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[German Version] (Oct 27, 1915, Tailfingen, Württemberg – June 20, 1989, Göttingen) was a Protestant scholar in New Testament studies and a disciple of R. Bultmann. He was …

[German Version] I. Ancient Near East – II. Greece – III. Rome – IV. The Bible – V. Christianity – VI. Judaism I. Ancient Near East Historiography in the classic sense, with a reflective account of historical linkages, developed rudimentarily at best in the cuneiform cultures of the ancient Near East in Hittite and Neo-Assyrian annals and the introductions to treaties; even these documents were usually written to justify the political actions. Around the middle of the 3rd millennium bce, however, there appeared an immense number of all sorts of texts containing more …

[German Version] I. Concept, Presuppositions – II. Development – III. Middle Eastern Church History and Historiography – IV. Religious Education I. Concept, Presuppositions 1. Concept The concept of church history has not yet been studied sufficiently, but it is already clear that since antiquity extraordinarily different conceptions of Christian historiography have been in simultaneous competition over the interpretation of past, present, and future. Often the different methodological option…

[German Version] ( Acts Paul). As with most apocryphal acts of the apostles, the text of the Acts Paul is also only preserved in fragments. Its content, Paul's missionary activity, depicted in the fo…

[German Version] ( Acts Pet.). Only a few fragments of Acts Pet., first attested (and rejected as non-canonical) with certainty by Eusebius of Caesarea ( Hist. eccl. III 3.2), are preserved. Among these, a Latin translation, the so-called Actus Vercellenses, which originated in the 3rd/4th century and adheres rather closely to the original Greek version of the Acts, represents the most important fragment offering about two-thirds of the original account of the Acts Pet. The Martyrdom of Peter ( Mart. Pet.) is chiefly transmitted in Greek. A text dealing with his daughter ( Papyrus Berolinensis Gnosticus [BG] 8502.4), which must have appeared in the now lost beginning portion of the Acts, stems from the Coptic tradition. The effort to rediscover it in NCH VI, 1, a writing titled Acts of Peter and the Twelve Apostles stemming from the 2nd/3rd century ( …

[German Version] The Council of Nicea in 787 rejected the Acts ofJohn as heretical. Only fragments have survived, but the content of the book can be reconstructed in its essentials: structurally similar to the other early apocryphal acts of the apostles, it recou…

[German Version] ( Acts Phil.). The Acts of Philip, first mentioned in the Decretum Gelasianum, contains 15 almost completely preserved episodes. They are linked by their Encratite character and the central figure of Philip, who combines elements of both the apostle (Philip [the Disciple]) and the evangelist mentioned in Acts (Philip …