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(Κομανός; Komanós). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian, 2nd cent. BC C. from Naucratis. Greek grammarian of the 2nd cent. BC, who composed an exegetical work on Homer (an hypómnēma?; Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace challenged it in ‘Against C.’/Πρòς Κομανóν, schol. Hom. Il. 1,97-99; 2,798a; 24,110b). Identification with the homonymous Alexandrian politician  C. [2] is debatable, even if the grammarian is called ‘the king's chief cup-bearer’ in schol. Hes. Op. 97. The roughly 20 fragments reveal a respectable philological …

(Κόνων; Kónōn). [German version] [1] Athenian, after 411/10 BC repeatedly stratēgós Athenian, in 413 BC commander in Naupactus, after 411/10 repeatedly stratēgós. C. was bottled up in 406 by the Peloponnesian fleet in the port of Mytilene and lost 30 ships (Xen. Hell. 1,6,14-23; Diod. Sic. 13,77-79). After Athens' victory at the  Arginusae he was freed. Since he did not participate in the battle, he was not deposed and sentenced to death like the other generals (Xen. Hell. 1,6,38-7,1). He escaped the destruction of …

[1] [German version] I. General points The Greek word canon (κανών, kanṓn) was probably derived from κάννα ( kánna: ‘bulrush reed or rod’), a Semitic loan word in the Greek language. The original meaning of ‘straight reed, stick, rod (in different uses)’ developed into several more specific and technical meanings. As a result, the Greek word canon designates a carpenter's or bricklayer's measuring stick or square, a chronological or astrological table, a monochord in music terminology (from Euclides [3]) etc. In …

(Ἀπολλωνίδης; Apollōnídēs). [German version] [1] Greek geographer of the time of Mithridates VI Greek geographer of the time of Mithridates VI (early 1st cent. BC); author of a   periplous of Europe; the few surviving fragments cover the region of the eastern Mediterranean. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography FHG 4, 309-310 H. Berger, s. v. A. 28, RE 2, 120. [German version] [2] of Nicaea Grammarian (Ἀπολλωνίδης ὁ Νικαεύς; Apollōnídēs ho Nikaeús). Greek  grammarian of the 1st cent. AD. He dedicated a commentary on the Silloi of  Timon of Phleious to the Emperor Tiberius (Di…

(Λεωγόρας; Leōgóras). [German version] [1] Father of the orator Andocides [1], 5th cent. BC Father of the orator Andocides [1], member of an old Athenian noble family, tracing its roots back to Telemachus and Hermes and linked by marriage to the Alcmaeonids (Hellanicus FGrH 323a F 24a-c; schol. Aristoph. Nub. 109). L. was mocked by Aristophanes [3] because of his debauched and profligate way of life. In 426/5 BC he led a legation to the Macedonian king Perdiccas II (IG I3 61, l. 51; [1. 30; 2. 1f.]). In 415, L. successfully used a paranomon graphe to clear himself fr…

(Κλείταρχος; Kleítarchos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Eretria 343/42-341 BC Tyrant of Eretria. Even as a banned exile C. unsuccessfully attempted in 349/8 BC to seize Eretria, e.g., with the help of Philip II against an Athenian army under Phocion (Aeschin. In Ctes. 86-88 with Schol. [1. 318, n. 2]). Philip's intervention in Euboea in 343 and 342 [1. 502f., 545-549] brought C. to power (Dem. Or. 8,36; 9,57f.; 18,71; 19,87). Phocion expelled him in 341 (Philochorus FGrH 328 F 160; Diod. Sic. 16,74,1).  Tyrannis Cobet, Justus (Essen) Bibliography 1 N. G. L. Hammond, G. T. Griffith,…

(Χάρης; Chárēs). [German version] [1] Athenian strategos, 4th cent. BC Athenian strategos of the 4th cent. BC. In 367/6 he supported Phleius when it was hard-pressed by Argos and Sicyon. The aid he gave to the oligarchs on Corcyra led to that island's leaving the 2nd Athenian League, and brought Athens discredit among its confederates. Not re-elected as strategos until 357/6. The treaty between Athens and the Thracian kings  Berisades, Amadocus I and Cersobleptes under C. in 357 both confirmed the division of Thracian rule and established Athenian poss…

(Δημήτριος; Dēmḗtrios). Well-known personalities: the Macedonian King D. [2] Poliorketes; the politician and writer D. [4] of Phalerum; the Jewish-Hellenistic chronographer D. [29]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] Officer under Alexander the Great Officer under Alexander [4], fought at Gaugamela as commander of a troop ( ile) of  Hetairoi and in India he commanded a hipparchy. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 256. [German version] [2] D. Poliorketes Son of  Antigonus [1], born 337/6 BC (Diod. Sic. 19,96,1). In 320 he m…

(Διονυσόδωρος; Dionysódōros). [German version] [1] Taxiarch to Theramenes c. 400 BC Taxiarch to Theramenes, betrayed to the Thirty by Agoratus (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). The latter was taken to court in 399/98 BC by D.'s brother and brother-in-law, Dionysius, the speaker of the 13th oration written by Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [German version] [2] Theban and Olympic winner, envoy and participant in the battle of Issus Theban and Olympic winner. Sent as an ambassador to  Darius [3] and taken prisoner together with other Greek ambassadors by Parmenion in …

(Ἀμώνιος; Ammónios). [German version] [1] Favourite of  Alexander [II 13] I (Balas), middle of the 2nd cent. BC Favourite of  Alexander [II 13] I (Balas); ruled in his place in Syria, executed relatives and followers of (the deceased) Demetrius I and oppressed the Antiochenes. When he attempted an attack on Ptolemy VI, certainly Alexander's most important supporter, and Ptolemy demanded that A. be handed over, Alexander actually declined to do this, so Ptolemy broke with Alexander: despite dressing as a woman, A…

[German version] [1] Roman emperor (383-408 AD) Roman emperor (AD 383-1/05/408), born in 377 in Spain, son of Theodosius I. Educated by the pagan  Themistius and the Christian Arsenius; proclaimed Augustus on 19/01/383, since 394 (departure of Theodosius I into war against Eugenius) ruler of the East, in 395 together with Honorius successor of Theodosius I. A. is considered to have been subject to influence: in the beginning the praefectus praetorio  Rufinus who was murdered in 395, conducted his affairs, later the praepositus sacri cubiculi  Eutropius, who…

[German version] I Greek (Καλλίστρατος; Kallístratos). [German version] [I 1] Tragedian Tragedian (TrGF I 38), whose ‘Amphilochus and ‘Ixion (DID A 2b, 80) won him second place at the Lenaea of 418 BC; probably not identical with the didáskalos (‘director’) of  Aristophanes [3]. Zimmermann, Bernhard (Freiburg) Bibliography P. Geißler, Chronologie der altatt. Komödie, 1969, 6f. PCG IV, p. 56. [German version] [I 2] Important Athenian politician, elected strategos in 378/7 BC Important Athenian politician and outstanding orator, nephew of  Agyrrhius and kēdestḗs (probably fat…

(Διόδωρος, Διόδορος; Diódōros, Diódoros). Well-known representatives of the name: the philosopher D. [4] Kronos, the mathematician D. [8] of Alexandria, the universal historian D. [18] Siculus, the early Christian theologian D. [20] of Tarsus. [German version] [1] Athenian fleet commander in the Peloponnesian War Athenian, fleet commander with Mantitheus at the end of 408-407 BC at the Hellespont with a sufficient number of ships, so that Alcibiades [3] was able to sail to Samos and Thrasyllus and Theramenes to Athens (Diod. Sic. 13,68,2). (Traill, PAA 329550; Develin 171). Kinzl, …

