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[English version] Griech. Schrift des 14. und der ersten H. des 15. Jh., benannt nach dem Hodegon-Kloster in Konstantinopolis, eine schwungvolle, kalligraphische, archaisierende Minuskel (Archaisierende Schrift) mit prägnanter Buchstabenstruktur, verhältnismäßig großem Schriftgrad, einem ausgewogenen Kontrast zw. kleinen und großen Buchstaben sowie einzelnen eckigen Formen; die gebogenen Striche laufen gelegentlich aufgespalten aus. In der Regel sind die im Hodegon-Kloster angefertigten Hss. auf P…

[English version] Eine L. aus Papyrus oder (meistens) aus Pergament ist Teil eines Codex oder Buches. Sie besteht aus einer bestimmten Anzahl gefalteter Blätter, die ineinandergelegt und entlang der Falte zusammengenäht werden; in der Regel liegen jeweils eine Haar- und eine Fleischseite der Pergamentbögen einander gegenüber. Die L. ist streng an das Format eines Codex gebunden: Schon Martial spricht von Notizbüchern aus Pergamentlagen ( membranae oder pugillares membranei, z. B. Mart. 1,2,3; 14,184 und 186). Weitere Belege für membrana finden sich bei Horaz (ars 386-390…

[English version] Sammelbegriff für griech. Schriften seit der 2. H. des 11. Jh. n. Chr., v. a. auf der Insel Zypern, z. T. aber auch in Palaestina, die erst ab der Mitte des 12. Jh. bis zum 14. Jh. ihre charakteristischen Züge vollständig entwickelten. Zu ihnen zählt bes. der sog. “Epsilon-Stil”, ein senkrechter, kalligraphischer Stil mit von unten ausgeführten Pseudo- Ligaturen, in zwei Ausprägungen: einer rechteckigen sowie einer kleinen runden. Letztere ist häufig vertreten in der sog. “Famili…

[English version] In der Gesch. der griech. und lat. Paläographie hat sich das Augenmerk erst spät auf den Sch. gerichtet. Erste ernsthafte Beschäftigung mit dem Gegenstand und seiner Begriffsbestimmung: J. Mallon [1]. Dessen Studien zum Wandel der lat. Schrift im 2. Jh. n. Chr. veranlaßten ihn zu der Annahme, daß der Übergang von der Majuskel zur Minuskel auf einem gewandelten Sch. beruhe; Sch. verstand er als die Stellung, die das Schreibinstrument zur intendierten Zeile einnimmt. Die behauptete…

[English version] Neben der lat. Beneventana gab es im MA eigenständige italogriech. Schriften (in der Forsch.-Terminologie oft mit “s. S.” gleichgesetzt). Aus Mangel an subskribierten ( subscriptio ) und lokalisierten Hss. ist die italogriech. Herkunft für griech. Majuskel-Codd. (Majuskel; Codex) nicht leicht nachweisbar. Einen italogriech. Ursprung darf man nur für einige griech. Hss. voraussetzen, die in Bibelmajuskel (z. B. Cod. Claromontanus mit den Paulus-Episteln, 5. Jh. n. Chr.) und in spitzbog…

[German version] Greek script type of the 2nd half of the 13th cent. to the beginning of the 14th cent. (contemporary with the first Paleologi Period) that is characterized by a striking contrast between the small, rounded and often crooked core of most letters and the oversized curves of omikron, sigma, beta, ypsilon, alpha and omega as well as by the inscribing of small letters into omikron, ypsilon and omega and in this way best represents the complete crumbling of the ancient minuscule canon (…

[German version] Greek script of the 14th and first half of the 15th cent., named for the Hodegon monastery in Constantinople, a cursive, calligraphic, archaizing minuscule ( Archaic script) with pronounced letter structure, relatively large body, a balanced contrast between large and small letters and some angular forms; the curved strokes occasionally are split at the ends. Usually, manuscripts produced in the Hodegon monastery are written on  parchment with a splendid layout. They were often wr…

[German version] A. Characteristics In Byzantine art history, Macedonian Renaissance (MR) usually refers to the classicist revival that took place mostly during the Macedonian dynasty (867-1056). It takes its name from its founder emperor Basilius [5] I (867-886), who was born in the thema of Macedonia. During that time Byzantium experienced its greatest expansion since Justinian. However, indications for a cultural Renaissance (including art) can be found as early as under Theophilus (829-842) (cf. the philosopher Leon [10]) and especially under Michael III (842-867; Kaîsar …

