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, K̲h̲edive , title of the rulers of Egypt in the later 19th and early 20th centuries, deriving from Persian k̲h̲idīw , k̲h̲adīw “lord, prince, ruler”. The use of the Arabic form of the title k̲h̲idēwī “khedival” is associated with Ismāʿīl Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.], wālī or viceroy of Egypt 1863-79, even though his predecessors, ʿAbbās I Pas̲h̲a (1848-54) and Saʿid Pas̲h̲a (1854-63) used it unofficially on occasion. Certain government departments, in particular the Department of the Interior, even under Ismāʿīl’s grandfather, …

(a.), nationalism. 1. In the Arab world east of the Mag̲h̲rib. The term derives from ḳawm , a term of tribal provenance used to denote a group of people having or claiming a common ancestor, or a tribe descended from a single ancestor. One’s ḳawm is simply one’s people, either genealogically determined or mythologically and folklorishly depicted. In this century, ḳawmiyya refers to the movement of nationalism among the Arabs of the Ottoman dominions in the Fertile Crescent that were conquered by the Allies in the Great War. The use …

In Arabic istiḳlāl is a fairly recent addition to the political vocabulary. Despite its use in common parlance, viz., anā mustaḳill (“I am independent”, that is, free or unfettered), or sometimes to refer to economic independence, that is, autarky ( istiḳlāl iḳtiṣādī ), it is primarily associated with the national independence movements among the Arabs of this century. It is with these movements that this article is concerned. After World War I, the peace settlement regarding the Ottoman dominions imposed by the Allied Powers in 1919-20 gave Britain and France w…

, Khedive of Egypt, 1863-79, second son of Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a [ q.v.] and grandson of Muḥammad ʿAlī [ q.v.], was born in Cairo on 31 December 1830. He received his early education in the private palace school founded by his grandfather for his family, where he studied Arabic, Persian and Turkish. At fourteen, he spent some time in Vienna, where he was sent for treatment of an eye complaint. Two years later, in 1846, he was sent to Paris to join one of the Egyptian educational missions under the preceptorship of the …

, in modern Arabic “government”. Like many political neologisms in Islamic languages, the word seems to have been first used in its modern sense in 19th century Turkey, and to have passed from Turkish into Arabic and other languages. Ḥukūma comes from the Arabic root ḥ.k.m , with the meaning “to judge, adjudicate” (cf. the related meaning, dominant in Hebrew and other Semitic languages, of wisdom. See ḥikma ). In classical usage the verbal noun ḥukūma means the act or office of adjudication, of dispensing justice, whether by a sovereign, a judge, …

, King of Egypt, son of King Fuʾād (1923-36) [see fuʾād al-awwal ] and Queen Nazlī ¶ ( née Ṣabrī), grandson of the Khedive Ismāʿīl (1863-79) [see ismāʿīl Pas̲h̲a ], was born in Cairo on 21 D̲j̲umādā al-ūlā 1338/11 February 1920. He was proclaimed Crown Prince on 13 April 1922, officially named Prince of the Ṣaʿīd (Upper Egypt) on 12 December 1933, and proclaimed King of Egypt on 28 April 1936 in succession to his father who died on that day. He officially ascended the throne on 6 May 1936. On 20 January 1938 he married Ṣafī…

(1853-1917), Sultan of Egypt under the British Protectorate from December 1914 to October 1917. A son of Khedive Ismāʿīl [ q.v.], he was born in Cairo. When he was eight years old, he entered the school at the Manyal Palace specially opened by his father for his sons and the sons of notables. In 1867, he accompanied his father to Istanbul on a visit to the Ottoman Sultan. Soon afterwards he visited Paris, and stayed at the court of Napoleon III. He returned briefly to Egypt for ¶ the official opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, after which he was sent on a diplomatic mission to Vic…

, from is̲h̲tirāk , sharing, the modern Arabic term for socialism. The word seems to have been first used in this sense in 19th century Turkish, in the form is̲h̲tirāk-i emwāl , literally “sharing of property”, whence is̲h̲tirakd̲j̲i̊ , a socialist, and is̲h̲tirākī , socialistic. In Turkish the term fell into disuse, and was replaced by Sosyalist . Adopted in Arabic, it soon gained universal currency in the Arab lands. (Ed.) The Ottoman Empire and Turkey : Among Turks interest in socialism began toward the end of the igth century, but it was only afte…