[German version] (Χοιροβοσκός; Choiroboskós). Byzantine grammarian. His dates were for a long time problematic, but he has now been firmly placed in the 9th cent.: terminus post quem is his quotation (in the epimerismi) of authors in the 1st half of the 9th cent.; terminus ante quem use of his work in the Etymologicum genuinum (2nd half of the 9th cent.). He is ascribed the official title of οἰκουμενικὸς διδάσκαλος ( oikoumenikòs didáskalos), which is attested for the 1st half of the 9th cent. Thus he fits well into the cultural milieu of the 9th-cent. renaissance (…

(Διονύσιος; Dionýsios). Famous personalities: D. [1], the tyrant of Syracuse; the historian D. [18] of Halicarnassus. Dionysios (month),  Months, names of the. The chronicle of Ps.-D. by Tell Maḥre see D. [23]. I. Politically active personalities [German version] [1] D. I. Notorious tyrant in Syracuse c. 400 BC of Syracuse, son of Hermocritus, born in c. 430 BC, died in 367 BC. Founder of the ‘greatest and longest tyrannical rule in history’ (Diod. Sic. 13,96,4; appearance: Timaeus FGrH 566 F 29). Possessing a sophist education (Cic. Tusc. 5,63), D. had enormous ambitions a…

(Ἀριστόδημος; Aristódēmos). [German version] [1] Great-grandson of Heracles Great-grandson of Hercules, one of the three Heraclids who led the Dorians into the Peloponnese. According to the widely known version of the myth (Pl. Leg. 3,692 bk.; Apollod. 2,173; Paus. 3,1,6), A. died before reaching the Peloponnese, leaving twin sons, Eurysthenes and Procles, who then received Laconia and became the founding fathers of both the royal houses of Sparta. According to Spartan tradition, A. himself led the Spar…

(Ἡρωδιανός; Hērōdianós). [German version] [1] Aelius H. Greek grammarian, 2nd cent. AD (Αἴλιος Ἡρωδιανός; Aílios Hērōdianós), of Alexandria, one of the most important Greek grammarians, lived in the 2nd cent. AD; son of  Apollonius [11] Dyscolus and his worthy student and successor. For a time he lived in Rome and dedicated his main work, the Καθολικὴ προσῳδία ( Katholikḕ prosōidía) to the emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180). He is justifiably not seen as a brilliant but as a careful and precise grammarian, the great heir and systematician of the Alexandr…

(Ἕρμιππος; Hérmippos). [German version] [1] Poet of the Old Comedy, 5th cent. BC Writer of Attic Old Comedy, brother of the comedian  Myrtilus. Active probably around 440 BC: a Dionysian victory is attested for 435 BC [1. test. 3], on the epigraphical list of Dionysian victors H. ranks after  Pherecrates and before  Aristophanes [1] and  Eupolis [1. test. 4], and on the list of Lenaean victors after  Cratinus and Pherecrates and before  Phrynichus, Myrtilus and Eupolis [1. test. 5]. Apart from the Dionysian …

[German version] [1] Physician and friend of Cicero's Physician and friend of Cicero's (Cic. Att. 15,1-3) who died suddenly in 44 BC from an undefinable illness. Cicero's grief about the loss of the summus medicus did not deter him from inquiring about whom A. had remembered in his testament. Nutton, Vivian (London) [German version] [2] Greek grammarian, 1st cent. AD (Ἀλεξίων; Alexíōn). Greek grammarian of the 2nd half of the 1st cent. AD, called χωλός ( chōlós; the limping one): he authored an epitome of the Symmikta by  Didymus, which was cited by Herennius Philo and used by He…

[German version] From Cyme (Ἀντίδωρος ὁ Κυμαῖος; Antídōros ho Kymaîos). Grammarian and perhaps also lexicographer, lived probably in the 3rd cent. BC. He is said to have initially called himself γραμματικός ( grammatikós; schol. Dion. Thrax 3,24; 7,24; 448,6); in the sources he often appears erroneously as Autodorus. We know two titles of his works, Περὶ Ὁμήρου καὶ Ἡσιόδου and Λέξις; the first is doubtless a syngramma, regarding the second one, it is not entirely certain that it was a lexicographical collection, as it may have been a treatise concerning style.…

(Καλλίας; Kallías, Ion. Καλλίης; Kallíēs). Common Attic name from the 6th -- 4th cent. BC, especially in the rich priestly family (several dadouchoi) of the Ceryces, which was associated with the cult of Eleusis. C. appears there in alternation with  Hipponicus. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [1] Mythical son of the Heraclid Temenos Mythical son of the Heraclid  Temenus, king of Argos, and the brother of Agelaus, Eurypylus and  Hyrnetho. Since the king preferred Hyrnetho and her husband  Deiphontes to his sons, they had Temenus murder…

[German version] (Χαῖρις; Chaîris). Greek grammarian of the school of Aristarchus of Samothrace; father of a grammarian called Apollonius [7] (ὁ τοῦ Χαίριδος; ho toû Chaíridos). It is not clear whether he lived directly after Aristarchus. His work was used by Tryphon, Didymus and Herodianus. We are better informed about his exegesis on Homer: about 10 fragments are known from the scholiae, and Schol. Hom. Od. 7,80 mentions the title Διορθωτικά ( Diorthōtiká; ‘Improvements). C. is also quoted about 10 times in the Pindar scholiae, almost exclusively at P. 4. There are also a few…

(Ἀρχίας; Archías). [German version] [1] Corinthian, founder of Syracuse 733 BC Son of Euagetes of Corinth, probably belonging to the family of the  Bacchiadae. He left Corinth following a serious dispute, and, on the instruction of the Delphian oracle, led colonists to lower Italy. In about 733 BC, he founded  Syracusae in Sicily (Thuc. 6,3,2; Str. 6,2,4; Plut. Mor. 772e-773b).  Colonization Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Cologne) Bibliography W. Leschhorn, Gründer der Stadt, 1984, 13-16 H.-P. Drögemüller, s. v. Syrakus, RE Suppl. 13, 817-819. [German version] [2] Politician from C…

[German version] (Ἀπίων; Apíōn). Grammarian and lexicographer, lived at end of the 1st cent. BC to first half of 1st cent. AD. He was born in an Egyptian oasis, was the son of a certain Poseidonius, was brought up in the house of Didymus in Alexandria and was the successor to Theon as leader of the Alexandrian school of grammarians. During the reign of Tiberius and of Claudius he taught in Rome, where Plinius the Elder heard him. He also undertook travels in Greece and held lectures in various plac…

(Δράκων; Drákōn) [German version] [1] see Dragon slayers see  Dragon slayers Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Cologne) [German version] [2] Athenian lawmaker c. 620 BC Athenian lawmaker said to have enacted in 621/20 BC the first ‘statutes’ (θεσμοί; thesmoí) set down in writing. We know as little about D. personally as we do about his activity as a lawmaker: he was perhaps one of the  Thesmothetai and/or given special authority [1. 31]. His laws were written down and publicly displayed on numbered blocks of wood (ἄξονες; áxones) that were hung up vertically and could be swivelled on…

(Διοκλῆς; Dioklês). [German version] [1] Hero in Megara Hero in Megara. He supposedly died in battle, bravely covering a youth with his shield. At his grave boys competed for who could give the sweetest kiss. This agon, which took place every spring, was called Dioclea (Schol. Pind. Ol. 7,157; 13,156a; Theoc. 12,27-33 with Schol.: Aition). Perhaps the kisses represented farewell kisses repeated in the cult of the hero ([1]; to the contrary [2]). According to Schol. Aristoph. Ach.774 the agon was founded…

