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( Izmail ), an Ottoman fortress town situated in the Bud̲j̲ak [ q.v.] region of Bessarabia, on the left bank of the Kilya arm of the river Danube. Ewliyā Čelebī states that a certain ḳapudān named Ismāʿīl brought this area under Ottoman domination ¶ in 889/1484 at the time when Sultan Bāyazīd II took Kilya and Aḳ-Kermān from Moldavia. Evidence dating from 997/1588-9. (cf. Uzunçarşili, IV/i, 576, note I) indicates that a small fort (palanka) was built at Ismāʿīl in that year, craftsmen from Wallachia and Moldavia being summoned to share i…

, (? -1125/1713), Ottoman Grand Vizier. The sources refer to him sometimes as “Moralī”, i.e., “from the Morea” and sometimes as “Enis̲h̲te”, i.e., “brother-in-law” (of the sultan, in this instance). He became a čokadār and then, in 1095/1683-4, rose to the rank of silāḥdār . On the accession to the throne of Süleymān II in Muḥarrem 1099/November 1687 he was made governor of Egypt (with the status of vizier)—an appointment that he held until 1101/1689-90, when, according to the Sid̲j̲ill-i ʿOt̲h̲mānī, he became mutaṣarri̊f of Brusa and Nicomedia (Izmid). Ḥ…

(pers. Andarūn, “inside”; turk. Enderūn). The term Enderūn (or Enderūn-i Humāyun) was used to designate the “Inside” Service (asopposed to Bīrūn [ q.v.], the “Outside” Service) of the Imperial Household of the Ottoman Sulṭān: i.e., to denote the complex of officials engaged in the personal and private service of the Sulṭān—included therein was the system of Palace Schools—and placed under the control of the Chief of the White Eunuchs, the Bāb al-Saʿādet Ag̲h̲asi̊ (the Ag̲h̲a of the Gate of Felicity— i.e., the gate leading from the second into the third court, proceeding inw…

, (?-1010/1601), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a, according to Pečewī (ii, 284), was of Bosnian origin. The Venetian sources refer to him as “di nazione schiavone” (Alberi, iii, 241-2, 290, 367-8) or “di Chersego” (Alberi, iii, 432; cf. also Soranzo, 10: “nativo della Provincia di Herzecovina”). Perhaps the most exact indication is that of Minadoi, who describes Ibrāhīm Pas̲h̲a ( Historia , 266) as “di natione schiavona, del luoco detto Chianichii, una breve giornata discosto da Ragusi”. Minadoi obtained his information from “C…

, the ancient Pergamon in Mysia (on which cf. the data and references given in Pauly-Wissowa). Armenians who had fled before the Muslim raids into Asia Minor settled in Byzantine Pergamon during the course of the 7th century. The Byzantine emperor Philippikos (711-713) was of Armenian descent and came from Pergamon. Muslim forces under Maslama b. ʿAbd al-Malik sacked the town in 716, but it was rebuilt and refortified after the Arabs had abandoned their attempt to take Constantinople in 717-718.…

(886-7?-946/1482?-1539), Ottoman Grand Vizier. Ayās Pas̲h̲a was an Albanian born in the region of Cimera (Himara) not far from Valona (ʿĀlī; Bragadino (9 June 1526); Geuffroy). According to Bragadino, Ayās Pas̲h̲a was 44 years old in 932/1526, had three brothers ("tre fradelli": not, as in Hammer, "tre fratelli monachi") and sent each month 100 ducats to his mother, "Christiana monacha a la Valona". The inscription on the gravestone of Ayās Pas̲h̲a at Istanbul refers to him as Ayās b. Meḥmed. Recruited through the devs̲h̲irme in the reign of Bāyazīd II (8…

(Turk., Eǧri; Hung., Eger; Ger., Erlau; Lat. and Ital., Agria), an old Hungarian town, 110 km. to the north-east of Buda, situated close to the massif of Bükk, i.e., to the eastern foot-hills of the Matrá mountains, and on the river Eger, which flows into the Tisza (Theiss). Eǧri was subject to Ottoman rule from 1005/1596 to 1099/1687. The Ottomans, in 959/1552, captured Temesvár and Szolnok (important in the future as a base for ¶ the concentration of the men and supplies needed for the conquest and thereafter for the retention of Eǧri) and then laid siege to Eǧri it…