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, a Mongol prince and ruler of the Golden Horde, grandson of Čingiz-Ḵh̲an and third son of Ḏj̲oči. Little is known of his early career. He took no part in the wars in Russia and Eastern Europe in the years 634-639/1237-1242 but was more frequently in Mongolia than Batu, whom he represented at the enthronement of Güyük (644/1246) and that of Möngke (649/1251). His yurt of appanage was originally situated, according to Rubruck, in the direction of Darband but by 653/1255 had on Batu’s orders been removed to the east of the Volga in order …

, the first of the Ḳutlug̲h̲ Ḵh̲āns of Kirmān. By origin a Ḳara-Ḵh̲itayan he was, according to Ḏj̲uwaynī, brought to Sulṭān Muḥammad Ḵh̲wārazm-S̲h̲āh after the defeat of the Ḳara-Ḵh̲itay on the Talas in 1210 and taken into his service, in which he rose to the rank of ḥād̲j̲ib or Chamberlain. According to Nasawī he had held this same office at the court of the Gür-Ḵh̲an or ruler of the Ḳara-Ḵh̲itay. Being sent on an embassy to Sulṭān Muḥammad he was forcibly detained by the latter until the final collapse of the Ḳara-Ḵh̲…

, Old Persian vrkāna , Arabic d̲j̲urd̲j̲ān , the ancient Hyrcania, at the South-east corner of the Caspian Sea. The province, which was practically equivalent to the modern Persian province of Astarābād̲h̲ [ q.v.] (now part of Ustān II) forms both in physical features and climate a connecting link between sub-tropical Māzandarān with its damp heat and the steppes of Dihistān in the north. The rivers Atrak [ q.v.] and Gurgān, to which the country owes its fertility and prosperity, are not an unmixed blessing on account ¶ of their inundations and the danger of fever which results. Gurgān playe…

The Central Asian Ḵh̲ānate to which Čag̲h̲atay gave his name was really not founded till some decades after the Mongol prince’s death. Čag̲h̲atay was succeeded by his grandson Ḳara-Hülegü, the son of Mö’etüken who fell at Bāmiyān. Ḳara-Hülegü had been designated as Čag̲h̲atay’s heir both by Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān himself and by Ögedey; he was however deposed by the Great Ḵh̲ān Güyük (1241-1248) in favour of Yesü-Möngke, the fifth son of Čag̲h̲atay, with whom Güyük was on terms of personal friendship. In 1…

a title (originally ḳag̲h̲an or k̲h̲ag̲h̲an ) borrowed by the Turks from the Juan-juan and meaning “[supreme] ruler”. It was applied by the heathen Turks themselves and the mediaeval Muslim geographers and historians not only to the heads of the various Turkish confederations but also to other non-Muslim rulers such as the Emperor of China. In the form ḳāʾan it was borne by the successors of Čingiz-K̲h̲ān [ q.v.], the Mongol Great K̲h̲āns in Ḳaraḳorum and Peking. Adopted by the Ottoman Sulṭāns, the title, first brought to Europe by the Avars in the 6th century A.D. (the kaganus …

(in Arabic script bātū ), a Mongol prince, the conqueror of Russia and founder of the Golden Horde (1227-1255), born in the early years of the 13th century, the second son of D̲j̲oči [see d̲j̲ūčī ]. During Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān’s lifetime D̲j̲oči, as his eldest son, had received as his yurt or appanage the territory stretching from the regions of Ḳayalïḳ and Ḵh̲wārazm to Saḳsïn and Bulg̲h̲ār on the Volga “and as far in that direction as the hoof of Tartar horse had penetrated”. The eastern part of this vast area, i.e., Western Siberia, the present-day Kazak̲h̲stān and the lower basin of the …

, a Turkish title ( k̲h̲an or ḳan ) first used by the Tʿu-chüeh apparently as a synonym of ḳag̲h̲an , the later k̲h̲āḳān [ q.v.], with which its relationship is obscure; it was afterwards normally applied to subordinate rulers. The title is first recorded in Muslim lands on the coins of the Ḳarak̲h̲ānids or Ilek K̲h̲āns [ q.v.]. Under the Sald̲j̲ūḳs and K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs, k̲h̲ān was the highest title of the nobility taking precedence over malik and amīr . It was applied by the Mongols to the head of an ulus [ q.v.], ḳāʾan , i.e. k̲h̲āḳān, being reserved for the Great K̲h̲ān in Ḳaraḳorum o…

