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Eubulides

(521 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Εὐβουλίδης; Euboulídēs). [German version] [1] E. from Miletus Megarian of the 4th cent. BC Member of the  Megarian school. The time when E. lived (mid 4th cent. BC) is determined by his intense attacks against Aristotle, which are repeatedly mentioned in the sources. In part these are personal attacks (Euseb. Praep. evang. 15,2,5), in part criticism of certain logical theorems by Aristotle (Eubulides, SSR vol. 4, p.88). Possibly, Aristotle may in turn have discussed the teachings of E. There is evidence tha…

Timoxenus

(144 words)

Author(s): Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Τιμόξενος/ Timóxenos). [German version] [1] Strategos of the Achaean League, 3rd cent. BC Achaean, political friend of Aratus [2], several times  stratēgós of the Achaean League (Achaeans): in 225/4 BC and/or 224/3 (Pol. 2,53,2; Plut. Kleomenes 20,8; Plut. Aratos 38,3; cf. [1. 254 f.; 2. 149]), 221/0 (Pol. 4,6,4; Plut. Aratos 47,3) and 216/5 (Pol. 5,106,1). Günther, Linda-Marie (Munich) Bibliography 1 F. W. Walbank, A Historical Commentary on Polybius, vol. 1, 1970 2 R. Urban, Wachstum und Krise des Achäischen Bundes von 280 bis 222 v. Chr., 1979. [German version] [2] Athen…

Antiphanes

(765 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Degani, Enzo (Bologna) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Ἀντιφάνης; Antiphánēs). [German version] [1] Attic comic poet, 4th cent. BC Attic writer of comedies; concerning his family and lineage the information is quite contradictory [1. test. 1, 2]. His father as well as his son were called Stephanus, (his son as a writer of comedies, staged works of his father [1. test 1]). A. was born in the 93rd Olympiad (between 408 and 404 BC) [1. test. 1] and is said to have already begun his stage activity at 20 years, (‘after the 98th Olympiad’ [1. test. 2]). He is said …

Eudoxus

(1,483 words)

Author(s): Folkerts, Menso (Munich) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
(Εὔδοξος; Eúdoxos). [German version] [1] of Cnidus Ancient mathematician and astronomer One of the most important ancient mathematicians and astronomers, he was presumably born in 391/390 BC (on the problem of dating see [7. 137-139]). He studied mathematics with  Archytas [1] and medicine with  Philistion. At the age of 23 he went to Athens and it is said that, among other things, he attended lectures there with  Plato. At the expense of his Cnidian friends, presumably in 365/4 [11], E. went with a letter…

Criton

(316 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Κρίτων; Krítōn). [German version] [1] Wealthy friend of Socrates, of the same age Wealthy friend of  Socrates and of the same age, also from the Alopece demos (Pl. Ap. 33d; Pl. Crit. 44b; Xen. Mem. 2,9,2; 2,9,4); discussion partner of Socrates in Plato's ‘Criton’ and ‘Euthydemus’ and in Xen. Mem. 2,9,1-3. In Plato's ‘Criton’ he unsuccessfully advises Socrates to flee his prison. The Epicurean  Idomeneus claimed that not Criton but Aeschines [1] of Sphettus had done this (Diog. Laert. 2,60; 3,36). Diogenes Laërtios (2,121) lists the titles of 17 dialogues composed by C.  Socratics. Dörin…

Timostratus

(210 words)

Author(s): Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Tinnefeld, Franz (Munich)
(Τιμόστρατος/ Timóstratos). [German version] [1] Tragic poet, 4th cent. BC Greek tragedian, successful at the Lenaea in c. 350 BC (TrGF I 83). Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) [German version] [2] Athenian comedy writer, beginning of the 2nd cent. BC Athenian comedian, who came sixth at the Dionysia in 188 BC with his Λυτρούμενος ( Lytroúmenos, 'The ransomed [prisoner]') [1. test. 1] and fourth in 183 with his Φιλοικεῖος ( Philoikeîos, 'He who loves his relatives') [1. test. 2]; a third place in c. 177 with an Ἀντευεργετῶν ( Anteuergetṓn, 'He who repays good deeds') is uncertain [1…

Euthycrates

(240 words)

Author(s): Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Εὐθυκράτης; Euthykrátēs). [German version] [1] Olynthian, betrayed his home polis at the instigation of Philippus II E., an Olynthian, allegedly accepted bribes from  Philipus II in 348 BC to betray his home polis, thus bearing part of the guilt for its destruction. Because of this, E. was ostracized by Athens (Diod. Sic. 16,53,2; Dem. Or. 8,40; 9,56; 18,295; 19,265-267; Hyp. fr. 76 Jensen). In c. 345-343, he acted as syndikos for the Delians in their dispute with the Athenians regarding the prostasía of the Delphi sanctuary.  Demades' application to lift E.'s ostracism and…

