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[German version] [1] First wife of Seleucus I (end of the 4th cent. BC) Daughter of the Bactrian Spitamenes, married at the ‘mass wedding’ staged in Susa in 324 BC by Alexander [4] the Great, to Seleucus I, mother of Antiochus [2] I. Her subsequent fate, once Seleucus married Stratonice, daughter of Demetrius Poliorcetes, is unknown (Inscr. Didyma 113; 479 f.; Str. 12,578; 16,479; Plut. Demetr. 31,5; Arr. Anab. 7,4; App. Syr. 57).…

[German version] (σωματοφύλακες/ sōmatophýlakes; from sôma = 'body' and phyláttein = 'keep guard'; sing. sōmatophýlax) were among the Greeks the bodyguards of high-ranking personages - sometimes nobles themselves (e.g. Diod. Sic. 14,43,3; cf. Hdt. 7,205; 8,124; Xen. Hell. 6,4,14). Two circles of attend…

[German version] (Εὐκρατίδης; Eukratídēs). The son of Heliocles and Laodice, overthrew Demetrius I of Bactria and India about 170 BC on behalf of his cousin Antiochus IV and made himself ‘great king’. About 150 (?) E. was murdered by his son. Soon after E.'s death the Bactrian kingdom came to an end due to external attacks (HN 838f.; Str. 11,9,2, 11,11,2; 15,1,3; Iust. 41,6,1-5 Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibliography The Cambridge History of Iran 3, 1984 A. N. Lahiri, Corpus of Indo-Greek Coins, 1965 …

[German version] (Λαγόρας; Lagóras). As an officer of Ptolemaios IV, L. of Crete tried in vain in 219 BC to occupy the narrow pass of Berytus before Antiochus [5] III. Later, he defected to Antiochus. In the latter's war against Achaeus [5], L. forced his way into the besieged city of Sardis at an unguarded position on the city wall and opened a gate to the besiegers (Pol. 5,61,9; 7,15-18). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibliography …

[German version] (Ἐπιφανής; Epiphanḗs, ‘god manifest’). Epithet of Hellenistic rulers, already evident in Athens in the early Hellenistic period (307 BC) in the godlike veneration of Antigonus [1] Monophthalmos and his son Demetrius Poliorketes and the decrees issued in their honour. In this, the beneficial power ( Epiphany) of the manifest deities was transferred to and celebrated in the physically present ( …

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[German version] (Πολυξενίδας/ Polyxenídas). Banished Rhodian (Liv. 37,10,1; App. Syr. 21,97), general and admiral under Antiochus [5] III, in 209 BC led Cretan auxiliary troops against the Parthian king Arsaces [2] II (Pol. 10,29,6). In the war against Rome he was beaten at Corycus in 191, destroyed the Rhodian fleet under Pausistratus at Samian Panormus in 190 (Liv. 37,8-11) and after a success against the Romans lost half his fleet at Myonnesus (Liv. 36,41-45; 37,27-30; App. Syr. 22,103-109; 24,114-120; 27, 132-136).…

[German version] (Ζαρίαδρις/ Zaríadris). Antiochus [5] III's governor in Armenia, together with Artaxias [1]. The two defected after Antiochus's defeat by the Romans in 189 BC and assumed royal titles, Z. in the western part of Armenia (particularly Sophene, Acilisene, Odomantis; capital probably at Carcathiocerta). Successors may have ruled until c. 93 BC (Str. 11,14,2; 5; 15). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) …

[German version] (Ξενοίτας; Xenoítas) from Achaea. In 221 BC Antiochus [5] III sent him as a stratēgós with full authority against the renegade Molon [1] who defeated him with a ruse after an early victory, despite support from the governors of Susiana and Mesene (Pol. 5,45,6; 46,9-48,9). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/…