[German version] A quire of papyrus or (usually) of parchment is part of a codex or book. It consists of a specific number of sheets folded together and sewn along the crease; as a rule each hair side of a parchment sheet faces a flesh side. Quires are closely linked to the format of a codex: as early as Martial there is talk of notebooks of parchment quires ( membranae or pugillares membranei, e.g. Mart. 1,2,3; 14,184 and 186). Further mention of membrana can be found in Horace (Ars P. 386-390; Sat. 2,3,1-2), Persius (3,10 f.) and Quintilian (Inst. 10,3,31). The earliest codices probably cons…

[German version] Two 9th/10th-century Latin liturgical codices, not rediscovered until the beginning of the 1960s in the library of the Monastery of Saint Catherine in Sinai, exhibit a remarkably strong similarity to the Visigothic script and influences from Arabic and Byzantine bibliology. They presumably originate from one and the same scriptorium , which was exposed to oriental influences but also maintained Latin traditions. It was probably situated in the Syro-Palestinian area; a location in the Sinai peninsula, under Isl…

[German version] Collective term for Greek scripts from the 2nd half of the 11th cent. AD, esp. on the island of Cyprus, as well as from Palestine.  These scripts did not fully develop their characteristic traits until the period between 1250 and 1300. One of these traits is the so-called 'epsilon style', a vertical, calligraphic style with pseudo-ligatures executed with an upward stroke in two forms: a rectangular one and a small round one. The latter is common in the so-called 'Family 2400' of t…

[German version] In the palaeographic terminology of medieval MSS and papyri ductus is usually associated with the speed of execution of individual letterforms or ligatures. Sometimes (especially in French scholarship) the term refers to the number, sequence and direction of individual pen-strokes [1. 22]; that, however, is more a matter of the structure of the letters. Accordingly, the ductus can be described as ‘slow’ (calligraphic) or cursive, without excluding either calligraphic or cursive elements from some writing styles. In the first case, the…

[German version] The Greek Script of the Humanist period of the 15th and 16th cents. reveals a continuation of older trends and styles. Aside from Otrantine script ( South Italic script) which became rather insignificant even though it survived the Renaissance, other traditional types of script live on. Among the archaizing scripts was the so-called Hodegon style (14th cent.), used not only in eastern monasteries esp. for liturgical MSS, but also in the West by the leading copyists of the Renaissa…

[German version] In the history of Greek and Latin palaeography attention has only lately focused on the inclination of writing. The first serious work on the subject and its definition was by J. Mallon [1]. His studies on the change in Latin writing in the 2nd cent. AD brought him to the assumption that the transit…

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[German version] Byzantine bookhand, developed in the 2nd half of the 10th cent., and perfected in its last decade. It is characterized by a combination of typically round letter-forms with more or less slanting ones.  The name PS refers to the stringing together of longer letter-groups, written in pearl form and joined up in a string-like manner [1]; particularly noticeable are the circular Ο and the round Υ. PS usually slants a little to the right and is written in a uniform manner; letters sometimes have the shape of a tub, the ductus is normally fluid and s…

[German version] Manneristic style of writing Greek minuscules (also termed ‘Church Fathers' style’ because of the main texts in which it was used [1]) in the 10th cent. (913/4-983/4 on the dated examples), characterized in particular by buttonhole-shaped and knotty thickening of ascenders and in many of the small letters. The normally vertical and broadly executed script shows a strong tendency to bilinearism, with shortened ascenders and descenders; the round letters are given a squarish shape. …

[German version] In papyrology the definition of recto ( r.) and verso ( v.) has not always been straightforward and uncontroversial. R. normally refers to the side of the papyrus on which the fibres run horizontall…

[English version] Die Begriffsbestimmung von recto ( r.) und verso ( v.) war in der Papyrologie nicht immer einfach und unumstritten. Unter r. versteht man gewöhnlich die Seite des Papyrus, auf dem die Fasern horizontal verlaufen, also der innen liegende Teil der Papyrusrolle (Rolle), von dem man annimmt, daß er zuerst beschrieben wurde und an der sich auch die Klebung ( …

[English version] Griech. Schriftart der 2. H. des 13. Jh. bis zum Anf. des 14. Jh. (gleichzeitig mit der ersten Palaiologenzeit), die durch einen auffallenden Gegensatz zw. dem kleinen, gerundeten und of…