(Ἀντίγονος; Antígonos). [German version] [1] Monophthalmus Diadoch (‘The One-eyed’), 382-301 BC.  Hetairos of  Philippus and  Alexander [4], married to  Stratonice, was the father of  Demetrius. During Alexander's invasion of Asia, commander of the Greek hoplites, satrap of Greater Phrygia from 333 until Alexander's death [323]. He defeated rebels and remnants of Persian troops, he gained Lycaonia and in 331 he received in addition the administration of Lycia-Pamphylia. In Priene he was honoured for an achievement, the nature of which is unknown. (IPriene 2). After Alexander's…

Epithet of many gentilicia [1]. Famous persons: the jurist Salvius I. [1]; the doctor I. [2]; the emperor I. [11], called ‘Apostata’; the bishops I. [16] of Aeclanum and I. [21] of Toledo. [German version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus Roman jurist, 2nd cent. AD Jurist, born about AD 100 in North Africa, died about AD 170; he was a student of  Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) and the last head of the Sabinian law school (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., whose succession of offices is preserved in the inscription from Pupput, provi…

[German version] (Ἀμερίας; Amerías) from Macedonia. Greek grammarian and lexicographer from the Alexandrian period, probably earlier than Aristarchus. It is uncertain whether all quotes -- above all with Athenaeus and Hesychius and in various collections of scholia -- derive from the main work, the Γλῶσσαι, which is a lexigraphical collection of dialectical expressions, arranged according to themes. Perhaps one can identify it with one of the glossographoi, which were often quoted with this collective term.  Aristarchus;  Grammarians;  Lexicography;  Glossography Montanari…

(Ἀρτεμίδωρος; Artemídōros). [German version] [1] Indo-Greek King in 1st cent. BC. Coins are the only evidence of his existence, middle Indian Artemitora. Karttunen, Klaus (Helsinki) Bibliography Bopearachchi, 110, 316-318. [German version] [2] Elegiac poet Writer of elegies Περὶ Ἔρωτος in which, among others, the katasterismós of the dolphin was narrated. He had helped Poseidon win Amphitrite as his wife (Ps.-Eratosth. Catasterismus 31 S. 158 Robert, cf. schol. ad Germanicus, Aratea, S. 92,2ff. Breysig = SH 214). Even if this is only a hy…

(Ἀσκληπιάδης; Asklēpiádēs) [German version] [1] of Samos Epigrammatic poet Epigrammatic poet of the ‘Garland’ of Meleager, who addresses him in the preface by the dark pseudonym Σικελίδης (Anth. Pal. 4,1,46; cf. Hedylus, GA I 1, 101 6, 4; Theoc. 7,40); an outstanding representative of the Ionian-Alexandrianschool, he lived around the turn of the 4th/3rd cent. BC. A. was highly praised by Theocritus (7,39-41), but attacked by Callimachus (schol. Flor. Callim. Fr.1,1). From the latter he differed, among other things, through a diametrically opposed appraisal of the Lyde of Antimach…

(Ἀριστοφάνης; Aristophánēs). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (beginning of the 4th cent. BC) Son of  Nicophemus, a confidant of  Conon. Repeatedly chorēgós and trierarch. In 393 BC he was supposed to win  Dionysius I of Syracuse on Conon's order as an ally for Athens using a marriage alliance with  Evagoras of Salamis. When Athens sent Evagoras 10 triremes against the Persians in 390/89, A. helped in financing them and participated as a delegate. Returning from this unsuccessful campaign, A. and his father were executed by means of the apagoge and their fortune was confisc…

(Ἀρσένιος; Arsénios). [German version] [1] Saint Saint, from a noble family, born AD 354 in Rome, died 445 in Troy near Memphis in Egypt. Emperor  Theodosius I invited him to Constantinople to bring up his children  Arcadius and  Honorius. After many years in the imperial palace A. returned to Egypt and lived as a hermit. A biographic legend is to be found in Simeon Metaphrastes. The teachings for monks and apophthegmata ascribed to him are of very doubtful authenticity. Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography A. Jülicher, RE 2, 1273 ODB I 187-188. [German version] [2] Fictitious author …

[German version] (Καρύστιος; Karýstios) of Pergamum. Greek polygraph with a wide range of interests, who probably lived in the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. The majority of fragments is found in Athenaeus, who predominantly quotes from Ἱστορικὰ ὑπομνήματα (at least 2 vols, or possibly 3 vols, if the two references ἐν τρίτῳ Ὑπομνημάτων in Ath. 12,542e; 13,577c are to be assigned to the same opus: discussion in [2]), an assorted collection of reports on various historical personalities, customs, and …

[German version] [1] Pius Roman emperor Roman emperor. Original name T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus = Imp. Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius.  19 September 86 on a country estate near Lanuvium (SHA Pius 1,8); Son of T.  Aurelius [II 15] Fulvus, cos. ord. 89, and  Arria Fadilla; the family's paternal -- and perhaps also maternal -- lineage was from Nemausus; already in the Senate for the 3rd generation. Brought up in Lorium until the early death of his father, thereafter in the home of his paternal grandfather, then …

(Ἀριστόνικος; Aristónikos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (2nd half 4th cent. BC) of Marathon, a wealthy man whose political allegiances lay with  Lycurgus and  Demosthenes (Plut. Mor. 846a); in 336/335 BC, he proposed the act about the  Panathenaea (LSCG no. 33), in 335/334 BC, together with Lycurgus, the psephisma for the deployment of the Athenian fleet against pirates (IG II2 1623, B 276-285), and prior to 322 BC, several laws to the   nomothetai (Alexis PCG 2, fr. 131,2). In 324/323 BC, A. faced prosecution in the trials of Harpa…

(Ἀρτέμων; Artémōn). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian From Cassandreia. Greek  grammarian. As he makes mention of  Dionysius Scytobrachion, he is dated to the 2nd half of the 2nd cent. BC. Of his works Athenaeus cites: Περὶ βιβλίων συναγωγῆς, Περὶ βιβλίων χρήσεως, Περὶ τοῦ Διονυσιακοῦ συστήματος as being his. An almost contemporary namesake from Pergamum, the commentator on Pindar (FGrH 569), possibly is the same person; A. from Clazomenae (FGrH 443), on the other hand, is older. A., the editor of the Aristotelian letters (Demetrius, elocutiones 223), is difficult to identify. …

[German version] (χωρίζοντες; chōrízontes). Collective name (from χωρίζειν; chōrízein, ‘to separate’) used in the Homer scholia to describe grammarians who, on the grounds of conscientious observation of linguistic and stylistic differences and contradictions in the ‘ Iliad and the ‘ Odyssey, as well as their content, hold to the thesis that the ‘ Odyssey is not by Homer. The Alexandrian  grammarians, who held to the ‘orthodox’ position (established by Aristotle), saw Homer as author of both Iliad and Odyssey; in consequence,  Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace and his school …

[German version] (διπλῆ; diplê). Editorial mark of the Alexandrian philologists, used in textual criticism, simple (generally >, but also <) or accompanied by two dots (). Documentary evidence relates it predominantly with Homeric philology: The simple diple (ἀπερίστικτος or καθαρά; aperístiktos or kathará) was used by Aristarchus of Samothrace, to refer to various critical-exegetic observations on the interpretation of a text, on its language, the realia etc., and the diplê periestigménē (διπλῆ περιεστιγμένη) by contrast, to mark those passages in which he polem…

[German version] (Ἀκουσίλαος; Akousílaos) from Argos. Lived at the end of the 6th and first half of 5th cent. BC, was according to Hecataeus of Miletus one of the first Greek prose writers and wrote in the Ionian dialect. He is traditionally regarded as belonging to the group of so-called logographoi (a generic term used in Thuc. 1,21,1) ( Logographer) and, as far as we can determine, was primarily concerned with  mythography. His Γενεαλογίαι or Ἱστορίαι comprised three books that, it seems, corresponded to the break-up into divine, heroic and …

