been excavated in the western part and also near Armenochori. The location of the ancient polis was that of the modern capital of Chora.…

Lebinthos

(60 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Λέβινθος; Lébinthos). Island of the Sporades east of Amorgos, modern Lévitha, length 7 km, 15 km2 in size, several bays, surrounded by a series of small islands, uninhabited today. Evidence: Str. 10,5,12; Plin. HN 4,70; Mela 2,111; Stadiasmus maris magni 282; Geogr. Rav. 5,21; Ov. Met. 8,222, Ars am. 2,81. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 4, 155f.

Ceos

(652 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] [1] One of the Cyclades (Κέως; Kéōs). Northernmost of the western Cyclades (Xen. Hell. 5,4,61: Κέως; Hdt. 8,76; Bacchyl. 6,5; 16: Κέος; Kéos; Liv. 36,15: Cia), modern Kea. Twelve nautical miles off the southern tip of Attica, from which it is separated by the island of Makronisos. C. has an area of 131 km2, is mountainous (Prophitis Elias 567 m), and predominantly consists of crystalline slate. Silver deposits at the Hagios Symeon, where copper slags have also been found [9. 88f.]. On the Kephala promontory at the north-western tip of the island was a late …

Aegiale

(79 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] [1] City on Amorgos (Αἰγιάλη; Aigiálē). One of the poleis of this island was situated in the north of  Amorgos (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἄμοργος; Ámorgos). Remains of the sprawling town were found in the villages of Tholaria and Langada. Known as Giali in popular tradition, the place is today once again called A. (coins: HN 481). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch, s. v. A., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 83. [German version] [2] see  Aegialea see  Aegialea

Cerea

(104 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Κέρεια; Kéreia). Island of the Cyclades (15 km2, height of more than 200 m) between Naxos and Amorgos, modern Keros (Stadiasmus maris magni 282; Geogr. Rav. 5,21: Cerus). In 425/4, it was a member of the Delian League (tribute of 630 drachmas, [1. vol. 1, 231, 308f., 501; vol. 3, 198]). Excavations uncovered an important early Cycladic settlement. Idol finds in the National Museum in Athens. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich) Bibliography 1 ATL. L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 11, 253 Philippson/Kirsten vol. 4, 146f. E. Karpodini-Demetriade, Die gri…

Heraclea

(2,510 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Peschlow-Bindokat, Anneliese (Berlin) | Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) | Et al.
(Ἡράκλεια; Hērákleia). [German version] [1] H. Trachinia This item can be found on the following maps: Aetolians, Aetolia | Peloponnesian War | Education / Culture (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία; H. hē Trachinía). City on a rock to the left of and above the exit of the gorge of the  Asopus [1] into the Spercheus plain, separated from Oete ( Oetaei, Oete) on the southern and western flanks by deep streambeds, where the Trachinian rocks rise up with their numerous tomb caves. The lower city has vanished without trace. H. was founded in …

Cenaeum

(121 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κήναιον, Kḗnaion; Lat. Cenaeum). The north-western foothills of  Euboea, modern Cape Lihada, a flat alluvial promontory of a Neocene coastal terrace, with a sanctuary of Zeus Kenaios (Scyl. 58). The sanctuary which was probably fortified in Hellenistic times did not have a temple. On C. were the towns of Athenae Diades and Dion. In 427/6 BC, an earthquake caused parts of the peninsula to disappear into the sea (Demetrius of Callatis, FGrH 85 F 6). Sources: H. Hom. 1,219; Thuc. 3,93,…

Anaphe

(234 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἀνάφη; Anáphē). Island of the Cyclades (35 km2), east of  Thera (Steph. Byz. s. v. A.), mountainous (Mount Vigla 582 m). Its Greek name has been explained as a derivation from ἀνάπτειν ( anáptein, ‘to flare up’ or ἀναφαίνεσθαι, anaphaínesthai, ‘to appear’), because, when viewed from the ancient settlement of  Thera, A. seems to be lit up by the low sun, giving rise to the legend that  Apollo made the island appear to the  Argonauts, when they were in distress at sea on their return from  Colchis (Apoll. Rhod. 4,1709).…

Casos

(163 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κάσος; Kásos). Southernmost island of the Dodecanese, 27 nautical miles from Crete, neighbouring island to Carpathus; with a total area of 66 km2, it is 17 km long and 6 km wide, mountainous, its highest peak Mount Prionas at 600 m. Its population was of Doric origin. Some remains of the ancient town have survived near the modern Polio above the modern Fri. C. was a member of the  Delian League with a tribute of 1,000 drachmas (ATL 1,302f.; 2,80; 3,24; 210). Later, C. became Rhodian, as did Carpathus…

Aegean Sea

(158 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος; Aigaîon pélagos). The ‘Aegean Sea’ (AS), first mentioned in Aesch. Ag. 664; Hdt. 2,97; 4,85; 7,55; Ps.-Scyl. 58, extended according to Hdt. 2,113; Str. 10,4,2 from the opening of the Hellespontus to the island of Crete. According to other sources, it extended only as far as the island of Cos (Str. 7,7,4; 2,5,21), or ended west of Sounion (Plin. HN 4,9,19). Str. 2,5,21 reports the AS to be 4,000 stades ( c. 708 km) long and 2,000 stades wide ( c. 354 km). The frequent separation of the Icarian Sea defines the south-eastern extent along the arch…

Cyclades

(600 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Κυκλάδες νῆσοι; Kykládes nêsoi, Latin Cyclades, ‘circle islands’). The modern term refers to the southern Aegean group comprising a total of more than 200 islands between the Greek mainland and the Cretan sea with the exception of the islands off the western coast of Asia Minor which essentially concurs with the original ancient concept (Hdt. 5,30). Thucydides (1,4; 2,9,4) considers that Melos and Thera belong to it, Scylax (48; 58) includes Thera, Anaphe and Astypalaea and only exclu…