, a town in the aymak of Övör K̲h̲angay in Central Mongolia, now in ruins; in the 7th/13th century it was for a short time the capital of the Mongol World Empire. The fullest accounts of the town are given by the European traveller William of Rubruck and the Persian historian D̲j̲uwaynī [ q.v.]. The ruins were first discovered in 1889 by N. M. Yadrentsey; they were visited and described by the members of the Russian expedition of 1891 led by Radlov; and in 1948-49 an expedition jointly organized by the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People’s Repub…

, a ruler of the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲ānate. A grandson of Mö’etüken, who fell before Bāmiyān, his father, Yesün-To’a, had been banished to China for his part in the conspiracy against the Great Ḵh̲an Möngke. Burāḳ himself began his career at the court of Möngke’s successor, Ḳubilay Ḵh̲an (1260-94). When in March 1266 Mubārak-S̲h̲āh, the son of Ḳara-Hülegü, was elected to the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲ānate, Ḳubilay dispatched Burāḳ to Mā warāʾ al-Nahr with a yarlīg̲h̲ or rescript appointing him co-regent with his cousin. Burāḳ at first concealed the yarlīg̲h̲ and then, having gained the support of…

, ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn ʿAṭā-Malik b. Muḥammad (623/1226-681/1283), a Persian governor and historian, author of the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i d̲j̲ahāngus̲h̲āy , a work which is almost our only source on the details of his life. His family belonged to Āzādwār, then the chief town of Ḏj̲uwavn ([ q.v.], No. 2). According to Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā ( al-Fak̲h̲rī , ed. Ahlwardt, 209) they claimed descent from Faḍl b. Rabīʿ, the vizier of Hārūn al-Ras̲h̲īd. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn’s great-grandfather, Bahāʾ al-Dīn Muḥammad b. ʿAlī, had waited on the K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āh Tekis̲h̲ [ q.v.] when in 588/1192 he passed through Āzādwār…

, a title of Sog̲h̲dian origin borne by the wives and female relations of the Tʿu-chüeh and subsequent Turkish rulers. It was employed by the Sald̲j̲uks and K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs and even by the various Čingizid dynasties. It was displaced in Central Asia in the Tīmūrid period by begüm , which passed into India and is still used in Pakistan as the title of a lady of rank. (J.A. Boyle) Bibliography G. Doerfer: Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, iii, 132-41 (No. 1159) Sir Gerard Clauson, An etymological dictionary of pre-thirteenth century Turkish, Oxford 1972, 602-3.

, the Turkish name for a Mongol people, the Oyrat, who in the time of Čingiz-K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] inhabited the forests to the west of Lake Baykal. The name is derived (probably only by popular etymology) from the verb ḳalmak ,, “to remain” and distinguishes the Oyrat, who “remained” pagans, from the Dungans (the Chinese-speaking Muslims), who had “returned” (the verb dönmek ), according to the well-known Muslim idea, to Islam. A group of the Oyrat had accompanied Hülegü to the west and played a certain rôle in Īl-K̲h̲ānid Persia. The peopl…

( Hülegü or rather Hüleʾü , the intervocalic g being purely graphie), the Mongol conqueror and founder of the dynasty of the II-K̲h̲āns [ q.v.] of Persia, born ca. 1217, was the grandson of Čingiz-K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] by the latter’s youngest son Toluy [ q.v.]. Sent by his brother the Great K̲h̲ān Möngke at the head of an army against the Ismāʿīlīs and the Caliph, he left Mongolia in the autumn of 1253, proceeding at a leisurely pace along a carefully prepared route, the roads having been specially cleared and levelled and bridges built across …

, Maḥmūd , Ilk̲h̲an [ q.v.] from 694/1295 until 713/1304, was born on 20 Rabiʿ I 670/5 November 1271, being the eldest son of Arg̲h̲ūn [ q.v.], then only in his thirteenth year. Upon his father’s accession G̲h̲āzān was appointed governor of Ḵh̲urāsān, Māzandarān and Ray, which provinces he continued to administer during the reign of Gayk̲h̲ātū [ q.v.]. He had been brought up as a Buddhist and, whilst governor, had ordered the construction of Buddhist temples in Ḵh̲abūshān (Ḳūčān); but shortly before his accession, during the war with Bāydū [ q.v.], he had been persuaded by his general…

