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Slavery

(5,179 words)

Author(s): Neumann, Hans (Berlin) | Müller-Wollermann, Renate | Gehrke, Hans-Joachim (Freiburg) | Heinrichs, Johannes (Bonn) | Prinzing, Günther | Et al.
[German version] I. Ancient Near East Mesopotamian cuneiform texts attest to slavery in the ancient Near East from the early 3rd millennium BC [1]. However, at no time were slaves the essential producers in the structure of the total economy [2]. From the 3rd-1st millennia BC, slaves were primarily deployed in private households, and to a lesser extent in institutional households (Palace, Temple). The main sources thus mostly come from the field of private law and governmental legislation [3]. Some of…

Peculium

(584 words)

Author(s): Heinrichs, Johannes (Bonn)
[German version] The term peculium (from the Latin pecu, 'cattle', as an object of property cf. Ulp. Dig. 15,1,5,3) referred to the specific fund of property belonging to a person who, under Roman law, was subject to the power of another: in most cases a son in power under the patria potestas or a slave in the ownership of a dominus . Since these legally dependant persons were not able to own property, the peculium fell under the household property of the person exercising the power in terms of private law, but the person subject to the power was nevertheless entitled…

Freedmen

(2,699 words)

Author(s): Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge) | Heinrichs, Johannes (Bonn)
[German version] I. Greece Documents show two different terms for the concept of a freedman: ἀπελεύθερος ( apeleútheros) and ἐξελεύθερος ( exeleútheros); according to Harpocration (p.31 Bk), the latter referred not to those born as slaves, but to the freeborn sons of slaves. Pollux uses Demosthenes' terms nómoi exeleútheroi and nómoi apeleútheroi in his list of terminology on the topic of slavery. Thus, it is clear that the two terms refer to groups with different legal status. It also shows that private manumissions as well as other issues and …

Peculium

(462 words)

Author(s): Heinrichs, Johannes (Bonn)
[English version] Der Begriff p. (von lat. pecu, “Vieh”, als Vermögenswert; vgl. Ulp. Dig. 15,1,5,3) bezeichnet das Sondervermögen einer Person, die nach röm. Recht fremder Gewalt unterworfen war: meist eines Haussohns in der patria potestas oder eines Sklaven im Besitz des dominus . Da rechtlich abhängige Personen nicht vermögensfähig waren, fiel das p. zivilrechtlich in das Hausvermögen des Gewaltinhabers, stand nach Trad. und sozialer Norm gleichwohl dem Gewaltunterworfenen zu. Diese rechtliche Ambivalenz begegnet bereits in den XII Tafeln ( tabulae duodecim

Freigelassene

(2,392 words)

Author(s): Cartledge, Paul A. (Cambridge) | Heinrichs, Johannes (Bonn)
[English version] I. Griechenland Für den F. sind zwei Begriffe belegt: ἀπελεύθερος ( apeleútheros) und ἐξελεύθερος ( exeleútheros); nach Harpokration (p.31 Bk) war letzterer der nicht als Sklave, sondern als Freier geborene Sohn des ersteren. In seiner Auflistung der gesamten in Zusammenhang mit der Sklaverei verwendeten Terminologie erwähnt Pollux die von Demosthenes gebrauchten Begriffe nómoi exeleútheroi und nómoi apeleútheroi. Damit kann als gesichert gelten, daß die zwei Begriffe sich auf Gruppen mit verschiedenem Rechtsstatus bezogen. Außerdem w…