(Κράτης; Krátēs). [German version] [1] Writer of comedies, 5th cent. BC Athenian, the poet of the Old Comedy who began giving performances c. 450 BC [1. test. 7]. Previously an actor with  Cratinus [1], [1. test. 2 and 3]. Certain sources claim that he wrote seven plays [1. test. 1 and 2], other sources claim eight [1. test. 4]. Altogether nine titles of plays have survived (although the Μέτοικοι ‘The Metoikoi’ and Πεδῆται ‘The Prisoners’ may be wrongly attributed to him). On the list of Dionysian winners, C. is list…

(Λεσβῶναξ; Lesbônax). [German version] [1] Greek grammarian Greek grammarian, dates uncertain (perhaps before the end of the 2nd cent. AD). Author of a work on rhetorical figures (Περὶ σχημάτων; Perì schēmátōn) that is extant in two different excerpts (there is no basis for equating him with the orator L. of Mytilene). In it, L. describes a series of grammatical peculiarities ( schḗmata, ‘figures’), i.e. changes in the normal form of speech, which are demonstrated with examples primarily from Homer. There is no Atticist influence at all: the principal sou…

[German version] (ὑπόμνημα; hypómnēma, more rarely ὑπομνηματισμός; hypomnēmatismós; Latin commentarius or more rarely commentarium). The word Hypommnema (from the root of μιμνήσκω; mimnḗskō, ‘to remember’) has the abstract basic meaning ‘memory’, presence in the memory or call/support for the memory (in this sense it already appears in Thuc. 2,44,2 and in Isocrates, Demosthenes, Xenophon etc.), however, in the course of time it takes on a large number of different connotations and nuances, especially the widespread (…

(Δημώ; Dēmṓ). Shortened form of a compound (see D. [3], [4]). [German version] [1] Daughter of Celeus The daughter of  Celeus, king of Eleusis, and  Metaneira. Together with her sisters Callidice, Cleisidice and Callithoe, she has a friendly encounter with  Demeter who is wandering about in the shape of an old woman (Hom. H. 2,109). Bloch, René (Berne) [German version] [2] Name of the Cymaean Sibyl Name of the Cymaean  Sibyl, of whom, however, the Cymaeans did not know an oracle. They could only point to a water jug that contained the bones of the Sibyl (Hyper…

(Χρύσιππος; Chrýsippos). [German version] [1] Favourite son of Pelops Favourite son of  Pelops from his first marriage with the nymph Axioche (schol. Pind. Ol. 1,89, schol. Eur. Or. 4) or Danais (Plut. Mor. 313E). Two tales are associated with him: Zeus (Praxilla 3,6 Edmonds = Ath. 13 p. 603a) or  Laeus, C.'s teacher in chariot driving (thus presumably in the ‘C.’ of Euripides, TGF fr. 839-844, possibly already in the Laios of Aeschylus), became infatuated with the extraordinarily beautiful youth and abducted him either from his father's house or the Nemean games …

Roman cognomen (greek Λογγῖνος; Longînos), derived from longus (‘tall’), in the Republican period in the family of the Cassii (Cassius [I 6-17; II 14-16]), in the Imperial period attested in numerous other families. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) [1] Cassius Longinus Grammarian, Rhetor and platonic philosopher, c. AD 210-272/3 [German version] A. Life A Greek grammarian, rhetor and Platonic philosopher ( c. AD 210-272/3), who was an outstanding representative of the education and culture of his time and was therefore called a ‘living library and walking u…

[German version] (Δαφίτας; Daphítas, also Δαφίδας; Daphídas). Greek grammarian (‘sophist’ according to Val. Max. 1,8), probably from the 2nd cent. BC, if it is accepted that he lived at the same time as Attalus III (see below). The Suda (δ 99 s.v. Δαφίδας) says that he came from Telmessus in Caria and made claims in a work about Homer that the poet was not telling the truth because the Athenians did not take part in the expedition to Troy. Strabo (14,647) tells that D. was crucified on Mt Thorax near …

(Ἀριστοκλῆς; Aristoklês). [German version] [1] of Messene Peripatetic philosopher of the early imperial era Peripatetic philosopher of the early imperial era. His main work, Περὶ φιλοσοφίας in 10 books, contained a critical summary of the teachings of all philosophical schools; extracts in Euseb. Praep. evang. 14-15. Other teachings attributed to him until recently belong to  Aristotle of Mytilene. Because of the confusion with the latter, A. was also thought to have been a teacher of Alexander of Aphrodisias…

[German version] (Ἀμαραντός; Amarantós) of Alexandria. Greek grammarian of the 2nd cent. AD (older contemporary of  Galen, who quotes him). His commentary on  Theocritus was extensively used in late antiquity and Byzantine times, and is quoted in the EM. Athenaeus reproduces some fragments of a work Περὶ σκηνής in connection with biographical anecdotes about actors.  Biography;  Theocritus Montanari, Franco (Pisa) Bibliography M. Haupt, De A. grammatici commentario in Theocriti idyllia, Opuscula III 2, 1876, 645 H. Maehler, in: Entretiens XL, 98-99 G. Wentzel, s. v. A. (3)…

(Ἀθηνοκλῆς; Athēnoklês). [German version] [1] From Cyzicus. Grammarian, 3rd/2nd cent. BC from Cyzicus. Grammarian. On the basis of Didymus in Schol. Hom. Od. 14,503, where in reference to him the word προηθέτει (‘has athetized earlier’) is used (see also Schol. Hom. Od. 6,144), he is believed to be older than Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace or at least one of his contemporaries, so that he can also be placed in the 3rd/2nd cents. BC. Ammonius [3] of Alexandria, the student of Aristarchus, published a text Πρ…

(Βόηθος; Bóēthos). I. Political figures [German version] [1] Ptolemaean civil servant, 136/5 BC Son of Nicostratus from Caria; in the service of the Ptolemies well before 149 BC, he occupied various administrative positions before becoming epistrategos of Thebes. Founded two cities in Lower Nubia. Ameling, Walter (Jena) Bibliography K. Vandorpe, Der früheste Beleg eines Strategen der Thebais als Epistrategen, in: ZPE 73, 1988, 47-50. II. Philosophers and writers [German version] [2] Of Sidon Stoic Philosopher, 2nd cent. BC Stoic philosopher of the 2nd cent. BC; he wrote…

(Ἄτταλος; Áttalos). [German version] [1] Friend of  Philippus, rival of Alexander the Great at the court of his father Friend of  Philippus who did not punish him for an insult inflicted on Pausanias. At the wedding of his niece Cleopatra (II) to Philippus (337 BC) he called  Alexander [4] the Great a nothos (illegitimate son) and was attacked by him, whereupon Alexander and Olympias were banned (Plut. Alex. 9 among others). With his father-in-law (Curt. 6,9,18) Parmenion, he commanded the invading army in Asia. After Philippus' death, Alexander …

(Ἀρίσταρχος; Arístarchos). [German version] [1] Athenian politician (end of the 5th cent. BC) Athenian politician, in 411 BC the most embittered opponent of the demos among the 400 Oligarchs in Athens (Thuc. 8,90,1). A. participated in the fortification of  Eetioneia when he was strategos (Xen. Hell. 2,3,46). After the regime was toppled, he betrayed the border fortification Oenoe to the Boeotians (Thuc. 8,98), for which he was executed in 406 (?) (Lycurg. Leocr. 115; PA, 1663; Traill PAA, 164155). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [2] of Tegea Tragedian, 5th cent. BC Tragedi…