Arethusa

(416 words)

Author(s): Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Funke, Peter (Münster) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Et al.
(Ἀρέθουσα; Aréthousa). Frequent name for springs. [German version] [1] Spring on Homer's Ithaca Spring on Homer's  Ithaca, where the swine of  Eumaeus graze (Hom. Od. 13,408; Plut. Mor. 776 E; Steph. Byz. s. v. A.). To identify A. with the spring of Perapigadi on the modern Ithaka, 5 km south-east of Vathy, is speculative. Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) Bibliography A. Heubeck, A commentary on Homer's Odyssey, 1992, 189 f. A. J. Wace, F. H. Stubbings, A companion to Homer, 1963, 414-416. [German version] [2] Name for the main spring of Chalkis on Euboia The name handed down by numerou…

Aedepsus

(158 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰδηψός; Aidēpsós). The spa of A. on  Euboea, famous even in antiquity because of its hot (78°C) mineral springs, sacred to  Heracles, was located about 3 km north of the modern resort of Loutra Aidepsou, location of the polis of A. A. was initially part of the polis of  Histiaea which, in its prime, dominated the entire north of the island. The earthquake of 427 BC caused the springs to run dry for three days (FGrH 85 Demetrius of Callatis fr. 6). As early as in the 3rd cent. BC,…

Carpathos

(465 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Κάρπαθος; Kárpathos, Lat. Carpathus). With an area of c. 332 km2the second largest island of the Dodecanes between Crete and Rhodes, with a coastal length of about 160 km (in the south the peak of Kali Limni with a height of 1220 m). The statement in Diod. Sic. (5,54,4,) that C. (the name is pre-Greek, Hom. Il. 2,676 refers to the island as Κράπαθος, Krápathos) once belonged to the kingdom of the  Minos is confirmed by archaeological finds. In the modern Karpathos on the south-eastern coast, Minoan-influenced pottery was found in a Mycenaea…

Amarynthus

(128 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἀμάρυνθος; Amárynthos). The town A. on the island  Euboea belonged as deme to  Eretria. A. lay c. 10 km east of modern Eretria on the Palaiochoria or Palaiokastro hill (formerly Kato Vatheia) on the coast. The place was already important in the neolithic period and remained continuously inhabited up into the Byzantine period. The name has pre-Greek origins. The sanctuary of  Artemis Amarysia lay in A.; her festival was lavishly celebrated annually (Str. 10,1,10; Liv. 35,38,3) and extended all the way to  Attica to the deme of  Athmonon (modern Marusi). Kalcyk, Hansjör…

Geraestus

(290 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Γεραιστός; Geraistós). [German version] [1] Southernmost tip of Euboea In antiquity, G. was the name for the southernmost tip of Euboea: Hdt. 8,7,1; 9,105; Str. 10,1,2; Plin. HN 4,63; GGM I, 500; Scyl. 58. Called Cape Tzeraso in the Middle Ages, it became an anchorage for Genoan and Venetian ships (remnants of fortifications). Today Cape Mandelo. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 111ff. Lauffer, Griechenland, 231. [German version] [2] Harbour on the southern coast of Euboea The only safe harbour on the dreaded sou…

Minoa

(355 words)

Author(s): Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Sonnabend, Holger (Stuttgart) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Μινώα/ Minṓa). [German version] [1] Region on the west coast of the Argolic Gulf According to Ptol. 3,14,32 a harbour, according to Str. 8,6,1 a phroûrion (‘fortification’), according to Paus. 3,23,11 foothills on the west coast of the Argolic Gulf, the modern island of Monemvasia with medieval and modern fortifications. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M.D. and R. Higgins, A Geological Companion to Greece and the Aegean, 1996, 55f.  A.J.B. Wace, F.W. Hasluck, South-Eastern Laconia, in: ABSA 14, 1907-1908, 176ff.  H. Waterhouse, R.Hope Simpson, Pre-Historic Laconia 2, in:…

Histiaea

(427 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Persian Wars (Ἱστίαια; Histíaia). City on the north coast of Euboea, still not identified, probably to be found near Xirochori, a settlement of Thessalian Hellopii and Perrhaebi. The territory of H. originally covered the entire north of Euboea (Dem. Or. 23,213) and was known for its wine (Hom. Il. 2,537). The temple of Artemis Proseoa in Artemisium was its main sanctuary. After the naval battle at Cape Artemisium, the Persians occupied and plunde…

Chalcis

(736 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin)
(Χαλκίς; Chalkís). [German version] [1] Settlement in Euboea on the Euripus This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Dark Ages | Ionic | Colonization | Macedonia, Macedones | Marble | Mycenaean culture and archaeology | Natural catastrophes | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture | Mineral Resources | Boeotia, Boeotians In Euboea on the Euripus; by its especially strategic position the most important town on the island. It remains uncertain whether the name C. derives from the or…

Aegila

(153 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἰγιλία, Αἰγιαλία; Aigilía, Aigialía). Island in the southern  Aegean Sea; Plin. HN 4,57; Plut. Cleom. 31), with an area of 22 km2. In Byzantine times called Antikythera, under Venetian rule Cerigotto. The seemingly sole ancient settlement was located near Palaiokastro in the north-east of the island. To the north of A., an ancient shipwreck was discovered in AD 1900, where the ‘Youth of A.’ and other bronze and marble statues have been found (nowadays at the National Museum in Athens). Amongst the f…

Imbros

(157 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἴμβρος; Ímbros, modern Turkish Imroz adası). Island in the northern Sporades at the southern exit of the Hellespont, 30 km long, 13 km wide, 225 square km in area, hill country rising to 597 m. The city of I., modern Kastro, was to the east of the north coast; remains of the city walls. Pelasgi or Tyrrheni are named as original inhabitants. Probably owing to Miltiades, I. became Athenian around 500 BC and remained so into the Imperial period (Hdt. 6,41; 104; Thuc. 7,57,2; Xen. Hell. 5,1,31). I. appears …