, Mongol Great K̲h̲ān (1260-94), the brother and successor of Möngke [ q.v.], was born in 1215. In 1251 Möngke entrusted him with the administration of Northern China, and he took part in the subsequent war which his brother launched against the Sung rulers of the South. The conquest of the Sung was finally completed only during his own reign (1279), when the whole of China was again united under one ruler for the first time since the tenth century. Already in 1260 he had transferred the capital of the Empire from Ḳaraḳorum [ q.v.] to Peking, in Mongol K̲h̲ān-Bali̊g̲h̲ [ q.v.], i.e. “K̲h̲ān’s T…

, founder of the Čag̲h̲atay Ḵh̲anate [ q.v.], the second son of Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān and his chief wife Börte Fud̲j̲in. Already in his father’s lifetime he was regarded as the greatest authority on the Yasa (the tribal laws of the Mongols as codified by Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān). Like his brothers he took part in his father’s campaigns against China (1211-1216) and against the kingdom of the Ḵh̲wārizm-S̲h̲āh (1219-1224). Urgānd̲j̲, the latter’s capital, was besieged by the three princes Ḏj̲oči, Čag̲h̲atay and Ögedey and taken in Ṣafar 618/27th March-24th April 1221. In the sam…

, the title (“Princess”) of Sevin Beg, a grand-daughter of Özbeg, the ruler of the Golden Horde, and the wife successively of Tīmūr’s eldest son D̲j̲ahāngīr and his third son Mīrāns̲h̲āh. After Mīrāns̲h̲āh’s outbreak of madness at Tabrīz she came in person to Samarḳand to report his behaviour to Tīmūr. Dawlats̲h̲āh describes the interview with their father-in-law “with colourful details which are not in the other sources and can hardly be true”. (J.A. Boyle) Bibliography Ibn ʿArabs̲h̲āh, ʿAd̲j̲āʾib al-maḳdūr fī nawāʾib Tīmūr, Cairo 1305/1887-8 S̲h̲araf al-Dīn ʿAlī Yazdī, Ẓafar-nāma…

, a province in the north-west of China, bounded in the south and east by the provinces of Szechwan and Shensi and in the west and north by the province of Chinghhai and the Sinkiang Uighur and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions. The province, first formed under the Great Khan Ḳūbīlāy in 1282 A.D., received its name from the towns in the extreme north-west, Kanchou (Changyeh) and ¶ Suchou (Kiuchuan); both towns are already mentioned in the Ḥudūd al-ʿālam and Gardīzī, the former in the form K̲h̲āmd̲j̲ū (in the Mongol period Kamd̲j̲ū) and the latter as Suk̲h̲d̲j̲ū or Sūkd̲j̲ū. 1. To the end of t…

Arab. d̲j̲anza , the former Elizavetpol , now Kirovabad , the second largest town in the Azerbaijan S.S.R. ¶ The town was first founded under Arab rule, in 245/859 according to the Ta’rīk̲h̲ Bāb al-abwāb (V. Minorsky,A History of Sharvān and Darband , Cambridge 1958, 25 and 57). It is not mentioned by the oldest Arabic geographers like Ibn Ḵh̲urradād̲h̲bih and Yaʿḳūbī; it seems to have taken its name from the pre-Muslim capital of Ād̲h̲arbayd̲j̲ān (now the ruins of Tak̲h̲t-i-Sulaymān). Iṣṭak̲h̲rī. 187 and 193, mentions Gand̲j̲a only as a small town on the road from Bard̲h̲aʿa [ q.v.] to Tif…

or balāsaḳūn , a town in the valley of the Ču, in what is now Kirg̲h̲izia. The medieval geographers give only vague indications as to its position. Barthold, Otčet o poyezdke v Sredniya Aziyu , St. Petersburg 1897, 39, suggests its identity with Aḳ-Pes̲h̲in in the region of Frunze. A. N. Bernshtam, Čuyskaya dolina in Materialī i issledovaniya arkheologii S.S.S.R ., No 14 (1950), 47-55, agrees with Barthold and gives a description of the site. The town was a Soghdian foundation and in Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī’s time, i.e., in the second half of the 11th century, the Soghdian language still …