(Δίδυμος; Dídymos). [1] of Alexandria Important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC [German version] A. Philological activity The most important Greek grammarian of the latter half of the 1st cent. BC. The biographical entry in the Suda (δ 872) tells us that he was still alive in the reign of Augustus, and mentions a nickname ‘Chalkenteros’ (Χαλκέντερος, ‘Brazen-guts’, cf. the Suda ι 399, χ 29). To his strong constitution he attributed an untiring assiduity that extended to different branches of p…

(Ἀπολλόδωρος; Apollódōros). Political figures [German version] [1] Athenian politician (4th cent. BC) Son of  Pasion of Acharnae, Athenian rhetor and supporter of Demosthenes (394/93, died after 343 BC). A. was one of the richest Athenian citizens after 370. He undertook costly trierarchy liturgies (cf. IG II2 1609,83 and 89; IG II2 1612, b110; Dem. Or. 50,4-10; 40 and 58) and in 352/51 gained a victory as   choregos (IG II2 3039,2) but had only limited success in obtaining a political post commensurate with his wealth. From 370 to 350 BC he indulged in litigat…

(Δωρόθεος; Dōrótheos). [German version] [1] Bronze sculptor from Argos, 5th cent. BC Sculptor of bronze from Argos. Known by two signatures from the middle of the 5th cent. BC on bases in Delphi and in Hermione (Crete), with traces of an inlet for a horse or rider statue. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography J. Marcadé, Recueil des signatures des sculptures grecques, 1, 1953, no. 30-31 P. Orlandini, I donari firmati da Kresilas e Dorotheos a Hermione, in: ArchCl 3, 1951, 94-98. [German version] [2] Painter, from the mid 1st cent. AD Painter from the middle of the 1st cent. AD. Co…

(Ἀλέξαδρος; Aléxandros). Famous personalities:  Alexander the Great [4] (III.); the Philosopher Alexander [26] of Aphrodisias. I. Myth [German version] [1] see Paris see  Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Associated Hellenistic ruling families [German version] [2] A. I. Macedonian king, 1st half of the 5th cent. BC Son of  Amyntas [1] and his negotiator with  Darius. As Macedonian king he supported  Xerxes' invasion of Greece, but pretended to be a friend of the Greeks (later called ‘Philhellen’). Herodotus has subtly shown his ambigu…

(Ἑλλάνικος; Hellánikos). [German version] [1] H. of Mytilene Greek historian, end of 5th cent. BC (T 1). Contrary to ancient tradition, which sometimes puts his birth date towards the end of the 6th cent. (T 4), sometimes at the beginning of the 5th cent. (T 3) and sometimes in the year 480/479 BC (T 1 and 6), younger rather than older contemporary of  Herodotus. At any rate the datable works belong to the last third of the 5th cent. H. analyzed the Herodotean collection of topics into individual components by a series of monographs and, reverting to  Hecataeus [3], even…

[German version] (Greek σημεῖα/ sēmeîa, Lat. notae). One of the most important technical and methodological inventions of Alexandrian  philology were the critical signs (CS) used in philological exegetic work. Their development and use cannot be followed continuously as there are gaps in the evidence. One exception, however, is the edition and exegesis technique of the Alexandrian grammarians with reference to Homer, about which we are adequately informed both through a small number of anonymous gramm…

[German version] (ἀστερίσκος). Symbol of textual criticism in Alexandrian philology. It is not clear what meaning  Aristophanes [4] of Byzantium attached to it when he introduced it; for  Aristarchus [4] of Samothrace, it marked a repeated verse: he used an asterisk for repetitions that he regarded as appropriate, and an asterisk with an obelus for those that he regarded as interpolations. In ‘editorial’ usage the asterisk marked the end of an ode in lyric poetry: in the edition of Alcaeus, Aristo…

(Ἀπολλώνιος; Apollṓnnios). [German version] [1] Dioiketes of Ptolemy II (259-245 BC) Of Caria, possibly Ptolemaic o ikonomos there in 267 BC. Was dioiketes of Ptolemy II from April /May 259 until the end of 245; in 252 escorted Berenice to her wedding to Antiochus II. At a critical transition period A. found himself responsible for the economy of the kingdom of the Ptolemies, adapting the fiscal system to the monetary economy of the Lagids, for which purpose he was entrusted with the management of finances and the co…

[German version] [1] Mythical ancestor of the Latin people (Greek Λατῖνος; Latînos). Mythical eponymous ancestor of the Latini. According to the Greek version, L. and his brother Agrius are the sons of Odysseus and Circe and kings of the Tyrrheni on the Island of the Blessed (Hes. Theog. 1011ff.). Servius (Aen. 12,164), who refers to a no longer identifiable Greek author, takes up this origin of L., but identifies him as the founder of the city of Rome, which was named for Rhome, the sister of L. Accor…

[English version] (griech. σημεῖα/ sēmeía, lat. notae). Eine der wichtigsten technischen und methodologischen Erfindungen der alexandrinischen Philologie waren die in der philol.-exegetischen Arbeit benutzten k.Z. Ihre Entwicklung und Anwendung ist nur sporadisch und lückenhaft belegt. Eine Ausnahme bildet jedoch die Editions- und Exegesetechnik der alexandrinischen Grammatiker im Hinblick auf Homer, über die wir sowohl durch eine kleine Zahl anon. gramm. Exzerpte und Homerscholien (vgl. [4; 6]) als a…

Beinamen bei vielen Gentilicia [1]. Bekannte Personen: der Jurist Salvius I. [1], der Arzt I. [2], der Kaiser I. [11], gen. “Apostata”, die Bischöfe I. [16] von Aeclanum und I. [21] von Toledo. [English version] [1] L. Octavius Cornelius P. Salvius I. Aemilianus röm. Jurist, 2. Jh. Jurist, geb. um 100 n.Chr. in Nordafrika, gest. um 170 n.Chr., war ein Schüler des Iavolenus [2] Priscus (Dig. 40,2,5) und der letzte Vorsteher der sabinianischen Rechtsschule (Dig. 1,2,2,53). I., dessen Ämterfolge die Inschr. aus Pupput/Prov. Africa (CIL VIII 24…

(Ἀρτέμων). [English version] [1] griech. Grammatiker, 2. H. 2. Jh. v. Chr. Aus Kassandreia. Griech. Grammatiker. Da er Dionysios Skytobrachion erwähnt, wird er in die 2. H. des 2.Jh. v.Chr. datiert. Athenaios zit. von ihm: Περὶ βιβλίων συναγωγῆς, Περὶ βιβλίων χρήσεως, Περὶ τοῦ Διονυσιακοῦ συστήματος. Der fast zeitgenössische A. aus Pergamon, Kommentator des Pindaros (FGrH 569), ist möglicherweise dieselbe Person; älter ist jedoch A. aus Klazomenai (FGrH 443). A., der Herausgeber der Aristotelesbriefe (Demetrios, elocutiones 223), ist schwer zu identifizieren. …

(Κράτης). [English version] [1] att. Dichter der Alten Komödie, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Athener, Dichter der Alten Komödie, der um 450 v.Chr. mit Aufführungen begann [1. test. 7]; zuvor war er bereits Schauspieler bei Kratinos [1] gewesen [1. test. 2 und 3]. Die Zahl seiner Stücke wird teils mit sieben [1. test. 1 und 2], teils mit acht [1. test. 4] angegeben; insgesamt sind neun Stücktitel erh. (doch sind Μέτοικοι ‘Die Metöken und Πεδῆται ‘Die Gefangenen, vielleicht falsche Zuschreibungen). Auf der Liste der Dionysi…