Dia

(455 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Bloch, René (Berne) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Δῖα, Δία; Dîa, Día). [German version] [1] Female equivalent of Zeus The female equivalent of  Zeus, as Diwiya on the Linear B inscriptions from Pylos and Knossos, with her own sanctuary, just as  Poseidon also has his female counterpart in the Mycenaean pantheon [1]. In the post-Mycenaean period the three heroines who can be linked with the Mycenaean goddess by name, are all linked with Zeus, but the individual derivation is problematical. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Heroine in the local cults of Phlius and Sicyon The heroine is most likely D. in the local cult…

Cecryphalea

(53 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κεκρυφάλεια; Kekrypháleia). Island in the Saronic Gulf, presumably the modern Angistri, mentioned in conjunction with the naval battle between Athens and Aegina in 458 BC (Thuc. 1,105; Diod. Sic. 11,78,2; Plin. HN 4,57; Steph. Byz. s.v. Kekryphaleia) Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Pityonesos, RE 20, 1880f. Philippson/Kirsten 3, 45.

Cythnus

(317 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κύθνος; Kýthnos, Lat. Cythnus, the modern Thermia). Island in the western  Cyclades (86 km2): 21 km long, 11 km wide; a monotonous, undulating plain (height 200 to 350 m.), predominantly slate. Its rugged coastline offers no good harbours. Two hot springs, already active in Roman times, are situated near Lutra on the north coast. C. is little fertile, short of water and virtually without trees. In antiquity C. was known for its fine cheese (Poll. 6,63; Eust. in Dionys. Per. 525; Plin. HN 13,134; Steph. Byz. s.v. Kythnos). Finds in a Mesolithic-Neolithic cemete…

Chios

(447 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Niehoff, Johannes (Freiburg)
This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Ionic | Colonization | Marble | Peloponnesian War | Persian Wars | Pompeius | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Χίος; Chíos). [German version] A. Introduction Large (856 km2) island, c. 8 km from the mainland. The ancient settlements were on the east coast, where the main city of the same name is today (few traces, an earthquake in 1881 having destroyed nearly all buildings on the island). Highest point is the Pelinaion (1297 m). The east and south-east …

Hecatonnesi

(113 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἑκατόννησοι; Hekatónnēsoi). Archipelago in the north of the eastern strait which divides Lesbos from the mainland of Asia Minor, modern Moschonisia; its largest island was Pordoselene or Nasos, modern Moschonisi. The inhabitants were known as Nēsiṓtai (Hdt. 1,151; Diod. Sic. 13,77; Str. 13,2,5; Plin. HN 5,137; Ptol. 5,2,5; Ael. NA 2,6; Hsch. s.v. H.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἑκατόννησοι and Σελήνης πόλις). The city Selḗnēs pólis was probably founded, like Mytilene, by the Aeolians, on whom it was long dependent culturally and politically. H. was a me…

Calymna

(474 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κάλυμνα; Kálymna) Island of the Sporades north of Cos (also Kálydna or Kálydnai, which probably also referred to the surrounding smaller islands), with the more common modern name of Kalymnos (109 km2, predominantly limestone, maximum height: 686 m). Documented in Hom. Il. 2,677; Stadiasmus maris magni 280f.; Scyl. 90; Hdt. 7,99,2f.; Str. 10,5,19; Diod. Sic. 5,54,1f.; Plin. HN 5,133; 11,32; Steph. Byz. s.v. Kalymna.; [1; 2. 8f. no. 10]. The earliest finds date back to the Neolithic. at the northern end of C., near Emporios, a Mycenaean tholos t…

Ios

(209 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἴος; Íos). Sparsely fertile island of the southern Cyclades between Naxos and Thera, with an area of 103 km2 and rising to 735 m (Pirgos). The eponymous town was located on the eastern side, near the modern main town. Few remains: the chief sanctuary of Apollo Pythios [2. 308f.; 311f.] is extant, also some prehistoric finds [1. 24], and the ruins of an ancient guard tower (Psaropyrgos). I. claims to be the home of  Homer and displays his tomb close to the northern tip of the island near the moder…

Calydnae

(65 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Κάλυδναι; Kálydnai). [German version] [1] Archipelago between Tenedus and the mainland Archipelago between Tenedus and the mainland (Sen. Tro. 839; Quint. Smyrn. 7,407; 12,453; Lycoph. 25); in disagreement with Str. 13,1,46, probably not between Lecton and Tenedus, but north of Tenedus; modern Tavşan Adaları. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) [German version] [2] see Calymna see  Calymna Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 10, 1761f.

Aegina

(1,277 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Αἴγινα; Aígina). The island of A. (83 km2), named after the nymph A. (favourite daughter of the river god Asopus), lies almost in the centre of the Saronic Gulf; the port of A. is only 16 nautical miles from  Piraeus. The island is stony, arid, but not entirely barren. According to Str. 8,6,16, it had a circumference of 180 stades ( c. 32 km), and its ancient inhabitants numbered between 13,000 and 20,000. The oldest traces of settlements (end of the 4th millennium BC) have to date been found near Cape Skenderotti (Kolonna). In about 2500 …

Lelantion pedion

(90 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)
[German version] (Λέλαντον, Ληλάντιον or Ληλάντου πεδίον; Lélanton, Lēlántion or Lēlántou pedíon). Fertile plain between Chalcis and Eretria, the possession of which was the object of the ‘Lelantine War’ at the beginning of the 7th cent. BC between these two cities and their allies. Str. 1,3,16; 10,1,9; 3,6; 10,3,6; H. Hom. 2,220; Callim. H. 4,289; Plut. Mor. 153f; Theophr. Hist. pl. 8,8,5; 8,10,4; Ael. VH 6,1; SEG XIII, 178; 312. In the Middle Ages the Lelantion pedion was still called Lilanto. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Meyer, Ernst (Zürich)