, Muʾayyad al-Dīn Muḥammad , the wazīr of al-Mustaʿṣim [ q.v.], the last ʿAbbāsid caliph. He belonged to a S̲h̲īʿī family, which hailed, according to Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, from the town of Nīl on the canal of the same name. The nisba al-ʿAlḳamī was first borne by his grandfather, who was so called after a canal he had dug and not, apparently, Alḳamī [ q.v.], the western branch of the Euphrates. According to Hindū-S̲h̲āh he held the post of ustād̲h̲ al-dār at the time of al-Mustaʿṣim’s accession. Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, a fellow-S̲h̲īʿī, speaks of his distinction ¶ as a scholar, calligrapher and biblio…

, a mediaeval town in the region of the present-day Kopal in Southern Kazak̲h̲stan, identified by A. N. Bernshtam with the hillfort Dungina 18 km. S.W. of Taldi̊ Kurgan. It is first mentioned as the headquarters of the Ḳarluḳ chieftain Arslan K̲h̲ān, who submitted to Čingiz-K̲h̲ān in the spring of 607/1211. Ḳayali̊ḳ was originally included in the territory assigned by Čingiz-K̲h̲ān to his eldest son D̲j̲uči [ q.v.] it was afterwards nominally part of the Čag̲h̲atay K̲h̲ānate though administered, like the whole agricultural zone from Ūyg̲h̲ūristān westwards to K̲h̲wārazm, by Masʿūd …

, the Ḳi̊pčaḳ Steppe, was the Islamic name of the territory called Comania by Christian writers: the great plains of what is now Southern Russia and Western Kazakhstan. Both names were given while This region was still dominated by the Ḳi̊pčaḳ or Comans (the Das̲h̲t-i Ḳi̊pcāḳ is mentioned in the Dīwān of Nāṣir-i K̲h̲usraw, who died between 465/1072 and 470/1077): they were retained when it passed under the control of the Golden Horde [see batu’ids ], who subjected and absorbed the Ḳi̊pčaḳ whilst adopting their speech in place of their native Mongo…

, the founder of the Mongol world-empire, was born in 1167 A.D. on the right bank of the Onon in the district of Deli’ün-Boldoḳ in the present-day Chita Region in eastern Siberia. The ultimate sources for the details of his early life are two Mongolian works, the Secret History of the Mongols , composed in 1240 (or perhaps as late as 1252), and the Altan Debter or "Golden Book", the official history of the Imperial family. This latter work has not survived in the original, but the greater part of it is reproduced in the Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Tawārīk̲h̲ of Ras̲h̲īd al-Dīn and the…

or rather D̲j̲oči (ca. 580-624/1184-1227), the eldest son of Čingiz-K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] and the ancestor of the K̲h̲āns of the Golden Horde, Ḳri̊m, Tiumen, Buk̲h̲ārā and K̲h̲īwa. A depalatalized, perhaps Turkish form of his name, Tos̲h̲i̊ or Dos̲h̲i̊, is represented by the Tūs̲h̲ī of D̲j̲uwaynī and D̲j̲ūzd̲j̲ānī, the Tosucchan ( i.e., Tos̲h̲i̊ K̲h̲ān) of Carpini and the Dūs̲h̲ī of Nasawī. The historical data on this progenitor of so many dynasties are sparse and contradictory. His very paternity is uncertain. It is implied in the Secret history of the Mongols that …

, the governor of Uṭrār [ q.v.] under Sultan Muḥammad K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āh [ q.v.]. A kinsman of the Sultan’s mother, Terken K̲h̲atun, he had been given the title of Ḳayi̊r-K̲h̲ān. It was the execution by his orders of an ambassador of Čingiz-K̲h̲ān [ q.v.] and a caravan of Muslim merchants accompanying him that led to the Mongol invasion of Muḥammad’s empire. Captured at Uṭrār after offering desperate resistance, he was put to death at Samarḳand in the spring of 617/1220. (J.A. Boyle) Bibliography Ḏj̲uwaynī-Boyle, 79-86, 367-8 Barthold, Türkestan 2, 398-9.

