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Pontic vases

(405 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] The use of the term PV for the Etruscan black-figured vases of the 2nd half of the 6th cent. BC goes back to F. Dümmler, who, starting from a representation of mounted Scythian archers, erroneously associated this important genre with the Black-Sea area (amphora Rome, MV 231; cf. Hdt. 7,64). On the basis of their style and their sole finding site Etruria, the ca. 200 PV have been identified as Etruscan ones; there are no inscriptions whatsoever. PV are modelled on Attic black-figu…

Astarita Crater

(152 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Late Corinthian crater with red background from c. 560 BC ( Corinthian vase-painting; Vatican, from the Astarita collection). Above an animal frieze, the singular depiction of the demand for the return of Helen by Menelaus, Odysseus and Talthybius in Troy: Theano the priestess of Athena, followed by women and a train of riders, approaches the heroes, who are seated on a step (the design continues on the reverse; the numerous name captions sometimes fail to match). The episode is related …

Caeretan hydriae

(515 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] A collection of hydriae (about 40 have been documented to date), dating from 530-510 BC, from a workshop which was presumably located in Caere, the main finding place; the term Caeretan hydriae (CH) was coined by C. Humann and O. Puchstein [1. 198]. After they were for many years considered to be of Etruscan or Corinthian origin, they are now regarded as the work of immigrant eastern Greek master potters, a view supported by Ionian signatures [1. 46f., no. 30]. CH are wide vessels…

Tityus Painter

(129 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Etruscan Black-Figure vase painter, who painted more than 40 amphorai, jugs, kyathoi, bowls and plates in the third quarter of the 6th cent. BC, often exclusively with animal friezes. The TM is named after an amphora bearing the killing of Tityus by Apollo and Artemis (Paris, CM 171); his favourite theme, however, are the exploits of Heracles [1]. With his colourful pictures and his representation of figures mostly in motion, the TM is, after the Paris Painter who was a strong inf…

Inscription Painter

(167 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Leading master of early  Chalcidian vase painting, working around 560-540 BC, who painted chiefly amphorae, hydriae and craters. The Inscription Painter (IP) is named for his inscribing of names on his mythological images. Preferred among these are the legends of Troy [1. 118-140], then come Bellerophon [1. 114-117], Perseus [1. 113] or the combat between Zeus and Typhon [1. 84-85]; twice the combat between Hercules and Geryoneus is found [1. 90-96]. Besides myths (approximately t…

Chares

(964 words)

Author(s): Schmitz, Winfried (Bielefeld) | Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) | Bowie, Ewen (Oxford) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg) | Et al.
(Χάρης; Chárēs). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 4th cent. BC Athenian strategos of the 4th cent. BC. In 367/6 he supported Phleius when it was hard-pressed by Argos and Sicyon. The aid he gave to the oligarchs on Corcyra led to that island's leaving the 2nd Athenian League, and brought Athens discredit among its confederates. Not re-elected as strategos until 357/6. The treaty between Athens and the Thracian kings  Berisades, Amadocus I and Cersobleptes under C. in 357 both confirmed the division of Thracian rule and established Athenian poss…

Tydeus Painter

(118 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Significant painter of Corinthian vases, who c. 560 BC primarily made amphorae, kraters, lekythoi and oinochoai; scholarship has not so far been quite successful in distinguishing the TP from stylistically related painters. His most important work can be found on red-ground neck amphorae, such as the eponymous Killing of Ismene by Tydeus [1] (Paris, LV E 640). Apart from a battle between Theseus and the Minotaur (amphora Paris, LV E 651) the TP primarily shows battles, horsemen, komasts …

Cavalcade Painter

(148 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Main master of the ‘Gorgoneion group’ active around 580 BC, a group of painters involved in  Corinthian vase painting who mainly decorated bowls and kraters; they are named after a frequent motif of the pictures inside the bowls. The outside of bowls painted by the Cavalcade Painter (CP) mostly show friezes with horsemen (hence the name), battle scenes and animal friezes; one example showing the ‘suicide of Ajax’ rich with inscriptions of names (Basle, AM, BS 1404). The kraters sh…

Amphiaraus Crater

(147 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Late Corinthian colonnette crater of red base colour ( Corinthian vases; around 560 BC, now missing), main work of the Amphiaraus Painter. Face: above a frieze of horsemen, the departure of  Amphiaraus; reverse: above a battle scene frieze, his participation in the funeral games for Pelias (chariot races); under a handle, a wrestling bout. In the colourful, very detailed picture on the face, Amphiaraus steps into the chariot casting a threating look towards  Eriphyle, who as the o…

Corinthian vases

(893 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] A. General Painted ceramic wares of supra-regional importance were produced in  Corinth from the Late Geometric period. The high point of Corinthian vase-making, with exports to all regions of the ancient world related to trade and the foundation of Greek cities, was in the 7th and the 1st half of the 6th cent. BC. The technological basis for this success was the development of the regulated three-stage firing process by Corinthian potters. Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg) [German version] B. Research Following the ground-breaking work of H. Payne, distinction…