[English version] [1] Korinther, Gründer von Syrakus 733 v. Chr. Sohn des Euagetes aus Korinth, gehörte wahrscheinlich zur Familie der Bakchiadai. Er verließ nach schweren Streitigkeiten Korinth und führte auf Weisung des Orakels von Delphi Kolonisten nach Unteritalien. In Sizilien gründete er um 733 v. Chr. Syrakusai (Thuk. 6,3,2; Strab. 6,2,4; Plut. mor. 772e-773b). Kolonisation Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (Köln) Bibliography W. Leschhorn, Gründer der Stadt, 1984, 13-16  H.-P. Drögemüller, s. v. Syrakus, RE Suppl. 13, 817-819. [English version] [2] Politiker aus Kamarina (2…

[English version] [1] Günstling von Alexandros [II 13] I. (Balas) (Mitte 2. Jh. v. Chr.) Günstling von Alexandros [II 13] I. (Balas); herrschte an dessen Stelle in Syrien, ließ Verwandte und Anhänger des (toten) Demetrios I. umbringen und unterdrückte die Antiochener. Als er einen Anschlag auf Alexandros' wohl wichtigsten Förderer, Ptolemaios VI., versucht hatte und dieser seine Auslieferung forderte, Alexandros sie jedoch verweigerte, brach Ptolemaios mit Alexandros: Trotz seiner Verkleidung als Frau wurde A.…

[English version] (χωρίζοντες). Kollektivname (von χωρίζειν, “trennen”), der in den Homerscholien Grammatiker bezeichnet, die auf Grund von gewissenhaften Beobachtungen der sprachlich-stilistischen Unterschiede und Widersprüche sowie der Inhalte in ‘Ilias und ‘Odyssee die These vertraten, die ‘Odyssee sei nicht von Homer. Die alexandrinischen Grammatiker, die die (von Aristoteles festgeschriebene) “orthodoxe” Position einnahmen, sahen in Homer den Autor von Ilias und Odyssee, daher polemisierten A…

(Δημήτριος). Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: der maked. König D. [2] Poliorketes; der Politiker und Schriftsteller D. [4] von Phaleron; der jüd.-hell. Chronograph D. [29]. I. Politisch aktive Persönlichkeiten [English version] [1] Offizier unter Alexander d.Gr. Offizier unter Alexandros [4], kämpfte bei Gaugamela als Führer einer Ile der Hetairoi und in Indien als Kommandeur einer Hipparchie. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, Nr. 256. [English version] [2] D. Poliorketes Sohn von Antigonos [1], geb. 337/6 v.Chr. (Diod. 19,96,1). Er heiratete 320 Ph…

(Δίδυμος). [1] Aus Alexandreia griech. Grammatiker und Musiktheoretiker, 2. H. 1. Jh. v. Chr. [English version] A. Philogische Tätigkeit Der bedeutendste griech. Grammatiker der 2.H. des 1. Jh. v.Chr. Die biographische Notiz in der Suda (δ 872) besagt, daß er bis in die Zeit des Augustus lebte, und erwähnt den Beinamen “Chalkénteros” (Χαλκέντερος, “der Mann mit dem ehernen Gedärm”, vgl. Suda ι 399, χ 29). Ihn verdankte er seiner unermüdlichen Aktivität, die sich auf verschiedene Gebiete der Philol. erstreckte. Dur…

(Ἕρμιππος). [English version] [1] Dichter der Alten Komödie, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Dichter der att. Alten Komödie, Bruder des Komödiendichters Myrtilos. Der Beginn seiner Schaffenszeit dürfte um 440 v.Chr. liegen: Ein Dionysiensieg ist für 435 v.Chr. bezeugt [1. test. 3], auf der inschr. Dionysien-Siegerliste steht H. hinter Pherekrates, sowie vor Aristophanes [1] und Eupolis [1. test. 4], auf der Lenäensiegerliste hinter Kratinos und Pherekrates und vor Phrynichos, Myrtilos und Eupolis [1. test. 5]. Neben dem Dio…

[English version] (Δαφίτας, daneben auch Δαφίδας). Griech. Grammatiker (für Val. Max. 1,8 ein “Sophist”), wahrscheinlich aus dem 2. Jh.v.Chr., wenn man die Zeitgleichheit mit Attalos III. akzeptiert (s. unten). Die Suda (δ 99 s.v. Δαφίδας) besagt, daß er aus Telmessos in Karien stammte und in einem Werk über Homer behauptete, der Dichter sage Falsches, weil die Athener nicht an der Expedition gegen Troja teilgenommen hätten. Strabon (14,647) erzählt, daß D. auf dem Berg Thorax bei Magnesia am Mäan…

[English version] [1] s. Drachenkampf s. Drachenkampf Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim (Köln) [English version] [2] Athenischer Gesetzgeber um 620 v. Chr. Athenischer Gesetzgeber, der im J. 621/20 v.Chr. die ersten schriftlich fixierten “Satzungen” (θεσμοί) erlassen haben soll. Über D.s Person ist ebensowenig Sicheres bekannt wie über seine Stellung als Gesetzgeber: Vielleicht war er einer der Thesmotheten und/oder mit bes. Vollmachten ausgestattet [1. 31]. Seine Gesetze wurden auf numerierten, vertikal aufgehängten und um ihre “Achsen” drehbaren Holzblöcken (ἄξονες, áxones …

(Ἀπολλωνίδης). [English version] [1] Geograph, 1. Jh. v. Chr. Griech. Geograph z.Z. Mithradates' VI. (frühes 1. Jh. v. Chr.), Verf. eines Periplus von Europa; die wenigen erh. Fragmente behandeln den Osten der Mittelmeerwelt. Brodersen, Kai (Mannheim) Bibliography FHG 4, 309-310  H. Berger, s. v. A. 28, RE 2, 120. [English version] [2] von Nikaia Grammatiker, 1. Jh. (Ἀπολλονίδης ὁ Νικαεύς). Griech. Grammatiker des 1. Jh. n. Chr. Er widmete Kaiser Tiberius einen Komm. zu den Silloi des Timon von Phleius (Diog. Laert. 9,109). Bekannte Titel weiterer Werke: Περὶ παροιμιῶν…

[English version] (ἀστερίσκος). Textkritisches Zeichen der alexandrinischen Philologie. Unklar ist die Bedeutung, unter der es Aristophanes [4] von Byzanz einführte; für Aristarchos [4] von Samothrake zeigte es Wiederholungsverse an: Er setzte den A. bei solchen, die er für passend hielt; die, die er für interpoliert hielt, bezeichnete er mit einem A. mit Obelos. Im “editorischen” Gebrauch bezeichnete der A. das Ende einer Ode in der Lyrik: In der Alkaios-Edition kennzeichnete Aristophanes den Wec…

[English version] [1] Monophthalmos Diadoche (“der Einäugige”), 382 - 301 v. Chr. Hetairos von Philippos und Alexandros [4], mit Stratonike verheiratet, Vater von Demetrios. Bei Alexandros' Invasion von Asien Kommandeur der griech. Hopliten, von 333 bis zu Alexandros' Tod [323] Satrap von Großphrygien. Er besiegte Aufständische und Reste von persischen Truppen, gewann Lykaonia und erhielt 331 zudem die Verwaltung von Lykia-Pamphylia. In Priene wurde er für uns unbekannte Verdienste geehrt (IPriene 2). Nach Alexandros' Tod behielt er seine Satrapie, weigerte sich abe…

[English version] [1] myth. Ahnherr der Latini (griech. Λατῖνος). Mythischer, namengebender Ahnherr der Latini. Nach der griech. Version sind L. und sein Bruder Agrios Söhne des Odysseus und der Kirke und Könige der Tyrrhenoi auf der Insel der Seligen (Hes. theog. 1011ff.). Servius (Aen. 12,164), der sich auf einen nicht mehr identifizierbaren griech. Autor bezieht, nimmt diese Herkunft des L. wieder auf, kennzeichnet ihn aber als Gründer der Stadt Rom, die ihren Namen nach Rhome, der Schwester des L.,…