Cius, [1]

(178 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Dörner, Friedrich Karl (Münster)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | Colonization | Pergamum (Κίος; Kíos). Port town in the eastern part of the Gulf of  Propontis (which is named after it) on the river of the same name, modern Gemlik. C. was the starting-point of the roads to  Nicaea and  Prusa. According to Apoll. Rhod. 4,1470, a foundation of the Argonauts ( Argonautae, map), coins show Hercules as the founder of the city (HN 512-514); according to Plin. HN 5,144 founded by Milesians. C. participated in …

Artemisium

(188 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Lienau, Cay (Münster)
(Ἀρτεμίσιον; Artemísion). [German version] [1] Coastal strip of Euboia facing Magnesia A. was probably the ancient name for the entire coastal strip of  Euboea facing the  Magnesia peninsula (Plin. HN 4,64). Close to the modern village of Artemision, above the bay of Pevki, are the remains of a small temple of Artemis ‘facing towards the east’ (Proseoa), which as an amphictyonic sanctuary also formed the cultural centre of the region around  Histiaea. The famous bronze statue of Poseidon (nowadays in the N…

Calaurea

(207 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Καλαύρεια; Kalaúreia). Island in the south of the Saronic Gulf off the coast of the Argive Acte (21 km2, up to a height of 283 m), modern Poros. Grave finds have verified that the island was already inhabited in Mycenaean times [1. 297ff.]. The ancient town with its famous  Poseidon sanctuary (right of asylum) -- partially extant and excavated -- was situated in the interior of the island. The earliest finds from the sanctuary date back to the geometric period; the temple was built at the end of …

Cyme

(1,256 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Muggia, Anna (Pavia) | Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg)
(Κύμη; Kýmē). [German version] [1] Settlement on Euboea This item can be found on the following maps: Aegean Koine C. on  Euboea. The exact location of the ancient settlement is unknown; it should be looked for near what is today the town of C., commonly Kumi, on the east coast of Euboea, possibly about 5 km north at the monastery of Sotiros (17th cent.) where there is also a Venetian fortress. Recently the remains of an Early Helladic settlement were found near Murteri south of C. whose inhabitants already traded…

Carystus

(487 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Κάρυστος; Kárystos, Lat. Carystus). [German version] [1] Town in Euboia This item can be found on the following maps: Achaemenids | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Macedonia, Macedones | Marble | Persian Wars | Delian League | Athenian League (Second) Town on the coastal plain on the gulf of the same name in the south-east of  Euboea, also called Karystos today; it lies about 3 km inland between the acropolis and the harbour, and was known as a foundation of the Dryopes, who in the course of the  Doric migration had to leave their homela…

Cimolos

(180 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κίμωλος; Kímolōs). Island of the Cyclades (35 km2) north-east of Melos, mountainous (Palaiokastro 398 m), composed of the same volcanic tuff as Melos. ‘Cimolian earth’ (cimolite), a grease-dissolving soapy clay, was used for washing and for the production of porcelain. Another Cimolian export article were figs. The ancient town was situated in the south-west near the modern Hellenika. Some graves in the necropolis even date back to pre-Mycenaean times; finds range from the 2nd millenni…

Melite

(761 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg)
(Μελίτη; Melítē). [German version] [1] Oceanid Oceanid, playmate of Persephone's (Hom. H. 2, 419). Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [German version] [2] Nereid Nereid (Hom. Il. 18,42; Hes. Theog. 247; Verg. Aen. 5,825). She is present on Attic vases at the struggle between Peleus and Thetis [1]. Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [German version] [3] Naiad Naiad ( Nymphs), daughter of the river-god Aegaeus. When Hercules comes to the land of the Phaeacians to atone for the murder of his children, he fathers a son, Hyllus [2], by M. (Apoll. Rhod. 4,537ff.). Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [German version] [4] Lover of Hercules Dau…

Icarus

(654 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Ἴκαρος; Íkaros). [German version] [1] Son of Daedalus Son of  Daedalus [1]. Held captive on Crete by  Minos, Daedalus builds a pair of wings each for himself and I., which they use to escape Minos. However, I., despite the warnings of his father, comes too close to the sun; this melts the wax in his wings, he crashes near the island of  Icarus [2]/Icaria and drowns. Daedalus (or Hercules, Apollod. 2,132) buries him; the island and the sea around it are named after I. The well-known version of the story is formulated in Ov. Met. 8,183-235 (cf. Apollod. Epitome 1,12f.); a Pompei…

Budorum

(80 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Attica (Βούδορον; Boúdoron). Settlement on  Salamis, important Athenian base during the Peloponnesian War. In 429 BC,  Cnemus laid siege to the fortress to no avail. From his base in B.,  Nicias captured the Megarian fortress of Minoa and Nisaea in 427 BC. Remains of walls were found south-west of the monastery of Phaneromeni (founded in 1661). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography P. W. Haider, s.v. Salamis, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 596.

Gyarus

(163 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Γύαρος; Gýaros). Island 17 km2 in size, uninhabited today (micaceous slate) of the north-western Cyclades, modern Jura or Gioura. On the eastern side there are traces of old terrace cultures, and close to a spring and an old mole are the remains of the ancient town of G. that minted its own copper coins in the 3rd cent. BC; at the time of Strabo G. was still only a poor fishing village, in the Imperial period it was a feared place of exile (Tac. Ann. 3,68; 4,30; Plut. Mor. 602c.; Ju…

Coela

(66 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Κοῖλα; Koîla). The south-east coast of  Euboea (Hdt. 8,13f.; Dion. Chrys. 7,2; 7; Eur. Tro. 84; 90; Ptol. 3,15,25) that was feared because of its storms. In Str. 10,1,2; Val. Max. 1,8,10; Liv. 31,47,1; Oros. 6,15,11, C. is the southern part of the straits of Euboea up to Euripos. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 7ff.