Phineus Painter

(177 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Younger of the two main masters of Chalcidian vase painting (cf. Inscription Painter), active c. 540-520 BC. The PP was named after a large eye cup with internal friezes (chariot procession of Dionysus and Ariadne; Phineus, Boreads and Harpies; Würzburg L 164); he specialised in eye cups and neck amphorae, as well as hydriai, oinochoai and skyphoi (Pottery, shapes and types of with figs.). Mythical images are rare (Return of Hephaestus [1. 204], Tydeus and Polyneices in Argos [1. …

Proto-Corinthian vases

(393 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] A significant 7th cent. BC genre of vases, connected with Sicyon until H. Payne [5] assigned it to Corinthus; Payne's classification of PCV still has validity, but the chronology and, to some extent, the terminology have been changed. The dating of PCV is based primarily on the traditional founding dates of Greek cities in lower Italy and Sicily. Corinth's trade relationships explain both the wide distribution of PV and their orientalizing character. PCV generally exhibit good workmanship and firing techniques. The following uses the chronology of C.W. Neeft. In 'Ear…

Hunt Painter

(167 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] The main master of  Laconian vase painting, who worked about 560-540 BC and painted in particular cups as well as  hydriai; typical are his paintings on the inside of kylikes with tondo-shaped pictorial detail. Named after images of a (mythical?) boar hunt (kylix Paris, LV, E 670 and the fragment Leipzig T 302/Florence 85118), the Hunt Painter (HP) otherwise prefers battle, dance and banqueting images, as well as, among mythological subjects, the labours of Heracles. A common fill…

Eurytius Crater

(132 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Early Corinthian columned crater of c. 600 BC from Cerveteri (Paris, LV), in which new figurative and decorative forms are combined with the highest-quality illustrations in the black-figured style and polychrome line-drawings. Obverse: the only Corinthian example of the feast given by  Eurytus [1] for  Heracles (copious name-labels); reverse: battle (outside Troy?). Below the handles a novel ‘kitchen scene’ and an early depiction of the suicide of Ajax. In addition, friezes of herons and animals and a deer hunt. Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg) Bibliography Amyx,…

Vase painting, black-figured

(2,114 words)

Author(s): Mommsen, Heide (Stuttgart) | Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
In black-figure vase painting (BFVP), figures are drawn as complete black silhouettes on the clay-coloured surface of the pottery. The drawings within those silhouettes are incised and the figures are varied and enlivened through red and white engobe. This technique required a controlled firing in three phases and was invented in Corinth in c. 700 BC (Pottery, production of). [German version] I. Attic Among the various types of BFVP, the most important is that from Attica. In c. 630 BC, Attic vase painters adopted the black-figure technique from Corinth and kept improvin…

Paris Painter

(160 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Important master of Pontic vase painting (Pontic vases) of Etruria who in the 3rd quarter of the 6th cent. BC painted mainly neck amphoras but also hydriai, oinochoi and plates. The neck amphora that gives its name to the art form, with its splendidly colourful Judgement of Paris (cf. Paris), is among the most important works of Etrurian black-figured vase painting (Vase painting, black-figured)(Munich, SA 837). Aside from additional significant mythical paintings (above all the b…

Chalcidian vase paint­ing

(471 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Important type of 6th-cent. BC black-figured vase, named for the appended mythological names in the Chalcidian alphabet; none of the painters or potters is known [1. 2f.; 2. 181ff.]. Rumpf and others placed Chalcidian vase painting (CVP) on Euboea, whereas today Rhegium is favoured [1; 2. 15ff.; 3. passim]. The question must, however, remain open, especially as some of the Chalcidian vases bear trademarks otherwise found only on vases not manufactured in Italy [1. 53]. The genre begins c. 560 BC with no discernible precursors, and already comes to an end c. 510 BC. …

Laconian vase painting

(487 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] In Sparta, painted ceramics were produced for export as early as the 7th cent. BC. Initially associated with Cyrene, one of the first places where Laconian vase paintings (LVP) were found, the origin of LVP was secured with the excavation of the Artemis Orthia Sanctuary in Sparta. Dating for LVP, which is considered to have reached its peak c. between 575 and 525 BC, is primarily derived from groups of findings in Tarentum and Tocra [3. 8-9]; the representation of Arcesilaus [2] II, which was probably created during his reign [3. 195; 1…

Arcesilas Painter

(124 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Laconian vase painter c. 560 BC, named after the bowl with an image of king Arcesilaus I or Arcesilaus [2] II of Cyrene ( Laconian vase painting; Paris, CM): The king, seated under a tarpaulin, supervises the weighing and storing of silphion; the workers involved in this task have names indicating their functions. The extraordinary picture is populated by numerous African animals. The Arcesilas Painter, who mainly painted on bowls, prefers symposium pictures and myths (Hercules/Amazons, Atlas and Prometheus). He impresses by his precise and lively art of drawing. Ste…

Chigi Painter

(243 words)

Author(s): Steinhart, Matthias (Freiburg)
[German version] Late proto-Corinthian vase painter from c. 640 BC, named for the exceptional vase in Rome (VG, formerly Chigi collection; the term Chigi Painter (CP) has displaced ‘Macmillan Painter’ in archaeological terminology). The Chigi Vase is the earliest and most richly painted Corinthian olpe, with a volute handle. Separated by black bands picked out in light colours (decorative motifs, a hare hunt), three polychrome friezes follow one below the other: a battle, with the oldest representation of a hoplite phalanx; then adjacent …
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