(Ἀριστοκλῆς). [English version] [1] aus Messene Peripatetiker, frühe Kaiserzeit Peripatetiker der frühen Kaiserzeit. Seine Hauptschrift, Περὶ φιλοσοφίας in 10 Büchern, enthielt eine kritische Übersicht über die Lehren aller Schulen; Auszüge bei Eus. pr. ev. 14-15. Andere ihm bisher zugeschriebene Lehren gehören dem Aristoteles aus Mytilene. Wegen der Verwechslung mit letzterem hielt man A. für einen Lehrer des Alexandros von Aphrodisias und setzte seine Lebenszeit ins späte 2. Jh.; tatsächlich scheint er erheblich früher gelebt zu haben. Gottschalk, Hans (Leeds) Bibliograp…

[English version] [1] Pius Röm. Kaiser (138-161 n. Chr.) Röm. Kaiser. Urspr. Name T. Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus = Imp. Caesar T. Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius.  19. Sept. 86 auf einem Landgut bei Lanuvium (SHA Pius 1,8); Sohn von T. Aurelius [II 15] Fulvus, cos. ord. 89, und Arria Fadilla; die Familie stammte väterlicher- und vielleicht auch mütterlicherseits aus Nemausus; schon in der 3. Generation im Senat. Erzogen in Lorium, nach dem frühen Tod des Vaters beim Großvater väterlicher-, dann mütterlicherseits. Von seiner L…

(Ἀριστόνικος). [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker (2.H. 4. Jh. v. Chr.) Aus Marathon, reich und polit. auf Seiten des Lykurgos und des Demosthenes (Plut. mor. 846a), beantragte 336/5 v. Chr. das Gesetz über die kleinen Panathenäen (LSCG Nr. 33), 335/4 mit Lykurgos das Psephisma über den Einsatz der athenischen Flotte gegen Piraten (IG II2 1623, B 276-285) und vor 322 Gesetze bei den Nomothetai (Alexis PCG 2, fr. 131,2). 324/23 wurde A. in den Harpalosprozessen (Harpalos) angeklagt (Deinarch. fr. XXVII und fr. 4 p. 146 Conomis). 323/22 bewirkte…

(Ἀριστόδημος). [English version] [1] Ururenkel des Herakles Ururenkel des Herakles, einer der drei Herakliden, welche die Dorier auf die Peloponnes führten. Nach der verbreiteten Sagenversion (Plat. leg. 3,692 b; Apollod. 2,173; Paus. 3,1,6) starb A. noch außerhalb der Peloponnes unter Hinterlassung von Zwillingssöhnen, Eurysthenes und Prokles, die dann Lakonien erhielten und die Stammväter der beiden spartanischen Königshäuser wurden. Nach spartanischer Überlieferung führte A. selber die Spartaner hei…

(Κομανός). [English version] [1] griech. Grammatiker aus Naukratis, 2. Jh. v. Chr. K. aus Naukratis. Griech. Grammatiker aus dem 2. Jh.v.Chr., verfaßte ein exegetisches Werk über Homer (ein Hypómnēma?; polemisch dagegen Aristarchos [4] von Samothrake ‘Gegen K./Πρὸς Κομανόν, schol. Hom. Il. 1,97-99; 2,798a; 24,110b). Die Gleichsetzung mit dem homonymen alexandrinischen Politiker K. [2] ist problematisch, auch wenn der Grammatiker in schol. Hes. erg. 97 “Hauptmundschenk des Königs” genannt wird. Die etwa 20 Fr. lassen eine …

(Κόνων). [English version] [1] Athener, ab 411/10 v. Chr. mehrfach strategós Athener, 413 v.Chr. Befehlshaber in Naupaktos, von 411/10 an mehrfach stratēgós. K. wurde 406 von der peloponnes. Flotte im Hafen von Mytilene eingeschlossen, wobei er 30 Schiffe verlor (Xen. hell. 1,6,14-23; Diod. 13,77-79). Durch Athens Sieg bei den Arginusai wurde er befreit. Da er an der Schlacht nicht teilgenommen hatte, wurde er nicht wie die anderen Feldherrn abgesetzt und zum Tode verurteilt (Xen. hell. 1,6,38-7,1). Der Vernichtung …

(Χρύσιππος). [English version] [1] Lieblingssohn des Pelops Lieblingssohn des Pelops aus dessen erster Ehe mit der Nymphe Axioche (schol. Pind. O. 1,89, schol. Eur. Or. 4) oder Danais (Plut. mor. 313E). Mit ihm werden zwei Erzählungen verbunden: Zeus (Praxilla 3,6 Edmonds = Athen. 13 p. 603a) oder Laios, Ch.' Lehrer im Wagenlenken (so wohl im “Ch.” des Euripides, TGF fr. 839-844, evtl. schon im Laios des Aischylos), entbrennt in Liebe zu dem außerordentlich schönen Jüngling und entführt ihn aus dem Haus seines Vaters oder aber während der Nemeischen Spiele n…

(Λογγῖνος). [English version] [1] Kassios Longinos Grammatiker, Rhetor und platon. Philosoph, ca. 210-272/3 (Cassius Longinus). Baltes, Matthias (Münster) Montanari, Franco (Pisa) [English version] A. Leben Der griech. Grammatiker, Rhetor und platonische Philosoph (ca. 210-272/3 n.Chr.) war ein herausragender Repräsentant der Bildung und Kultur seiner Zeit und wurde daher als ‘lebende Bibliothek und wandelnde Universität’ bezeichnet (fr. 3a [1]). Über L.' Vater ist nichts bekannt, seine Mutter war die Schwester des Phro…

(Διονυσόδωρος). [English version] [1] Taxiarch des Theramenes um 400 v. Chr. Taxiarch des Theramenes, wurde von Agoratos an die Dreißig verraten (Lys. or. 13,30; 39-42). Diesen verklagte 399/98 v.Chr. der Bruder und Schwager des D., Dionysios, der Sprecher der 13. Rede des Lysias. Strothmann, Meret (Bochum) [English version] [2] Thebaner und olympischer Sieger, Gesandter und Teilnehmer an Schlacht von Issos Thebaner und olympischer Sieger. Als Gesandter zu Dareios [3] geschickt und mit anderen griech. Gesandten nach der Schlacht von Issos von Parmenion i…

(Ἑλλάνικος). [English version] [1] H. aus Mytilene griech. Historiker, E. 5. Jh. v. Chr. (T 1). War entgegen der ant. Trad., die sein Geburtsdatum teils ins ausgehende 6. Jh. (T 4), teils an den Anfang des 5. Jh. (T 3), teils ins Jahr 480/479 v.Chr. setzt (T 1 und 6), eher jüngerer als älterer Zeitgenosse des Herodotos: Die datierbaren Werke gehören jedenfalls ins letzte Drittel des 5. Jh. H. zerlegte das herodoteische Themenbündel durch eine Reihe von Monographien in einzelne Bestandteile und fügte im Rückgriff auf Hekataios [3] sogar neue Themen hinzu: Auf …

(Διοκλῆς). [English version] [1] Heros in Megara Heros in Megara. Er soll in einer Schlacht, einen Jüngling tapfer mit seinem Schild deckend, gefallen sein. An seinem Grab wetteiferten die Knaben, wer den süßesten Kuß geben konnte. Dieser jeweils im Frühling stattfindende Agon hieß Diokleia (schol. Pind. O. 7,157; 13,156a; Theokr. 12,27-33 mit schol.: Aition). Die Küsse stellten vielleicht im Heroenkult wiederholte Abschiedsküsse dar ([1]; dagegen [2]). Nach schol. Aristoph. Ach.774 war der Agon von Al…