Amorgos

(349 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[German version] (Ἀμοργός; Amorgós). Easternmost island of the  Cyclades (121 km2), mountainous (Krikelon 821 m). The three ancient main towns of the island were all located on its north-western coast:  Aegiale, Minoa (near the modern main port of Katapola, and modern Chora, officially A.), and Arcesine. The island was densely populated in the prehistoric period, and supposedly served as a trade post from the 3rd millennium onwards. Rich grave finds from the early Cycladic period show close links with Cer…

Cerinthus

(365 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Rist, Josef (Würzburg)
(Κήρινθος; Kḗrinthos). [German version] [1] Town on the eastern coast of Euboea Town on the eastern coast of  Euboea (Hom. Il. 2,538; Str. 10,1,3; 5), localized near the modern Mandudion. The origins of C. date back into the Neolithic. In historical times, C. probably belonged to  Histiaea. Inscriptions: IG XII 9, 1184f. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography E. Freund, s.v. K., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 323. [German version] [2] Jewish-Christian Gnostic Jewish-Christian  Gnostic, contemporary with the Apostles (1st/ early 2nd cents. AD). According to the…

Kynosura

(316 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum) | Olshausen, Eckart (Stuttgart)
(Κυνόσουρα, “Hundeschwanz”). Name mehrerer Landzungen. [English version] [1] Landspitze an der Ostküste der Insel Salamis Landspitze an der Ostküste der Insel Salamis, 4 km lang und schmal (Hdt. 8,76,1; 77,1). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography Philippson/Kirsten 1, 870. [English version] [2] Landzunge im NO der Bucht von Marathon Schmale Landzunge im NO der Bucht von Marathon, an der 490 v.Chr. die pers. Flotte landete (Paus. 1,32,3; 7), h. Kap Stomi. Auf der K. Mauerzüge unbekannter Zeitstellung und Funktion [1]. Belege: Ptol. 3…

Geraistos

(273 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Γεραιστός). [English version] [1] äußerste Südspitze von Euboia G. hieß in der Ant. die äußerste Südspitze von Euboia: Hdt. 8,7,1; 9,105; Strab. 10,1,2; Plin. nat. 4,63; GGM I, 500; Skyl. 58, im MA Kap Tzeraso, ein Ankerplatz für genues. und venezian. Schiffe (Reste einer Befestigungsanlage). H. Kap Mandelo. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 111ff. Lauffer, Griechenland, 231. [English version] [2] Hafen an der Südküste von Euboia Einziger sicherer Hafen an der gefürchteten Südküste von Euboia ca. 3 km nörd…

Gaureion, Gaurion

(97 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Γαύρειον, Γαύριον). So heißt auch h. noch der Ort in einer tiefen Hafenbucht an der NW-Seite der Kykladeninsel Andros. G. diente wohl in hell. Zeit als Hafen und wird im Zusammenhang verschiedener Kriegsereignisse gen.: Xen. hell. 1,4,22; Diod. 13,69,4f.; Liv. 31,45,3ff.; GGM 1,500. Landeinwärts bei Hagios Petros befinden sich die Reste eines hell. Rundturmes, der wohl zum Schutz der nahen Erzbergwerke errichtet wurde. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography J.T. Bent, Aegean Islands, 21966, 291ff. Lauffer, Griechenland, 230 L. Ross, Reisen auf den …

Astypalaia

(160 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Ἀστυπάλαια). Insel im Dodekanes (97 km2; Umfang nach Plin. nat.4,23: 88 milia passuum), zw. Amorgos, Anaphe und Kalimnos gelegen. A. besteht aus zwei Teilen, die durch eine nur etwa 100 m breite Landenge verbunden sind. Frühbronzezeitl. Siedlungen sind im Ostteil bes. in der Bucht Vathy nachgewiesen. Myk. Kammergräber konnten im Westen und bei Armenochori ausgegraben werden. Die ant. Polis lag an der Stelle des h. Hauptortes Chora. Auf dem Akropolishügel fanden sich byz. Reste, Kirchen und …

Histiaia

(401 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Perserkriege (Ἱστίαια). Stadt an der Nordküste von Euboia, noch nicht lokalisiert, wohl nahe Xirochori zu suchen, eine Gründung thessal. Hellopioi und Perrhaiboi. Das Gebiet von H. umfaßte urspr. den gesamten Norden von Euboia (Demosth. or. 23,213) und war für seinen Wein bekannt (Hom. Il. 2,537). Das Hauptheiligtum war der Tempel der Artemis Proseoa in Artemision. Nach der Seeschlacht am Kap Artemision besetzten und plünderten die Perser …

Dia

(438 words)

Author(s): Graf, Fritz (Princeton) | Bloch, René (Princeton) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt)
(Δῖα, Δία). [English version] [1] weibl. Entsprechung zu Zeus Die weibliche Entsprechung zu Zeus, als Diwija auf den Linear B-Inschr. aus Pylos und Knosos, mit einem eigenen Heiligtum, wie im myk. Pantheon auch Poseidon seine feminine Entsprechung hat [1]. In nachmyk. Zeit haben die drei Heroinen, die mit der myk. Göttin durch Namensverwandtschaft verbunden werden können, alle Beziehungen zu Zeus, doch ist eine Herleitung im einzelnen problematisch. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) [English version] [2] Heroine in den lokalen Kulten von Phleius und Sikyon Am ehesten so zu verstehen is…

