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Voice and Diathesis
(4,835 words)
“Voice,” “diathesis,” and “
genus
verbi” are terms that have been employed in very different ways, particularly in approaches to the lexicon and (morpho)syntactic interface of Slavic languages. Theoretical assumptions concerning grammar and lexicon (first of all, notions about lexical units, grammatical categories, inflection, and the role played by morphology) have varied widely. The article supplies a survey of the central notions, and of the frameworks behind them, which since the 19th ce…
Date:
2024-01-23
Differential Argument Marking (DAM) (forthcoming)
(5 words)
forthcomingBjörn Wiemer
Date:
2024-01-23
Insubordination
(7,890 words)
Insubordination is defined by Evans (2007: 376) as “conventionalized main clause use of what, on prima facie grounds, appear to be formally subordinate clauses.” This formulation implies a diachronic and a synchronic perspective. From the diachronic point of view, insubordination amounts to a change by which a clause “gets rid” of its subordinate status (e.g., as a complement or adverbial clause), i.e., it no longer occurs embedded and conveys its own illocution. This has been captured as main-c…
Date:
2024-01-23
Lexeme
(3,705 words)
The
“lexeme” has occupied center stage in Russian structuralist theories of morphology and its interface with lexicology. The article traces the history of this notion, its different treatments in Russian linguistics, which has influenced grammatical and lexicographic theory in other Slavic-speaking countries, and how these approaches differ from approaches outside of Slavic linguistics. “Lexeme” is intimately connected to the notion of paradigm and, thus, important for a classification o…
Date:
2024-01-23
Inflectional Systems
(6,160 words)
Inflectional systems can be regarded as paradigms, that is, abstract systems of intersecting grammatical properties (features), as sets of morphophonological word forms, and as members of a lexeme. Purely inflectional systems are compared with voice alternations, transpositions, and evaluative morphology. Affixal inflection is compared with periphrasis and clitic constructions. Careful and explicit description is needed to draw the boundaries between inflectional systems and other types of lexical relatedness. Traditional descriptions are sometimes misleading.This a…
Date:
2024-01-23
Modality
(13,467 words)
Modality is among the broadest notions used in linguistics. Therefore the term modality is delimited here into four categories of dispositional (participant-internal), circumstantial (often called dynamic), deontic, and epistemic modality. This grid is then applied to a variety of linguistic phenomena in Slavic languages to indicate functions belonging to these four categories, either as their core function or by recurrent and sufficiently reliable implicatures. These means include (i) di…
Date:
2024-01-23
Baltic Languages and Slavic in Contact (forthcoming)
(9 words)
forthcomingKirill KozhanovBjörn Wiemer
Date:
2024-01-23
Verb Particles
(3,203 words)
Verb particles are free or clitic morphemes that combine with verb stems to modify their meanings. They are comparable to prefixes, which they are related to on a morphologization cline and often even etymologically. Combinations with verb stems (sometimes called particle verbs) constitute a subgroup of secondary predicates and should be distinguished from other subgroups (resultatives and depictives) as well as from compounds. Verb particles are widely attested in Slavic minority languag…
Date:
2024-01-23
Complementation (forthcoming)
(3 words)
forthcomingBarbara SonnenhauserBjörn Wiemer
Date:
2024-01-23
Factivity and Factualness
(5,971 words)
Factive predicates exhibit a series of contrasts with respect to their nonfactive counterparts, both in Slavic and cross-linguistically. At the level of interpretation, factives such as
know and
regret typically project presuppositions, which are assumed to be true by the speaker, whereas nonfactives such as
think and
say do not introduce such presuppositional readings. Factive constructions also differ from others at the level of morphosyntax. One syntactic area in which factives exhibit distinctive features in some Slavic languages, in…
Date:
2024-01-23
Veridicality
(10,329 words)
Veridicality is a linguistic term used primarily within formal semantics. The approach to veridicality adopted here is crucially based on the concept of truth commitment: if an epistemic agent is committed to the truth of a given proposition, then the latter is veridical; if there is no such truth commitment, then the proposition is nonveridical. We show veridicality to be a useful explanatory concept that can account for a range of different phenomena across Slavic (even if it was not ex…
Date:
2024-01-23