Lucianus

(4,158 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Markschies, Christoph (Berlin) | Leppin, Hartmut (Hannover)
(Λουκιανός; Loukianós). [German version] [1] L. of Samosata Greek rhetorical-satirical writer, 2nd cent. AD Important Greek rhetorical-satirical writer of the Roman Imperial period. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) [German version] A. Life and career L. was born between AD 115 and 125 [4. 8] in Samosata on the Euphrates, on the eastern edge of Roman Syria. Περὶ τοῦ ἐνυπνίου ἦτοι Βίος Λουκιανοῦ (‘The Dream, or Lucian's Life’, Somn.) portrays vividly (but not necessarily truthfully) L.'s decision for an education modelled on the example of the great classical authors ( paideía)…

Cratinus

(1,123 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Main)
(Κρατῖνος; Kratînos). [German version] [1] Poet of the Attic Old Comedy, 5th cent. BC Son of Callimedes, important poet of the Attic Old  Comedy. Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) [German version] A. Biographical information The first appearance of C. is documented for the late 450s BC [1. test. 4ab; cf. test. 5]; his death probably occurred between 423 ( Terminus post quem: his last piece, the Pytínē/‘The Bottle’; cf. [1. test. 3]) and 421 (in Aristoph. Pax 700-703, he is allegedly dead [1. test. 10]); he allegedly lived to be 94 years old [1. test. 3].…

Menestheus

(437 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Engels, Johannes (Cologne) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Μενεσθεύς; Menestheús). [German version] [1] Athenian leader at Troy Son of Peteus, great-grandson of Erechtheus. M. led the contingent of Athenians with fifty ships at Troy. Only Nestor was his equal in marshalling horses and warriors for battle (Hom. Il. 2,552ff.). While Theseus was detained in Hades, the Dioscuri conquered Aphidna and installed M. as king of Athens. Theseus's sons fled to Euboea. Because M. gained the favour of the Athenians, they ousted Theseus on his return (Paus. 1,17,5f.). Accord…

Baton

(224 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Berne) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rome)
(Βάτων; Bátōn). [German version] [1] Charioteer to Amphiaraus  Amphiaraus' charioteer. Both B. and Amphiaraus were descendants of Melampus. In the battle of Thebes, he was swallowed by the earth together with Amphiaraus and his chariot. In Argus, he was given a sanctuary near the Amphiaraus sanctuary (Apollod. 3,77; Paus. 2,23,2). The Argives consecrated Amphiaraus' chariot with B.'s statue to Delphi (Paus. 10,10,3). Bloch, René (Berne) Bibliography I. Krauskopf, s.v. B.I, LIMC 3.1, 83-87. [German version] [2] Attic comic poet, 3rd cent. BC Attic author of comedies in the 3r…

Aristomenes

(638 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Ἀριστομένης; Aristoménēs). [German version] [1] Messenian hero and freedom fighter (2nd half of 7th cent. BC) Messenian hero and freedom fighter, seen as a descendant of the Aepytids. With the support of Arcadians and Argives, A. was the supposed leader of a Messenian revolt against Sparta which lasted for many years. Paus. 4,14,6-24,3 reports that on his defeat, after initial successes, in the so-called battle of the ‘Great Trench’ because of the treachery of the Arcadian king  Aristocrates [1], A. retreated…

Poseidippos

(901 words)

Author(s): Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Albiani, Maria Grazia (Bologna)
(Ποσείδιππος). [English version] [1] Komödiendichter aus Kassandreia, um 290 v. Chr. Komödiendichter aus der maked. Stadt Kassandreia [1. test. 1, 2], der im dritten Jahr nach dem Tod des Menandros [4] (291/0 v. Chr.) mit dem Aufführen von Stücken begonnen haben soll [1. test. 1], viermal an den Dionysien erfolgreich war [1. test. 7] und mit Standbildern geehrt wurde [1. test. 10. 11]; seine Ἀποκλειομένη (‘Die Aus-/Eingesperrte) wurde im 2. Jh. v. Chr. mehrmals wiederaufgeführt [1. test. 8, 9]. Von P.' ‘bi…

Menestheus

(409 words)

Author(s): Stenger, Jan (Kiel) | Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Μενεσθεύς). [English version] [1] athen. Anführer vor Troja Sohn des Peteos, Urenkel des Erechtheus. M. führt vor Troia das Kontingent der Athener mit fünfzig Schiffen; nur Nestor kommt ihm darin gleich, Pferde und Krieger zur Schlacht zu ordnen (Hom. Il. 2,552ff.). Während Theseus im Hades zurückgehalten wird, erobern die Dioskuren Aphidna und setzen M. in Athen als König ein. Die Söhne des Theseus fliehen nach Euboia. Da M. die Gunst der Athener gewinnt, weisen sie Theseus bei seiner Rückkehr ab (Pau…