Melos

(967 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Robbins, Emmet (Toronto)
[English version] [1] Kykladeninsel (Μῆλος, dor. Μᾶλος; lat. Melos, h. Milos). Name der westlichsten, mit 161 km2 fünftgrößten Kykladeninseln. Zur Inselgruppe von M. gehören Kimolos an der NO-Spitze, Polaigos (h. Polivo) im Osten und Erimomilos westl. von M., dazu noch eine Anzahl kleinster Inseln und Klippen. M. ist die Caldera eines pliozänen Vulkans, als dessen Relikte h. noch die schwefelhaltigen Thermen im NO und SO vorhanden sind. Das Meer hat durch einen Einschnitt im NW Zugang zum Kraterkessel - einem der besten Häfen des Mittelmee…

Aidepsos

(135 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Αἰδηψός). Der Kurort A. auf Euboia, schon im Alt. wegen seiner bis 78°C heißen, dem Herakles heiligen Mineralquellen berühmt, lag etwa 3 km nördl. des h. Badeortes Lutra Aidepsu, wo sich die Polis A. befand. A. gehörte zuerst zur Polis Histiaia, die in ihrer Blütezeit den ganzen Norden der Insel beherrschte. Beim Erdbeben von 427 v. Chr. versiegten die Quellen für drei Tage (FGrH 85 Demetrios von Kallatis fr. 6). Schon im 3. Jh. v. Chr. wurde eine Kurabgabe erhoben und in röm. Z…

Ikos

(144 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Ἰκός). 62 km2 große Insel der nördl. Sporaden, h. Halonnesos (auch Chelidromia oder Chilidromia); Mitglied im 1. Att. Seebund (Attisch-Delischer Seebund) mit einem Tribut von 1500 Drachmen, desgleichen im 2. Attischen Seebund. Seit dem Friedensschluß der Athener mit Philippos II. 338 befand sich die Insel unter maked. Oberhoheit, seit 42 v.Chr. bis in die späte röm. Kaiserzeit in athenischem Besitz. Nach dem Fall von Konstantinopel stand I. unter venezianischem, seit 1537 unter t…

Kythera

(725 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich)
Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Ägäische Koine | Bildung | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Peloponnesischer Krieg | Perserkriege | Punische Kriege | Sparta (Κύθηρα, lat. Cythera, h. Kithira). [English version] A. Geographie der Insel Vor der SO-Spitze der Peloponnesos, 30 km lang und 18 km breit, nimmt K. eine Fläche von etwa 262 km2 ein und ist von mehreren kleinen unbewohnten Inseln umgeben. Die zumeist steile Felsenküste ist durch kleine Buchten gegliedert, von denen enge und steile Täler ins Land…

Kerinthos

(331 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Rist, Josef (Würzburg)
(Κήρινθος). [English version] [1] Stadt an der Ostküste von Euboia Stadt an der Ostküste von Euboia (Hom. Il. 2,538; Strab. 10,1,3; 5), beim h. Mandudion lokalisiert. Die Ursprünge von K. reichen ins Neolithikum zurück. In histor. Zeit gehörte K. wohl zu Histiaia. Inschr.: IG XII 9, 1184f. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography E. Freund, s.v. K., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 323. [English version] [2] judenchristl. Gnostiker, 1./Anf. 2. Jh. Judenchristl., in apostolischer Zeit (1./Anf. 2. Jh. n.Chr.) auftretender Gnostiker. Nach dem Hauptzeugen Eirenaios […

Kalydnai

(63 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
(Κάλυδναι). [English version] [1] Inselgruppe zw. Tenedos und dem Festland Inselgruppe zw. Tenedos und dem Festland (Sen. Tro. 839; Q. Smyrn. 7,407; 12,453; Lykophr. 25); gegen Strab. 13,1,46 wohl nicht zw. Lekton und Tenedos, sondern nördl. von Tenedos; h. Tavşan Adaları. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) [English version] [2] s. Kalymna s. Kalymna Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 10, 1761f.

Melite

(683 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Lohmann, Hans (Bochum) | Strauch, Daniel (Berlin) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Niemeyer, Hans Georg (Hamburg)
(Μελίτη). [English version] [1] Okeanide Okeanide, Gespielin Persephones (Hom. h. 2, 419). Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [English version] [2] Nereide Nereide (Hom. Il. 18,42; Hes. theog. 247; Verg. Aen. 5,825). Auf att. Vasen ist sie beim Kampf zwischen Peleus und Thetis zugegen [1]. Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [English version] [3] Naiade Naiade (Nymphen), Tochter des Flußgottes Aigaios. Als Herakles ins Land der Phaiaken kommt, um sich vom Mord an seinen Kindern zu entsühnen, zeugt er dort mit M. den Sohn Hyllos [2] (Apoll. Rhod. 4,537ff.). Stenger, Jan (Kiel) [English version] [4] Geliebte des H…

Herakleia

(2,242 words)

Author(s): Kramolisch, Herwig (Eppelheim) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Peschlow-Bindokat, Anneliese (Berlin) | Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg) | Et al.
(Ἡράκλεια). [English version] [1] H. Trachinia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Aitoloi, Aitolia | Bildung | Peloponnesischer Krieg (Ἡράκλεια ἡ Τραχινία). Stadt auf einem Felsen links von und über dem Ausgang der Schlucht des Asopos [1] in die Spercheiosebene, an der Süd- und Westflanke durch tiefe Bachbetten von der Oite (Oitaioi, Oite) getrennt, wo die Trachinischen Felsen mit zahlreichen Grabhöhlen aufragen. Die Unterstadt ist h. restlos verschwunden. H. wurde 426 v.Chr. von den Spartanern, die v…

Aigila

(137 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Αἰγιλία, Αἰγιαλία). Insel in der südl. Ägäis (Aigaion Pelagos; Plin. nat. 4,57; Plut. Kleomenes 31) mit 22 km2 Fläche. In byz. Zeit Antikythera, unter venezianischer Herrschaft Cerigotto. Bei Palaiokastro im Nordosten lag die wohl einzige ant. Siedlung. Nördl. von A. wurde 1900 ein ant. Schiffswrack gefunden, aus dem “der Jüngling von A.” und andere Br.- und Marmor-Statuen stammen (h. in Athen, Nationalmuseum). Unter den Funden befand sich auch ein Gerät zur Errechnung von Sternen- und Planetenbahnen. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch,…

Kekryphaleia

(49 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Κεκρυφάλεια). Insel im Saron. Golf, vermutlich das h. Angistri, im Zusammenhang mit der Seeschlacht zw. Athen und Aigina 458 v.Chr. gen. (Thuk. 1,105; Diod. 11,78,2; Plin. nat. 4,57; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ.). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography E. Meyer, s.v. Pityonesos, RE 20, 1880f.  Philippson/Kirsten 3, 45.

