Search

Manifesto of the 93 Published on October 4, 1914, an appeal addressed “to the civilized world” ( An die Kulturwelt! Ein Aufruf ) and endorsed by 93 German men of letters, scientists, scholars and artists, rejected as “untrue” allegations made by the Entente against the German “militarism” and atrocities verifiably committed by the German Army in neutral Belgium. The Manifesto followed numerous other, similar declarations made especially by well-known cultural figures on both sides in the “war of the minds” ( Krieg der Geister, the title of a 1915 collection of international es…

[German Version] I. History 1. Middle Ages and Reformation. The university, the most important academic institution devoted to teach-¶ ing (Education/Formation) and research today, is a creation of the medieval West. Its appearance marked a deep caesura in the history of Western science, especially in the history of theology (Theology, History/Historiography of). The multiplicity of institutions involved in acquiring and transmitting knowledge (monasteries, cathedral schools, monastery schools, schools run by inde…

[German Version] (Aug 30, 1877, Bückeburg – Oct 27, 1962, Berlin), Jesuit theologian and eugenicist. After studying theology and the natural sciences, he taught in several Jesuit colleges, specializing in zoology. Under the influence of Alfred Ploetz, during World War I he began to work on eugenics (see also Racism). His Kind und Volk (1919) became popular. Capitalizing on his influence, Muckermann campaigned among the Catholic population for eugenics grounded in the family and aligned with Catholic social teaching, including voluntary sterilizati…

[English Version] I. Geschichtlich 1.  Mittelalter und Reformation Die bis heute wichtigste Institution wiss. Bildung und Forschung ist eine Schöpfung des ma. Abendlands. Ihre Entstehung bedeutete einen tiefen Einschnitt in der Gesch. der Wissenschaft, bes. auch in der Theologiegeschichte. Die bis ins 12.Jh. hinein herrschende Vielfalt an Institutionen der Wissensgewinnung und -vermittlung (Klöster, Domschulen, Stiftsschulen, Schulen freier Lehrer) wurde zusammengefaßt, der Reichtum ihrer Arbeitswe…