, the fifth in succession of the Mongol Il-Ḵh̲āns of Persia and a grandson of Hülegü, the founder of the dynasty. He reigned only for a few months since Gayk̲h̲atu, his predecessor, was strangled on Thursday 6 D̲j̲umādā II/21 April 1295 and he himself was put to death on Wednesday 23 D̲h̲u ’l-Ḳaʿda/5 October of the same year. Insulted by Gayk̲h̲atu, this young and apparently unimportant prince had become involved in a conspiracy of the Mongol amīrs against the Il-Ḵh̲ān whic…

, Arabic orthography of Mongol ḳurilta from ḳuri - “to collect, gather together”, an assembly of the Mongol princes summoned to discuss and deal with some important question such as the election of a new k̲h̲ān. D̲j̲uwaynī describes the ḳūrīltāys that preceded the accession of Ögedey, Güyük and Möngke. John de Piano Carpini was present in person at the ḳūriltāy held in the K̲h̲angay mountains at which Güyük was elected and enthroned. The institution still survived in the time of Tīmūr, when however it seems to have become little mo…

, the Russian form of the Turkish ḳi̊mi̊z “fermented mare’s milk”, “koumiss”, the staple drink of the steppe peoples of Eurasia from the earliest time. Herodotus refers to its manufacture by the Scyths and the Chinese sources to its use amongst the Ancient Turks and the K̲h̲itan. William of Rubruck, who calls it cosmos , describes in detail the production of this drink by the 13th-century Mongols: and we read in the Secret history of the ¶ Mongols how the youthful Čingiz-K̲h̲ān, fleeing from the Tayičiʾut, sought refuge in a tent “in which koumiss w…

, the son of Ḳas̲h̲i, the fifth son of the Great K̲h̲ān Ögedey, was born according to Ḏj̲amāl al-Ḳars̲h̲ī ca. 633/1235-6. The statement, still sometimes repeated, that he took part in the campaigns in Eastern Europe in 637-8/1240-1 is due to a confusion with his uncle, Ḳadan. Upon the accession of the Great K̲h̲ān Möngke, he was ordered to reside in the region of Ḳayali̊ḳ [ q.v.]. Upon the election of Kubilay [ q.v.] to the K̲h̲ānate, he took the part of the latter’s brother Ari̊g̲h̲ Böke in the civil wars that followed. When Ari̊g̲h̲ Böke surrendered to the Great K̲…

, the eldest son of Sultan Muḥammad K̲h̲wārazm-S̲h̲āh [ q.v.] and the last ruler of the dynasty. The spelling and pronunciation of his personal name (mnkbrny) are still uncertain. Such forms as Mangoubirti, Mankobirti, etc., are based upon a derivation first proposed by d’Ohsson, from the Turkish mengü in the sense of “Eternal [God]” and birti (for birdi ) “[he] gave”; but This etymology is now discredited. Muḥammad had originally designated his youngest son, Ḳuṭb al-Dīn Uzlag̲h̲-S̲h̲āh, as his successor, but shortly before his de…

This name, properly speaking the term (Turkish ind̲j̲ü ) applied to royal estates under the Mongols, is usually given to the dynasty which reigned ca. 703/1303-758/1357 in Fārs (S̲h̲īrāz), the founder of the dynasty, S̲h̲araf al-Dīn Maḥmūd-S̲h̲āh, having been sent thither by Öld̲j̲eytü to administer the royal estates. According to the Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Guzīda he was a descendant of ʿAbd Allāh Anṣārī [ q.v.]. Under Öld̲j̲eytü’s successor Abū Saʿīd he not only retained his office but was able to extend his power so that by ca. 725/1325 he was practically the independent ruler of S̲h̲īr…

ou Balāsakūn, ville située dans la vallée du Ču, dans ce qui est actuellement la Kirghizie. Les géographes médiévaux ne donnent que de vagues indications sur sa position; Barthold, Otčet o poyezdke v Sradniya Aziyu, St Pétersbourg 1897. 39, suggère son identité avec Aḳ-Pes̲h̲in dans la région de Frunze; A. N. Bernchtam, Čuyskaya dolina, dans Materialϊ i issledovaniya arkheologii S.S.S.R., n° 14 (1950), 47-55, s’accorde avec Barthold et donne une description du site. La ville était une fondation soghdienne, et à l’époque de Kās̲h̲g̲h̲arī, c’est-à-dire dans la seconde moitié du Ve/XIe …

