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Scepticism

(3,238 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
A. IntroductionScepticism in the 18th century became emphatically pluralized. The various scepticisms and antiscepticisms of the Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment were functionally differentiated and often made no explicit reference to ancient Pyrrhonism or the scepticism of the Platonic Academy. The editing (E. Ancient texts, editing of) of the works of Sextus Empiricus which began in the 16th century and the uninterrupted availability of Cicero’s Academica [27] meant that the conditions had long been present for proper understanding of sceptical ende…
Date: 2021-01-25

Geschichtstheologie

(1,935 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
1. BegriffDer Begriff G. ist eine polemische Schöpfung des ersten Drittels des 20. Jh.s. Als Kampfparole hatte er mindestens dreifache Stoßrichtung:(1) G. richtete sich gegen den Anspruch der Geschichtsphilosophie (= Gphil.), über ein Deutungsprimat zu verfügen, das die Gesamtheit der Geschichte als eine exklusiv von menschlichem Handeln bestimmte Einheit zu verstehen lehrte. Dagegen reaktualisierte G. Gott als Subjekt und Herrn der Geschichte und war gleichzeitig um den Nachweis bemüht, dass der Gphil. die (jüd.-)christl. Vorstellun…
Date: 2019-11-19

Skeptizismus

(2,768 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
A. AllgemeinesSkeptizismus vervielfältigte sich im 18. Jahrhundert, sodass von dem Skeptizismus im Singular und mit bestimmtem Artikel kaum mehr zu reden ist. Die verschiedenen Skeptizismen und Antiskeptizismen in Aufklärung und Gegenaufklärung waren funktional ausdifferenziert und verzichteten oft auf explizite Bezüge zum antiken Pyrrhonismus oder zur Skepsis der platonischen Akademie. Mit der Edition der Werke des Sextus Empiricus bereits im 16. Jahrhundert und der ungebrochenen Verfügbarkeit namentlich von Ciceros Academica[27] bestanden seit Langem die Gru…
Date: 2020-07-23

History, theology of

(2,215 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
1. DefinitionThe term  theology of history is a polemical creation of the first third of the 20th century. As a war cry, it had at least three thrusts:1) It was directed against the claim of the philosophy of history (History, philosophy of) to enjoy interpretive priority in understanding the totality of history as something determined exclusively by human actions. By contrast the theology of history reintroduced God as subject and Lord of history and endeavored also to show that the philosophy of history was based on th…
Date: 2019-10-14

Schweitzer

(748 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[English Version] Schweitzer, Albert (14.1.1875 Kaysersberg, Oberelsaß – 4.9.1965 Lambarene, Gabun, Afrika) I. Leben Aus einem liberalen Pfarrhaus stammend, studierte Sch. Philos. und Theol. in Straßburg, Paris und Berlin, nahm Orgelunterricht bei Ch.-M. Widor (mit dem er später die krit. Ausg. der Orgelwerke J.S. Bachs veranstaltete), promovierte 1899 mit einer Arbeit über I. Kants Religionsphilos. zum Dr. phil., 1900 zum Lic. theol., wurde im selben Jahr Vikar an St. Nicolai in Straßburg, 1902 PD für NT un…

Tzschirner

(142 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[English Version] Tzschirner, Heinrich Gottlieb (14.11.1778 Mittweida bei Leipzig – 17.2.1828 Leipzig), ev. Theologe. 1805 o.Prof. in Wittenberg, seit 1809 in Leipzig, ab 1815 zugleich Pastor und Superintendent. T. konzipierte einen offenbarungsgläubigen, ethisch-krit. Rationalismus, dem der Inhalt des Christentums als vernünftig, dessen bibl. Offenbarungsgestalt hingegen als übernatürlich galt. Als bedeutender Prediger und erfolgreicher kirchenpolit. Publizist trat T. gegen die theol. und polit. Re…

Grynaeus, Johannes

(168 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Jun 8, 1705, Läufelfingen, Switzerland – Apr 11, 1744, Basel) was a Reformed theologian, initially trained as acanonist, who became professor of loci communes and contoversiae theologicae in 1738, after 1740 professor of NT, at the University of ¶ Basel. As a student of S. Werenfel and Jakob Christoph Iselin a proponent of “rational orthodoxy,” Grynaeus devoted himself, initially guided by J.L. Frey, to the study of Semitic languages and worked to demonstrate the rationality of major Christian dogma…

Schweitzer, Albert

(886 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Jan 14, 1875, Kaysersberg, Upper Alsace – Sep 4, 1965, Lambarene, Gabon, Africa). I. Life The son of a liberal Protestant pastor, Schweitzer studied philosophy and theology Strasbourg, Paris, and Berlin, and studied organ with C.-M. Widor (with whom he later prepared the crit. ed. of J.S. Bach’s organ works). He received his Dr.phil. in 1899 with a dissertation on I. Kant’s philosophy of religion. In 1900 he received his Lic.theol.; in the same year, he was appointed assistant at Sankt Nikolai …