Aristomenes

(520 words)

Author(s): Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) | Ameling, Walter (Jena) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Ἀριστομένης). [English version] [1] Messenischer Freiheitsheld (2.H. 7. Jh. v. Chr.) Messenischer Freiheitsheld, der den Aipytiden zugeordnet wird. A. soll mit Unterstützung von Arkadern und Argivern einen langjährigen messenischen Aufstand gegen Sparta geleitet haben. Nach Paus. 4,14,6-24,3 zog er sich, als er nach ersten Erfolgen in der sog. Schlacht am “Großen Graben” durch den Verrat des arkad. Königs Aristokrates [1] geschlagen wurde, auf die nordmessenische Bergfestung Hira zurück, von wo aus er di…

Euthykrates

(214 words)

Author(s): Engels, Johannes (Köln) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen)
(Εὐθυκράτῆς). [English version] [1] Olynthier, verriet auf Anstiften Philippos' II. seine Heimatstadt E., ein Olynthier, ließ sich angeblich 348 v.Chr. von Philipp II. zum Verrat seiner Heimatpolis bestechen und trug damit Mitschuld an ihrer Vernichtung. E. wurde deswegen von Athen geächtet (Diod. 16,53,2; Demosth. or. 8,40; 9,56; 18,295; 19,265-267; Hyp. fr. 76 Jensen). Ca. 345-343 vertrat er als Syndikos die Delier im Streit mit den Athenern um die prostasía des Heiligtums in Delphi. Gegen Demades' Antrag, die Ächtung E.' aufzuheben und ihn sogar als athenischen próxenos zu eh…

Baton

(220 words)

Author(s): Bloch, René (Princeton) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Βάτων). [English version] [1] Wagenlenker des Amphiaraos Wagenlenker des Amphiaraos. Wie dieser stammte er aus dem Geschlecht des Melampus. Zusammen mit Amphiaraos und seinem Wagen wurde er in der Schlacht von Theben von der Erde verschlungen. Er besaß in Argos ein Heiligtum in der Nähe des Amphiaraos-Heiligtums (Apollod. 3,77; Paus. 2,23,2). Die Argiver weihten den Wagen des Amphiaraos mit der Statue des B. nach Delphi (Paus. 10,10,3). Bloch, René (Princeton) Bibliography I. Krauskopf, s.v. B.I, LIMC 3.1, 83-87. [English version] [2] att. Komödiendichter, 3. Jh. v. Chr. Att. Kom…

Kriton

(311 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Κρίτων). [English version] [1] Freund des Sokrates Wohlhabender gleichaltriger Freund des Sokrates, wie dieser aus dem Demos Alopeke (Plat. apol. 33d; Plat. Krit. 44b; Xen. mem. 2,9,2; 2,9,4); Gesprächspartner des Sokrates in Platons ‘Kriton und ‘Euthydemos und bei Xen. mem. 2,9,1-3. In Platons ‘Kriton rät K. Sokrates erfolglos zur Flucht aus dem Gefängnis. Der Epikureer Idomeneus behauptete, in Wirklichkeit habe nicht Kriton, sondern Aischines [1] aus Sphettos dies getan (Diog. Laert. 2,60; 3,36). Di…

Eudoxos

(1,305 words)

Author(s): Folkerts, Menso (München) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim)
(Εὔδοξος). [English version] [1] von Knidos Mathematiker und Astronom, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Einer der bedeutendsten ant. Mathematiker und Astronomen, wurde vermutlich 391/0 v.Chr. geb. (zur Problematik der Datierung [7. 137-139]). Er studierte Mathematik bei Archytas [1] und Medizin bei Philistion. Mit 23 J. kam er nach Athen und soll dort Vorlesungen u.a. bei Platon gehört haben. Auf Kosten knidischer Freunde ging E. vermutlich 365/4 [11] mit einem Empfehlungsschreiben des Agesilaos [2] an König Nektanebos nach Ä…

Eubulides

(519 words)

Author(s): Döring, Klaus (Bamberg) | Nesselrath, Heinz-Günther (Göttingen) | Neudecker, Richard (Rom)
(Εὐβουλίδης). [English version] [1] E. aus Milet Megariker, 4. Jh. v. Chr. Megariker. Die Lebenszeit des E. (Mitte 4. Jh. v.Chr.) bestimmt sich durch seine heftigen Attacken gegen Aristoteles, von denen in den Quellen mehrfach die Rede ist. Zum Teil handelte es sich dabei um persönliche Verunglimpfungen (Eus. Pr. Ev. 15,2,5), zum Teil um Kritik an bestimmten log. Theoremen des Aristoteles (Eubulides, SSR vol. 4, p.88). Möglicherweise setzte sich umgekehrt auch Aristoteles mit Lehren d…
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