, grand - k̲h̲ān mongol de 1260 à 1294, qui était le frère de Möngke [ q.v.] à qui il succéda. Né en 1215, il fut chargé par son frère, en 1251, de l’administration de la Chine septentrionale et prit part à la guerre engagée par Möngke contre les Sung qui régnaient dans le Sud. La conquête de leur royaume ne fut achevée que sous son propre règne (en 1279), et toute la Chine fut alors placée sous l’autorité d’un seul souverain, pour la première fois depuis le Xe siècle. Dès 1260, il avait transféré la capitale de l’empire de Ḳaraḳorum [ q.v.] à Pékin (en mongol: Ḵh̲ān-Balig̲h̲ [ q.v.] = la ville du ḳhān) et,…

, fondateur de l’empire mongol, naquit en 1167, sur la rive droite de l’Onon, dans le district de Deli’ün-Boldoḳ (actuellement région de Chita, en Sibérie orientale). Les premières sources qui donnent des détails sur les débuts de sa vie sont deux ouvrages mongols, l’ Histoire secrète des Mongols composée en 1241 (ou peut-être en 1252 seulement), et l’ Altan Debter ou «Livre d’or», histoire officielle de la famille impériale. Ce dernier ouvrage n’a pas survécu dans l’original, mais la plus grande partie en est reproduite dans le Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-tawārīk̲h̲ de Ras̲h̲īd al-dīn, et il en ex…

, titre turc ( k̲h̲ān ou ḳan) employé d’abord par les T’u-chûeh apparemment comme synonyme de ḳag̲h̲an. devenu plus tard k̲h̲āḳān [ q.v.], avec lequel son lien demeure obscur; il s’appliqua par la suite à des dynastes vassaux. On trouve pour la première fois ce titre, dans les pays d’Islam, sur les monnaies des Ilek Ḵh̲āns; sous les Sald̲j̲ūḳides et les Ḵh̲wārazm-S̲h̲āhs, ce fut le plus haut titre de la noblesse, et il précédait ceux de malik et d’ amīr. Les Mongols le conférèrent au chef d’un ulus [ q.v.], réservant celui de ḳaʾan, c’est-à-dire k̲h̲āḳān, au Grand-Ḵh̲ān résidant à Ḳaraḳor…

fondateur du k̲h̲ānat de Čag̲h̲atay [voir l’art, suivant], deuxième fils de Čingiz-k̲h̲ān et de sa principale épouse Börte Fud̲j̲in. Du vivant de son père, il était déjà considéré comme la plus grande autorité en matière de Yasa (loi tribale des Mongols codifiée par Čingiz-k̲h̲ān). Comme ses frères, il prit part aux campagnes de son père contre la Chine (1211-16) et le royaume du k̲h̲wārizm-S̲h̲āh (1219-24). Urgānd̲j̲, la capitale de ce dernier, fut assiégée par les trois princes Ḏj̲oči, Čag̲h̲atay et Ögedey, et prise en ṣafar 618/27 mars-24 avril 1221. La …

, prince mongol, conquérant de la Russie et fondateur de la Horde d’Or (624-53/ 1227-55), né dans les premières années du VIIe/ XIIIe siècle, second fils de Ḏj̲oči [ q.v.]. Du vivant de Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān, Dioči. en tant que fils ainé, avait reçu en yurt ou apanage le territoire s’étendant des régions de Ḳayali̊ḳ et Ḵh̲wārizm à Saksi̊n et Bulg̲h̲ar sur la Volga «et jusqu’où le sabot du cheval tartare était entré». La partie orientale de cette vaste ¶ région, c’est-à-dire la Sibérie occidentale, l’actuel Kazak̲h̲stan et le bassin inférieur du Si̊r-Daryā, passèrent à la mort de …

(persan ancien Vrkāna, arabe Ḏj̲urd̲j̲ān), l’ancienne Hyrcanie à l’angle Sud-est de la mer Caspienne. La province, qui était à peu près l’équivalent de la province persane actuelle d’Astarābād̲h̲ [ q.v.] (aujourd’hui partie del ’Ustān II), forme, à la fois par ses traits physiques et par son climat, un trait d’union entre le Māzandarān sub-tropical, avec sa chaleur humide, et les steppes de Dihistān dans le Nord. L’Atrek [ q.v.] et le Gurgān auxquels le pays doit sa fertilité et sa prospérité, ne sont pas un bienfait sans mélange à cause de leurs inondations et …