[German version] (Γαρσύηρις; Garsýeris, because of -υηρις/υερις late Hittite-Luwian? [1. 669]). As a cast-out officer of Achaeus [5], he advised the latter in 221/0 BC to secede from Antiochus III. In the dispute of the Pisidian towns Pednelissus and Selge in 218, he intervened against Pednelissus together with several other towns of the region, but without the help of Side. Together with Achaeus he forced Selge to accept a peace and pay money (Pol. 5,57; 72-76). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibliography 1 Zgusta. A. Bouché-Leclercq…

[German version] The kings who are most often referred to as Seleucids are Antiochus [2-14] and Seleucus [2-8], less often, Demetrius [I7-9] and Philippus [24-25]. The Seleucids, who were frequently related by marriage to other royal families, were the descendents of Seleucus [2], the founder of the Macedonian kingdom and dynasty in Asia Minor, the Middle East and Central Asia; they ruled over the largest kingdom (a maximum of …

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M. was installed by Cassius [I 10] Longinus as ruler (‘ tyrannos ’) of the city of Tyre in 43/2 BC. M. supported the Hasmonean Antigonus [5], who had returned from exile, in his attempt to regain ground in Galilee and Judea against Herod ( Herodes [1]). Herod drove M. out of Galilee, but gave gifts to some of the captured Tyrian soldiers and sent them home (Jos. BI. 1,238f.; Ant. Iud. 14,297f.). [German version] [1] Ruler of the city of Tyre, 43/2 v.Chr. Marion M. was installed by Cassius [I 10] Longinus as ruler (‘ tyrannos’) of the ci…

(Ἰοτάπη; Iotápē). [German version] [1] Daughter of Antiochus [18] IV of Commagene Daughter of Antiochus [18] IV of Commagene. She was married to Alexander, the son of Tigranes, a descendant of Hero and for a short while king of Armenia. With the support of the Roman emperor Vespasian (= AD 79) her husband became king of a small territory in Cilicia and had coins minted with images of himself and his wife (Jos. Ant. Iud. 18, 139-141). Mehl, Andreas (Halle/Saale) Bibliography R. D. Sullivan, The Dynasty o…

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(Ἱππόλοχος; Hippólochos). [German version] [1] Son of Bellerophontes Son of  Bellerophontes, father of the Lycian Prince  Glaucus [4] (Hom. Il. 6,206 et passim). Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) [German version] [2] Trojan Trojan, falls into Agamemnon's hands alongside his brother  Peisander. Agamemnon harshly rejects the ransom for the brothers by pointing to their father  Antimachus' [1] guilt and kills them both (Hom. Il. 11,122-148). Stoevesandt, Magdalene (Basle) Bibliography P. Wa…

(Διόδοτος; Diódotos). [German version] [1] Author of 'people's resolution' about the fate of the Mytileans, 428/27 BC In 428/27 BC author of the psḗphisma (‘people's resolution’) about the fate of the Mytileneans. D. gave a speech against Cleon (Thuc. 3,41-49,1). Traill, PAA 328540. Kinzl, Konrad (Peterborough) Bibliography …

(Ἀραβάρχης; Arabárchēs) [German version] [1] Office in roman Egypt Office in Roman Egypt, attested as from 2nd cent. AD (OGIS 202), but it may have had Ptolemaic models. A college of arabarchai was responsible for levying the import tax in Coptus in the mid 2nd cent. (SB 18,13167, vers. 2,11 ff.). The distribution of tasks is unclear with the παραλήμπτης τῆς Ἐρύθρας θαλάσσης ( paralḗmptēs tês Erýthras tha…

(Φιλέταιρος; Philétairos). [German version] [1] Attic poet of the Middle Comedy, 4th cent. BC Attic poet of the Middle Comedy (1st half of 4th cent. BC), according to Dicaearchus, son of the comic poet Aristophanes [3] [1. test. 1; 2. 192], though this remains uncertain owing to some discrepancies in ancient tradition [3]. In the list of victors at the Lenaea, P. has two victories immediately after Anaxandrides and before Eubulus. Of the total of 21 pieces attributed to P. by the Suda [1. test. 1], the titles…