Kimolos

(168 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Κίμωλος). Kykladeninsel (35 km2) im NO von Melos, bergig (Palaiokastro 398 m H), besteht aus den gleichen vulkanischen Tuffen wie Melos. Die “Kimolische Erde” (Cimolith), ein fettlösender Seifenton, wurde zum Waschen und für die Porzellanherstellung verwendet. Ein weiterer Exportartikel von K. waren Feigen. Die ant. Stadt lag im SW beim h. Hellenika. Die Nekropole enthält Gräber schon aus vormyk. Zeit; die Funde reichen vom 2. Jt.v.Chr. bis in hell. Zeit. Eine andere ant. Siedlung…

Dion

(1,970 words)

Author(s): Meister, Klaus (Berlin) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Weißenberger, Michael (Greifswald) | Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Errington, Robert Malcolm (Marburg/Lahn) | Et al.
[English version] I. Personen (Δίων) Meister, Klaus (Berlin) [English version] [I 1] Freund Platons, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Sohn des Hipparinos, Schwager und Schwiegersohn Dionysios' I. von Syrakus, * 409 v.Chr., seit Platons erstem Aufenthalt 388 in Syrakus dessen enger Freund und Verfechter seiner Philosophie. Unter Dionysios I. kam er als dessen Vertrauter und Ratgeber zu Ansehen und Reichtum und blieb auch unter Dionysios II. einflußreich. Er vermittelte 366 den Frieden mit Karthago und rief Platon nach Syrakus, um …

Kaukasa

(45 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Καύκασα). Hafenort an der Nordküste von Chios (Hdt. 5,33,1); seine Einwohner werden auf Inschr. Kaukaseís gen. (SGDI 5654; SEG 19, 575; Apollon Kaukaseus und Artemis Kaukasis in Erythrai, Syll.3 3, 1014a,19f.). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. K., RE 6, 2292.

Kythnos

(296 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Κύθνος, lat. Cythnus, h. Thermia). Insel der westl. Kykladen (86 km2), mit 21 km L, 11 km Br, eine einförmige wellige Hochfläche (200 bis 350 m H), vorwiegend Schiefer. Ihre stark zergliederte Küste bietet keinen guten Hafenplatz. Bei Lutra an der Nordküste entspringen zwei schon in röm. Zeit aktive heiße Quellen. K. ist wenig fruchtbar, nahezu baumlos und wasserarm. Im Alt. war K. für seinen guten Käse bekannt (Poll. 6,63; Eust. in Dion. Per. 525; Plin. nat. 13,134; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κ.). Funde auf einem mesolithisch-neolithischen Gräberfeld lassen verm…

Kenaion

(108 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Κήναιον, lat. Cenaeum). Die NW-Ausläufer von Euboia, h. Kap Lihada, eine flache Schwemmlandspitze an jungtertiärer Küstenterrasse, mit einem Heiligtum des Zeus Kenaios (Skyl. 58). Das wohl in hell. Zeit befestigte Heiligtum besaß keinen Tempel. Auf K. lagen die Städte Athenai Diades und Dion. 427/6 v.Chr. versanken Teile der Halbinsel infolge eines Erdbebens im Meer (Demetrios von Kallatis, FGrH 85 F 6). Quellen: Hom. h. 1,219; Thuk. 3,93,1; Strab. 1,3,20; 9,4,4; 9,4,17; 9,5,13; 1…

Amorgos

(311 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Ἀμοργός). Östlichste Insel der Kykladen (121 km2), gebirgig (Krikelon 821 m). An der Nordwestküste lagen die drei ant. Hauptorte der Insel: Aigiale, Minoa (beim h. Haupthafen Katapola und h. Chora, amtlich A.) und Arkesine. In prähistor. Zeit war die Insel dicht besiedelt und dürfte seit dem 3. Jt. als Handelsstützpunkt gedient haben. Reiche Grabfunde aus dem Frühkykladikum zeigen eine enge Verbindung nach Keros und den anderen Eremonisia. Um 1000 v. Chr. wanderten ion. Siedler ein, s…

Kyme

(1,086 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Muggia, Anna (Pavia) | Kaletsch, Hans (Regensburg)
(Κύμη). [English version] [1] Ort auf Euboia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Ägäische Koine K. auf Euboia. Die genaue Lage der ant. Ortschaft ist nicht bekannt; sie ist in der Nähe des h. Ortes K., volkstümlich Kumi, an der Ostküste von Euboia zu suchen, evtl. etwa 5 km nördl. beim Kloster Sotiros (17. Jh.), wo sich auch eine venezianische Festung befindet. Neuerdings wurden bei Murteri südl. von K. die Reste einer FH Siedlung aufgefunden, deren Bewohner schon über die Ägäis hinweg Handel betri…

Budoron

(66 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Attika (Βούδορον). Ort auf Salamis, während des Peloponnesischen Krieges ein wichtiger Stützpunkt Athens. Die Festung wurde 429 v.Chr. von Knemos vergeblich belagert. Von B. aus eroberte Nikias 427 v.Chr. die megarische Festung Minoa und Nisaia. Mauerreste fanden sich südwestl. beim 1661 gegr. Kloster Phaneromeni. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography P.W. Haider, s.v. Salamis, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 596.