(K̲h̲ānat de—). Le Ḵh̲ānat d’Asie centrale auquel Čag̲h̲atay donna son nom ne fut en réalité fondé que quelques décennies après la mort du prince mongol. Čag̲h̲atay eut pour successeur son petit-fils Ḳara-Hülegü, fils de Möʾetuken qui tomba à Bāmiyān. Ḳara-Hülegü avait été désigné comme l’héritier de Čag̲h̲atay, à la fois par Čingiz-k̲h̲ān lui-même et par Ögedey; il fut cependant déposé par le grand-Ḵh̲ān Güyük (1241-48) en faveur du cinquième fils de Čag̲h̲atay, Yesü-Möngke, que Güyük avait en a…

, le premier des ḳutlug̲h̲-k̲h̲āns du Kirmān. D’origine ḳara-k̲h̲itay, il fut, selon Ḏj̲uwaynī, amené au sultan Muḥammad Ḵhwārizm-S̲h̲āh après la défaite des Ḳara-Ḵh̲itay sur le Talas en 606/1210 et, entré à son service, il accéda au rang de ḥād̲j̲ib ou chambellan. Selon Nasawī, il avait eu la même charge à la cour du Gür-Ḵh̲ān ou souverain des Ḳara-Ḵh̲itay. Envoyé en ambassade au sultan, il fut détenu de force par ce dernier jusqu’à l’effondrement final des Ḳara-Ḵh̲itay, et ce ne fut qu’à cette date qu’il fut admis à son service. Q…

, titre (à l’origine Ḳag̲h̲an ou K̲h̲ag̲h̲an) emprunté par les Turcs aux Juan-juan (Avares) et signifiant «souverain». Il fut appliqué par les Turcs paϊens eux-mêmes et les géographes et historiens du moyen âge non seulement aux chefs des diverses confédérations turques, mais aussi à d’autres souverains non-musulmans, comme l’empereur de Chine. Sous la forme ḳaʾan, il fut porté par les successeurs de Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān, les Grands-Ḵh̲āns mongols de Ḳaraḳorum et Pékin. Adopté par les sultans ottomans, le titre, d’abord apporté en Europe par les Avars au VIe siècle de J. C. (le kaganus, etc. …

, terme qui est, à proprement parler, le nom (en turc ind̲j̲ü) donné aux domaines royaux sous les Mongols, mais s’applique, d’après l’usage, à la dynastie qui régna sur le Fārs (S̲h̲īrāz)d’environ ¶ 703 à 758/1303-57, son fondateur, S̲h̲araf al-dīn Maḥmūd-S̲h̲āh, ayant été envoyé dans cette région par Öld̲j̲eytü pour y administrer les domaines royaux. Selon le Taʾrīk̲h̲-i Guzīda, S̲h̲araf al-dīn était un descendant de ʿAbd Allāh Anṣārī [ q.v.]; sous Abū Saʿīd, successeur d’Öld̲j̲eytü, il conserva sa charge et parvint à augmenter sa puissance au point que, vers 72…

, Muʿayyad al-dīn Muḥammad, wazīr d’al-Mustaʿṣim [ q.v.], dernier calife ʿabbāside; il appartenait à une famille s̲h̲īʿite originaire, selon Ibn al-Ṭiḳṭaḳā, de la ville de Nīl, sur le canal du même nom. La nisba al-ʿAlḳamī fut attribuée pour la première fois à son grand-père qui fut ainsi appelé d’après un canal qu’il avait fait creuser, et non, semble-t-il, d’après le Alḳamī [ q.v.], branche occidentale de l’Euphrate. Selon Hindū S̲h̲āh, il occupait le poste d’ ustād̲h̲ al-dār au moment de l’accession au trône d’al-Mustaʿṣim. Ibn al-Tiḳtaḳā, s̲h̲īʿite lui-même, fait l’…

