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The old capital of Bengal, situated in the district of Mālda, Eastern Bengal and Assam, Lat. 24° 54′ N. Long. 88° 8′ E. It lies east of the Ganges, on a narrow and deserted channel of that river, and is twelve miles from the town of Mālda. The name Gaur is old, and according to Firi…

, or Ḳabaḳandāzī, the gourdgame, the oriental form of the Popinjay. It was a sort of tilting at the ring, but the weapon was an arrow, and the archers were on horseback. A ring was shot through, but the mark was a pigeon or other bird set on a high mast. In Bābur’s time the mark was a duck (v. …

Pāds̲h̲āh. Full name Naṣīr al-Dīn Humāyūn, also styled Ḏj̲ahānbānī, and after his death, Ḏj̲annat Ās̲h̲iyāni (nesting in Paradise), eldest son of Bābur and Māham Bēgam, born Kābul citadel 6 March 1508, emperor of India end of December 1530, died at Dihlī by a fall down stairs from the roof of his library, 27 Jan. 1556; father of Akbar by Miryam Makānī, Ḥamīda Bānū. He was a good natured and generous prince, and inherited graceful manners from his father and from his mother who was of a Persian, …

(properly, Māldah or Māldaha), a district in Eastern Bengal and in the Rād̲j̲s̲h̲āhī Division of the Presidency of Bengal. Area 1,899 sq.m. Pop. in 1911, 1,004, 159, of whom 465,521 were Hindus, and 505,396 Muslims. In old times it was famous for its two capitals of Gaur [q. v.] or Lak̲h̲nawtī. and Pandua, where there are many ruins of the mosques and other buildings of the Muḥammadan kings of Bengal. (H. Beveridge) Bibliography Minhād̲j̲-i Sarād̲j̲, Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī, Raverty’s translation ( Bibl. Ind., 1881) G̲h̲ulām Ḥusain Salīm, Riyāḍ al-Salāṭīn (Bibl. Ind., text and translation) Moh…

, fourth son of Bābur, born early in 1519. His real name was Muḥammad Abu ’l-Nāṣir, but t…

I. Daughter-in-law of Tīmūr, of high rank and much esteemed by him. She was wife of Mīrān S̲h̲āh, and when he became mad, she went from Tibrīz to Samarḳand to report about him to her father-in-law on his return from India. She is mentioned by Clavigo and by S̲h̲araf al-dīn Yazdī. (See Dawlat Ḵh̲ān, ed. Browne, p. 440).…

, eldest son of Ḏj̲ahāngīr by the daughter of Rād̲j̲ā Bhagwān Dās, was born at Lahore in 1587. He was a favourite with his grandfather, Akbar, who perhaps wanted to make him his successor. He rebelled against …

, historian, author of the Rawḍat al-Ṣafāʾ (“Garden of Purity”). He was son of Burhān al-Dīn Ḵh̲āwand S̲h̲āh, native of Transoxiana, and, apparently, of Buk̲h̲ārā. He lived much in Herāt and died there on June 22, 1498, aged 66. His work is a universal history in seven volumes, beginning with the Creation and ending at the death of Sulṭān Ḥusain of Herāt in 1505. The last volume, however, is really the work of his grandson, Ḵh̲…

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, poetical name of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān. He adopted this name (meaning holy) because he was a native of Mas̲h̲had. He came to India in the 5th year of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān (1631—1632). There is a notice of him, with some extracts, in vol. i., p. 351, of the Bāds̲h̲āhnāma…

, k̲h̲ān-k̲h̲ānān, whose name is also spelt Bairām, was the son of Saif ʿAlī Beg, and the fourth or fifth in descent from ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr Turkaman. ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr (cf. Bābur’s Memoirs, ed. Erskine, p. 30), belonged to the Bahārlū tribe. and held large possessions in Hamadān etc. His son or grandson S̲h̲īr ʿAlī, who seems also to be known as Pīr ʿAlī, was an officer of Ḏj̲ahān S̲h̲āh Barānī of the Black Sheep. When the dynasty of the Black Sheep was overthrown by Uzun Ḥasan, S̲h̲īr ʿAlī entered into the service of Aba Saʿīd, and w…

was commonly known as the Bēgam Ṣāḥib, and is also sometimes called Pāds̲h̲āh Bēgam. She was the eldest surviving child of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān, and was born in March 1614, probably at Ad̲j̲mīr. Her mother was the Ard̲j̲ūmand Bānū, or Mumtāz Maḥal or Mumtāz al-Zamānī the daughter of Āṣaf Ḵh̲an (No. II.) and niece of Nūr Ḏj̲ahān, for whom the Tāj Maḥal was built. Ḏj̲ahānārā was never married, and was distinguished for her beauty and accomplishments, and her affection for her father and ¶ for her brother and spiritual guide, Dārā S̲h̲ikōh. Both Bernier and Manucci have a good deal of…

