Author(s):
Spuler, B.
|
Sourdel-Thomine, J.
is the name given to the dynasty of Turkish origin which was founded by Sebüktigin, a General and Governor of the Sāmānids [
q.v.]. With G̲h̲azna [
q.v.] for long its capital, the dynasty lasted for more than 200 years, from 367/977-8 to 583/1187, in eastern Īrān and what is now Afg̲h̲ānistān, and finally only in parts of the Pand̲j̲āb (with Lahāwur/Lahore as centre). For a long time its rulers held the official title of Amīr, ¶ although historians call them Sulṭān from the start; on coins, Ibrāhīm (no. XII below) was the first to bear this title. From the time when Alptigin established himself in the region of G̲h̲azna in 344/955-6 and made himself to a great extent independent of the Sāmānids, the area surrounding this town remained in the hands of Turkish rulers (for details see g̲h̲azna ). In 367/977-8 (I) Sebüktigin gained power, and continued to rule until his death in 387/997. The new ruler, on the evidence of his coinage, acknowledged the overlordship of the Sāmānids, and gave them help against the Sīmd̲j̲ūrids [
q.v.] in 992 and 995. He also turned his attention to the Hindū Empires in the Pand̲j̲āb [
q.v.] and in particular the S̲h̲āhū dynasty, whose head, Ḏj̲aypāl, he defeated in 979 and 988, thereby acquiring the fortresses on the Indian frontier. His empire furthermore included northern Balūčistān, G̲h̲ūr, Zābulistān and Bactria (Tuk̲h̲aristān) (on the subject of these and all further geographical references in this article see the entries under individual words). In this way, Sebüktigin, an extraordinarily powerful …