, ville de l’ aimak d’Övör Khangay, en Mongolie centrale, aujourd’hui en ruine; au VIIe/XIIIe siècle, elle fut, pour une courte période, la capitale de l’empire mondial mongol. L’exposé le plus complet sur cette ville est donné par le voyageur européen Guillaume de Rubrouck et par l’historien persan al-Ḏj̲uwaynī [ q.v.]. C’est N. M. Yadrent̲s̲ev qui, en 1889, fut le premier à en découvrir les ruines et celles-ci furent, en 1891, visitées et décrites par les membres d’une expédition russe dirigée par Radlov. En 1948-9, une expédition conjointe, …

, cinquième des Il-Ḵh̲āns mongols de Perse dans l’ordre de succession et petit-fils deHülegü, fondateur de la dynastie. Il ne régna que quelques mois puisque Gayk̲h̲atu, son prédécesseur, fut étranglé le jeudi 4 d̲j̲umādā II 694/21 avril 1295, etil fut’lui-même mis à mort le mercredi 23 d̲h̲ū l-ḳaʿda/4 oct. de la même année. Injurié par Gayk̲h̲atu, ce jeune prince en apparence peu important avait été entraîné dans une conspiration des amīrs mongols contre l’Il-Ḵh̲ān, laquelle aboutit à la déposition et à l’exécution de ce dernier; les conspirateurs avaientalors en…

, nom turc donné à un peuple mongol, les Oyrat, qui, à l’époque de Čingiz-K̲h̲ān, habitait les forêts situées à l’Ouest du lac Baykal; ce nom provient (probablement par simple étymologie populaire) du verbe ḳalmaḳ «demeurer», et distingue les Oyrat, qui étant «demeurés» paϊens, des Dungans (Musulmans sinophones) qui étaient «retournés» (du verbe dönmek), selon la croyance musulmane bien connue, à la foi islamique. Un groupe de ces Oyrat accompagna Hülegü vers l’Ouest et joua un certain rôle dans la Perse īl-k̲h̲ānide; mais le peuple, dans son ense…

, ville médiévale de la région du Kopal actuel, dans le Sud du Kazak̲h̲stan; A. N. Bernshtam l’a identifiée à la hauteur fortifiée de Dungina située à 18 km. au Sud-ouest de Taldi̊ Kurgan. Il en est question pour la première fois comme quartier-général du chef ḳarluḳ Arslān Ḵh̲ān qui fit sa soumission à Čingiz-Ḵh̲ān au printemps de 607/1211. Ḳayali̊ḳ fut d’abord incluse dans le territoire assigné par ce dernier à son fils Ḏj̲uči [ q.v.] et, par la suite, elle fit nominalement partie du k̲h̲ānat čag̲h̲atay bien qu’elle fût administrée par Masʿūd Beg [ q.v.], en même temps que l’ensemble de…

, titre (= princesse) de Sevin Beg, petite-fille d’Özbeg, chef de la Horde d’Or, qui épousa successivement Ḏj̲ahāngīr, l’aîné, et Mīrāns̲h̲āh, le troisième des fils de Tīmūr. Après l’accès de folie de Mīrāns̲h̲āh à Tabrīz, elle se rendit à Samarḳand pour rendre compte à Tīmūr de la conduite de son époux. Dawlats̲h̲āh raconte son entrevue avec son beau-père «avec des détails colorés qui ne figurent pas dans les autres sources et ne peuvent guère être vrais». (J.A. Boyle) Bibliography Ibn ʿArabs̲h̲āh, ʿAd̲j̲āʾib al-maḳdūr fī nawāʾib Tīmūr, Caire 1305/1887-8 S̲h̲araf al-dīn ʿAlī Yazdī, Ẓa…

Maḥmūd, Īlk̲h̲ān [ q.v.] de 694 à 703/1295-1304, naquit le 29 rabīʿ I 670/4 novembre 1271; il était le fils aîné d’Arg̲h̲ūn [ q.v.], alors âgé de 12 ans seulement. A l’avènement de son père, G̲h̲āzān fut nommé gouverneur des provinces du Ḵh̲urāsān, du Māzandarān et de Rayy qu’il continua d’administrer sous le règne de Gayk̲h̲ātū [ q.v.]. Comme il avait été ¶ élevé dans le Bouddhisme, il fit construire des temples bouddhistes à Ḵh̲abūs̲h̲ān (Ḳučān), à l’époque où il était gouverneur; mais, peu avant son avènement, pendant la guerre avec Bāydū [ q.v.], son général Nawrūz l’avait persuadé …