(Ἀπολλόδωρος). Politisch tätige Personen [English version] [1] Athen. Politiker (4. Jh. v. Chr.) Sohn des Pasion aus Acharnai, athenischer Rhetor und Anhänger des Demosthenes (394/93, † nach 343 v. Chr.). A. gehörte nach 370 zu den reichsten Bürgern Athens, leistete aufwendige Trierarchie-Leiturgien (vgl. IG II2 1609,83 und 89; IG II2 1612, b110; Demosth. or. 50,4-10; 40 und 58) und errang 352/51 einen Sieg als Choregos (IG II2 3039,2). Dennoch gelang es ihm nur begrenzt, eine seinem Vermögen entsprechende polit. Stellung zu erringen. Zw. 370 und 350 v. Chr.…

[1] literarisch-künstlerischer Begriff [English version] I. Allgemein Das griech. Wort K. (κανών, kanṓn) leitet sich wahrscheinlich von κάννα ab ( kánna: “Binsenrohr, -rute”), einem semit. Lehnwort im Griech. Von der urspr. Bed. “gerades Rohr, Stange, Stab (in verschiedener Anwendung)” ausgehend entwickelten sich mehrere spezifisch technische Bedeutungen. So bezeichnet griech. k. die Richtlatte bzw. das Winkelmaß des Zimmermanns oder Maurers, eine chronologische oder astrologische Tafel, in der musikalischen Terminologie ein Monochord (ab Eukl…

(Δημώ). Kurzform eines Kompositums (s.D. [3], [4]). [English version] [1] Tochter des Keleos (König in Eleusis) und der Metaneira Tochter des Keleos, König in Eleusis, und der Metaneira. Zusammen mit ihren Schwestern Kallidike, Kleisidike und Kallithoe begegnet sie freundlich der in der Gestalt einer alten Frau herumirrenden Demeter (Hom. h. 2,109). Bloch, René (Princeton) [English version] [2] Name der kymäischen Sibylle Name der kymäischen Sibylle, von der die Kymäer allerdings keine Orakel kannten. Sie konnten nur auf einen Wasserkrug hinweisen, in dem…

Bekannte Persönlichkeiten: Alexander [4] d. Gr. (III.); der Philosoph A. [26] aus Aphrodisias. I. Mythos [English version] [1] anderer Name des Paris s. Paris. Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) II. Angehörige hellenistischer Herrscherfamilien [English version] [2] A. I. Makedon. König (1. H. 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Sohn von Amyntas [1] und sein Unterhändler mit Dareios. Als maked. König unterstützte er Xerxes' Invasion in Griechenland, gab aber vor, ein Freund der Griechen zu sein (später “Philhellen” genannt). Herodot hat seine Zweideutigkeit subtil …

(Ἀπολλώνιος). [English version] [1] Dioiket Ptolemaios' II. (259-245 v. Chr.) aus Karien (dann vielleicht 267 v. Chr. dort als ptolemäischer Oikonomos?), Dioiket Ptolemaios' II., April /Mai 259 - Ende 245; begleitete 252 Berenike zur Hochzeit mit Antiochos II. A. war in einer wichtigen Umbruchphase verantwortlich für die Wirtschaft des ptolemäischen Königreiches: es ging um Anpassung des Steuersystems an die monetäre Ökonomie der Lagiden; er hatte daher Kompetenzen im Finanz- und Münzwesen, in Steuer- und…

[English version] (Χοιροβοσκός). Byz. Grammatiker. Die Datierung war lange problematisch, ist nun aber auf das 9.Jh. festgesetzt worden: terminus post quem sind die Zitate (in den Epimerismen) von Autoren der 1. H. des 9.Jh.; terminus ante quem der Gebrauch seiner Werke im Etymologicum genuinum (2. H. des 9. Jh.). Er wird mit dem offiziellen Titel des οἰκουμενικὸς διδάσκαλος ( oikumenikós didáskalos) erwähnt, der für die 1. H. des 9.Jh. belegt ist. So läßt sich seine Figur gut in die kulturelle Atmosphäre der Renaissance des 9.Jh. (die Zeit des Photios u…

(Ἀρίσταρχος). [English version] [1] Athenischer Politiker (Ende 5. Jh. v. Chr.) Athenischer Politiker, erbittertster Gegner des Demos unter den 400 Oligarchen 411 v. Chr. in Athen (Thuk. 8,90,1). A. war als Strategos an der Befestigung der Eetioneia beteiligt (Xen. hell. 2,3,46). Nach dem Sturz des Regimes verriet er das Grenzkastell Oinoe an die Boioter (Thuk. 8,98), wofür er 406 (?) hingerichtet wurde (Lykurg. Leokr. 115; PA, 1663; Traill PAA, 164155). Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [2] aus Tegea Tragiker, 5. Jh. v. Chr. Tragiker, Zeitgenosse des Euripides, sol…

[English version] (Χαῖρις). Griech. Grammatiker aus der Schule des Aristarchos von Samothrake, Vater eines Grammatikers Apollonios [7] (ὁ τοῦ Χαίριδος). Unklar ist, ob er unmittelbar nach Aristarchos lebte. Seine Werke wurden von Tryphon, Didymos und Herodianos benutzt. Besser informiert ist man über seine Homerexegese: etwa 10 Fragmente sind aus den Scholien bekannt, und in Schol. Hom. Od. 7,80 wird der Titel Διορθωτικά (‘Verbesserungen) genannt. Außerdem wird Ch. ca. zehnmal in den Pindarscholie…

(Ἀθηνοκλῆς). [English version] [1] aus Kyzikos, Grammatiker, 3./2. Jh. v. Chr. aus Kyzikos. Grammatiker. Auf Grund von Didymos in schol. Hom. Od. 14,503, wo in Bezug auf ihn das Wort προηθέτει (‘hat schon vorher athetiert’) benutzt wird (s. auch schol. Hom. Od. 6,144), hält man ihn für älter als Aristarchos [4] von Samothrake oder höchstens für einen seiner Zeitgenossen, so daß er also ins 3./2.Jh. v.Chr. zu setzen ist. Gegen ihn verfaßte Ammonios [3] aus Alexandreia, der Schüler des Aristarchos, eine Schr…

[English version] (Ἀμερίας) aus Makedonien. Griech. Grammatiker und Lexikograph aus alexandrinischer Zeit, wahrscheinlich früher als Aristarchos. Unsicher ist, ob alle Zitate - vor allem bei Athenaios und Hesychios und in verschiedenen Scholiensammlungen - aus dem Hauptwerk, den Γλῶσσαι, stammen, eine nach Themen angeordnete lexikalische Sammlung von dialektalen Ausdrücken. Vielleicht kann man ihn mit einem der glōssográphoi identifizieren, die oft mit diesem Kollektivbegriff zit. werden. Aristarchos; Grammatiker; Lexikographie; Glossographie Montanari, Franco (…

(Ἡρωδιανός). [English version] [1] Ailios H. griech. Grammatiker, 2. Jh. (Αἴλιος Ἡρωδιανός), aus Alexandreia, einer der bedeutendsten griech. Grammatiker, lebte im 2. Jh. n.Chr.; Sohn des Apollonios [11] Dyskolos und dessen würdiger Schüler und Nachfolger. Eine Zeit lang hielt er sich in Rom auf und widmete Kaiser Marc Aurel (161-180) sein Hauptwerk, die Καθολική προσῳδία ( Katholikḗ prosōdía). Zu Recht sieht man in ihm zwar keinen brillanten, jedoch einen sorgfältigen und genauen Grammatiker, den großen Erben und Systematiker der alexandrinischen Tr…