Gernler, Lukas

(196 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Aug 19, 1625, Basel – Feb 9, 1675, Basel). A Reformed theologian, Gernler became diaconus communis in 1649 and president of the church in Basel in 1656; in the same year he was made professor of Loci communes and Controversiae theologicae at the University of Basel. He also held the OT chair from 1665. He vigorously opposed the irenic proposals of John Durie and the moderate doctrine of grace espoused by the seminary at Saumur. The Syllabus controversiarum (1662), whose primary author was Gernler, defended a strictly orthodox Reformed theology (Orthodoxy:…

Grynaeus, Johann Jakob

(312 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Gryner; Oct 1, 1540, Bern – Aug 13, 1617, Basel) was a Protestant theologian, appointed in 1559, after studying in the University of Basel, as curate for his father, Thomas Grynaeus (1512–1564), who was chaplain of the Margrave of Baden. He received the Dr.theol. from Tübingen in 1564 and succeeded his father in Röteln in 1565. Increasingly, Grynaeus, who originally sympathized with the Lutheran doctrine of communion, turned to the Reformed understanding and away from the dogma o…

Tzschirner, Heinrich Gottlieb

(162 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Nov 14, 1778, Mittweida, near Leipzig – Feb 17, 1828, Leipzig), Protestant theologian. After appointment to a chair at Wittenberg, he moved to Leipzig in 1809, where he also served as pastor and superintendent. Tzschirner conceptualized a critical ethical rationalism, open to revelation, in which the substance of Christianity was deemed rational but its revealed form in the Bible supernatural. A noted preacher and successful commentator on ecclesiastical politics, he opposed the …

Frey, Johann Ludwig

(178 words)

Author(s): Sommer, Andreas Urs
[German Version] (Nov 16, 1682, Basel – Feb 28, 1759, Basel), Reformed theologian, and, as a student of S. Werenfels, a proponent of “rational orthodoxy” (Orthodoxy: II, 2.b). From 1711 as professor of history and associate professor of theology, and in 1737 as professor of Old Testament at the University of Basel, Frey endeavored to integrate the results of secular studies into theology (Frey already employed R.Descartes's philosophy apologetically in his 1699 master's thesis), although he abrupt…

Utilitarismus

(2,169 words)

Author(s): Eckert, Georg | Sommer, Andreas Urs
1. DefinitionDie diversen Spielarten des U. sind konsequentialistisch, d. h. ihnen ist die Orientierung an den Folgen von Handlungen gemein; ihre Maxime bildet das Prinzip der Nützlichkeit. Als eher unscharf konturierte Denkform erlebte der U. im weiteren Sinne in der Frühen Nz. eine steile Karriere zum handlungsleitenden Paradigma. Zugleich meint der U. im engeren Sinne ein scharf konturiertes philosophisches Programm, zu dem sich mehrere Denkströmungen im späten 18. Jh. vereinten.Georg EckertAndreas Urs Sommer2. DimensionenVersteht man U. im weiteren Sinne als Sa…
Date: 2019-11-19

Utilitarianism

(2,267 words)

Author(s): Eckert, Georg | Sommer, Andreas Urs
1. DefinitionThe diverse varieties of utilitarianism are all consequentialist, that is, they share a focus on the consequences of actions; their maxim is the principle of utility. As a rather vaguely defined way of thinking, utilitarianism in the broader sense enjoyed a rapid diffusion at the beginning of the early modern period as a program for action based on its principles. At the same time, in the narrower sense, it was a well-defined philosophical program in which several schools of thought coalesced in the late 18th century.Georg Eckert2. DimensionsIf we understand utilitari…
Date: 2023-11-14

Numismatik

(2,484 words)

Author(s): Hübner, Ulrich | Uehlinger, Christoph | Sommer, Andreas Urs | Ilisch, Lutz
[English Version] I. Zum Begriff N. ist die Wiss. vom hist. Geld- und Münzwesen. Namensgebend ist die Münze (griech. n̆ο´μισμα, lat. nummus). Nach ersten Versuchen in der Renaissance etablierte sich die N. spätestens seit Johann Hilarius Eckhel (1737–1798) als moderne Wiss. und entwickelte ein eigenes methodisches Instrumentarium. Ulrich Hübner II. Bedeutung 1.Für die Archäologie Als meist autorisierte offizielle Dokumente haben Münzen durch ihre epigraphischen und ikonographischen Informationen einen hohen hist. Quellenwert für die Kultur-, Rel…

Numismatics

(2,847 words)

Author(s): Hübnerr, Ulrich | Uehlinger, Christoph | Sommer, Andreas Urs | Hübner, Ulrich | Ilisch, Lutz
[German Version] I. Definition Numismatics is the historical science of money and coinage. The name derives from the Greek and Latin words for “coin”: νόμισμα/ nómisma, nummus. Following some pioneering work in the Renaissance, numismatics has established itself as a modern science at least since Johann Hilarius Eckhel (1737–1798), with its own methodological tools. II. Importance 1. Archaeology. As usually authorized official documents, coins with their epigraphic and iconographic information are of great value as sources for the history of civilizati…