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[German Version] (Jun 2, 1881, Baiershofen – Jan 9, 1957, Augsburg), Protestant theologian. He studied Catholic theology in Munich, was ordained a priest in ¶ 1905, chaplain, and received his doctorate in Straßburg, where he studied with A. Ehrhard. In 1911, he became sub-dean of the seminary in Dillingen, in 1915, professor of dogmatics and apologetics in Dillingen. In 1918, he converted to the Evangelical Church in Halle/Saale. In 1918, he became a Protestant pastor (Gommern, Magdeburg, Berlin), in 1934, professor of …

[German Version] During Holy Week, the last week of the six-week long Passiontide (within Catholicism: Easter time of penitence), Lutheran church services omit Alleluia (II), “Glory to God in the highest” ( Gloria in excelsis ; exception: Maundy Thursday [from Lat. mandatum; “command”]), and “Glory be to the Father.” In 4th-century Jerusalem, a liturgical re-enactment of the course of events of Jesus’ ¶ passion wa…

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[German Version] include a wide variety of worship services, all with young people as the intended congregation; they are often ecumenical. The first such services were held in connection with the Jugendbewegung; they were hailed as beneficial to both young people (Youth/Adolescence) and the community because of their focus on real life, but were also criticized as impeding the familiarization of young people with…

[German Version] I. Terminology The wors…

[German Version] (Fr. vendredi saint, Ger. Karfreitag from OHG kara, “lament”) commemorates the day of Jesus’ crucifixion (Cross/Crucifixion: III) and death; it is one of the most solemn Christian festivals. Fasting (III, 1) on Good Friday and Holy Saturday is attested at an early date. In the 4th century, there emerged elements of a Good Friday liturgy celebrated wit…

[German Version] Christ's resurrection (II) is the fundamental fact celebrated in the Feasts of Our Lord, which emphasize particular accents in Jesus' saving work. Each Sunday is a “minor” Easter feast (Easter), and each year …

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1. Religious Aspects 1.1. General The term “prayer” has to do with a central fact in the divine-human relation, at the root of which is asking. Etymologically, Eng. “prayer” (unlike Ger. Gebet) goes back to OFr. preiere, “act of asking” or “demand,” and is akin to Lat. precaria, “a request.” These and related terms are probably related also to OEng. frignan, “inquire” (cf. Old …

[German Version] I. Religious Studies – II. Old Testament – III. Judaism – IV. Early Christianity – V. Church History – VI. Liturgical and Practical Aspects I. Religious Studies The words “feast” and “festival” (cf. fête, festa, fiesta, Fest, etc.) derive from the Latin festus ( dies). They refer to the calendar and also evoke the notion of the divine: a feast day is a special day set aside and dedicated to a certain supernatural being. “Feast” or “festival” can therefore be understood as synonyms for religious celebrations. To speak,…