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In Ottoman literature. There is no special literary genre called rabīʿiyyāt ( bahāriyyāt ) in Ottoman literature (from now on referred to as dīwān literature). Spring, however, has an important place within dīwān literature, as is the case for every other national literature. Spring, with its different functions fitting the structure of almost every kind of literary style and genre, was given its own special place in diverse literary genres coeval with the beginnings of written Ottoman literature in the second half of the 13th century. Since this literature favoured the met̲h̲newī …

, an Ottoman biographer of poets. Mollā Meḥmed, known as Riyāḍī, was the son of a certain Muṣṭafā Efendi of Birge (to the south-east of İzmir) and was born in 980/1572. He was first of all employed as a müderris , later became ḳāḍī of Ḥaleb (Aleppo) and died on 9 Ṣafar 1054/17 April 1644 in Cairo. He was known as al-Aṣamm . His chief work, Riyaḍ al-s̲h̲uʿarāʾ , is a biographical dictionary of poets. It is known to have been written by 1018/1609. According to F. Babinger and Niki Gamm, his Ted̲h̲kire contains 384 names, 8 Ottoman sul…

, the name of a Turkish dynasty, ultimately of Og̲h̲uz origin [see g̲h̲uzz ], whose name appears in European sources as ottomans (Eng.), ottomanes (Fr.), osmanen (Ger.), etc. I. political and dynastic history 1. General survey and chrono