, wife of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān, and the lady for whom the Tād̲j̲ Maḥall [ q.v. and hind. vii. Architecture] was built. She was the daughter of Abu ’l-Ḥasan Āṣaf K̲h̲ān, who was Nūr D̲j̲ahān’s brother. Her name was Ard̲j̲umand Bānū, the title Mumtāz Maḥall being conferred on her after S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān’s accession. She was his favourite wife and bore him fourteen children, seven of whom grew up. She was born in 1001/1593, married in 1021/1612, and died, at Burhānpūr in the Deccan, very shortly after the birth of a daug…

, muḥammad hās̲h̲im niẓām al-mulkī , historian; his title of K̲h̲wāfī K̲h̲ān was given him by Muḥammad S̲h̲āh and is derived from a family connection with K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.], a district of eastern Persia, famous for its distinguished men. He was a son of K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr, a confidential servant of Murād Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, youngest son of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. The place and date of his birth are not known, but it seem probable that he was born in India, and a statement in his history (i, 739) implies that his birth took place about 1074/1664. The statemen…

, eldest son of the Mughal emperor Djahāngīr [ q.v.] by the daughter of Rād̲j̲ā Bhagwān Dās, was born at Lahore in 995/1587. He was a favourite with his grandfather, Akbar, who perhaps wanted to make him his successor. He rebelled against his father in the first year of the iatter’s reign (sc. in 1015/1606), was defeated and imprisoned. He made a second conspiracy in Afg̲h̲ānistān, and this having been detected, he was, with one interval, kept in confinement for the rest of his life. He died at Asīrgaŕh …

, épouse de S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān, pour laquelle le Tād̲j̲ Maḥall [ q.v.] a été construit. Elle était la fille d’Abù l-Ḥasan Āṣaf Ḵh̲ān. qui était le frère de Nūr Ḏj̲ahān. Elle s’appelait Ard̲j̲umand Bānū, le titre de Mumtāz Maḥall lui ayant été conféré après l’avènement de S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān. Elle fut son épouse favorite et lui donna quatorze enfants, dont sept vécurent. Née en 1001/1593, elle se maria en 1021/1612 et mourut à Burhānpūr, dans le Deccan, très peu de temps après la naissance d’une fille, en 1041/1631. Elle était belle et aimable, et S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān l’aimait tendrement. (H. Beveridge) Bibl…

, fils aîné de l’empereur mng̲h̲al Ḏj̲ahāngīr [ q.v.]; sa mère était la fille du Rād̲j̲a Bhagwān Dās. Il naquit à Lahore en 995/1587 et fut le favori de son grand-père Akbar, qui voulait peut-être faire de lui son successeur. Il se révolta contre son père dans la première année de son règne (1015/1606), mais fut défait et emprisonné. II mena une seconde conspiration en Afg̲h̲ānistān, et celle-ci ayant été découverte,…

(Muḥammad Hās̲h̲im Niẓām al-Mulkī), historien dont le titre de Ḵh̲wāfī-Ḵh̲ān, qui lui fut donné par Muḥammad S̲h̲āh, vient des rapports de sa famille avec Ḵh̲wāf [ q.v.], district de la Perse orientale célèbre pour les hommes remarquables qui y naquirent. Le lieu et la date de sa naissance sont inconnus, mais il semble probable qu’il naquit dans l’Inde, et un passage de son Histoire (I, 739) montre qu’il doit être né vers 1074/1664. Il résulte de ce passage que 74 ans après la mort de Saʿd Allāh (1066/1656), ministre de …

, surname of the Persian historian G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-Dīn who was born ca. 880/1475 into a family of high officials and scholars. His father, K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Humām al-Dīn Muḥammad b. K̲h̲wād̲j̲a D̲j̲alāl al-Dīn Muḥammad b. K̲h̲wad̲j̲a Burhān al-Dīn Muḥammad S̲h̲īrāzī, was for many years the minister of Sulṭān Maḥmūd b. Abī Saʿīd, who at the end of his political career became the Tīmūrid ruler of Samarḳand from 899-900/1494-5. The historian Mirkhwānd [ q.v.] was his maternal uncle and took an important part in his primary education. It is, therefore, likely that K̲h̲wāndamīr was actually bor…

, nom de famille de l’historien persan G̲h̲iyāt̲h̲ al-dīn, né vers 880/1475 dans une famille de savants et de hauts fonctionnaires. Son père, Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Humām al-dīn Muḥ. b. Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Ḏj̲alāl al-dīn Muḥ. b. Ḵh̲wād̲j̲a Burhān al-dīn Muḥ. S̲h̲īrāzī, fut pendant de longues années le ministre du sultan Maḥmūd b. Abī Saʿīd qui, à la fin de sa carrière politique, fut le souverain tīmūride de Samarḳand de 899 à 900/1494-5. L’historien Mīrk̲h̲wānd [ q.v.], qui était son oncle maternel, participa largement à son instruction primaire. Il est donc probable que Ḵh̲wāndamīr naquit à Herāt où de…