Lade

(70 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich)
[English version] (Λάδη). Urspr. vor Milet gelegene Insel, L 3 km, H bis zu 98 m, h. durch die Anschwemmungen des Maiandros nur noch ein Hügelzug, etwa 2 km von der Küste entfernt. L. wurde durch die Niederlage der Griechen im Ion. Aufstand 496 v.Chr. bekannt: Hdt. 6,7ff.; Thuk. 8,17,3; Arr. an. 1,18,4ff.; Strab. 14,1,7; Paus. 1,35,6. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Meyer, Ernst † (Zürich) Bibliography L. Bürchner, s.v. L., RE 12, 381.

Aigaion Pelagos

(136 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Αἰγαῖον πέλαγος). Das “Ägäische Meer”, erstmals Aischyl. Ag. 664; Hdt. 2,97; 4,85; 7,55; Ps.-Skyl. 58 gen., reichte nach Hdt. 2,113; Strab. 10,4,2 vom Ausgang des Hellespontos bis zur Insel Kreta. Nach anderen Angaben reichte es nur bis zur Insel Kos (Strab. 7,7,4; 2,5,21) oder endete westl. Sunion (Plin. nat. 4,9,19). Nach Strab. 2,5,21 besaß das A. eine Länge von 4 000 Stadien (ca. 708 km) und eine Breite von 2 000 Stadien (ca. 354 km). Die häufige Abtrennung des Ikarischen Me…

Aigiale

(68 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] [1] Stadt auf Amorgos (Αἰγιάλη). Im Norden von Amorgos gelegen, war eine der drei Poleis dieser Insel (Steph. Byz. s. v. Ἄμοργος). Reste der ausgedehnten Stadt fanden sich bei den Dörfern Tholaria und Langada. Volkstümlich Giali, heißt der Ort h. wieder A. (Mz.: HN 481). Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch, s. v. A., in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 83. [English version] [2] s. Aigialeia s. Aigialeia

Hekatonnesoi

(100 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Ἑκατόννησοι). Inselgruppe im Norden der östl. Meeresstraße, die Lesbos vom kleinasiat. Festland trennt, h. Moschonisia; ihre größte Insel war Pordoselene oder Nasos, h. Moschonisi. Die Bewohner nannte man Nēsiṓtai (Hdt. 1,151; Diod. 13,77; Strab. 13,2,5; Plin. nat. 5,137; Ptol. 5,2,5; Ail. nat. 2,6; Hesych. s.v. H.; Steph. Byz. s.v. Ἑκατόννησοι und Σελήνης πόλις). Die Stadt Selḗnēs pólis war wohl wie Mytilene eine aiol. Gründung, von dem sie lange kulturell und polit. abhängig war. H. war Mitglied im Attisch-Delischen Seebund. Mz. ΠΟ…

Oliaros

(73 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Ὠλίαρος). Größte (38 km2) der sich um Paros gruppierenden Inseln, h. Antiparos (Strab. 10,5,3; Mela 2,111). Auf dem Felsriff Saliangos befand sich die erste bekannte spätneolithische Siedlung im Kykladenraum. Frühkykladische Gräber kamen auf der Nachbarinsel Diplo zu Tage. Die Stalaktitenhöhle auf O. war bereits im Alt. viel besucht. Ansonsten ist die Gesch. des O. eng mit Paros verbunden. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography H. Kaletsch, s.v. Antiparos, in: Lauffer, Griechenland, 121.

Kaphereus

(40 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Καφηρεύς, Καφαρεύς). Bes. gefürchtetes SO-Kap von Euboia, h. Kavo Doro. Belegstellen: Hdt. 8,7,1; Strab. 8,6,2; Ptol. 3,14,22; Plin. nat. 4,63; Mela 2,107. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia 1, 1903, 6f.

Karystos

(411 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) | Lafond, Yves (Bochum)
(Κάρυστος, lat. Carystus). [English version] [1] Stadt in Euboia Dieser Ort ist auf folgenden Karten verzeichnet: Achaimenidai | Attisch-Delischer Seebund | Attischer Seebund | Getreidehandel, Getreideimport | Makedonia, Makedones | Marmor | Perserkriege Stadt in der Küstenebene am gleichnamigen Golf im Süden von Euboia, auch h. K., etwa 3 km landeinwärts zw. Burgberg und Hafen, als Gründung der Dryopes bekannt, die im Rahmen der Dorischen Wanderung ihre mittelgriech. Heimat verlassen mußten, nach Hom. Il. 2,539 Gründung der Ab…

Marmarion

(68 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Μαρμάριον). Hafen an der SW-Küste von Euboia, der wohl für die Ausfuhr des Marmors aus den Brüchen von Karystos [1] diente; h. Marmara, wo bei der Kapelle des Hl. Nikolaos Bauteile eines Heiligtums des Apollon Marmarios liegen. Belegstellen: Strab. 10,1,6; Steph. Byz. s.v. M.; Nonn. Dion. 13,164; Eust. Ilias 281,4. Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen) Bibliography F. Geyer, Top. und Gesch. der Insel Euboia, 1, 1903, 106.

Gyaros

(124 words)

Author(s): Kalcyk, Hansjörg (Petershausen)
[English version] (Γύαρος). 17 km2 große, h. unbewohnte Insel (Glimmerschiefer) der nordwestl. Kykladen, h. Jura oder Gioura. An der Ostseite finden sich Spuren alter Terrassenkulturen, nahe einer Quelle und einer alten Mole Reste des ant. Ortes G., der im 3. Jh. v.Chr. eigene Kupfer-Mz. prägte; z.Z. Strabons war G. nur noch ein armes Fischerdorf, in der Kaiserzeit ein gefürchteter Verbannungsort (Tac. ann. 3,68; 4,30; Plut. mor. 602c.; Iuv. 1,73; 10,170; Lukian. Toxaris 17f.; Philostr. Ap. 7,16,2;…
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