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Reincarnation
(1,423 words)
[German Version]
I. The word
reincarnation, like the similar expression transmigration of souls (I), from which it is generally not distinguished, refers to various notions of how a person’s soul or spirit may be reembodied for a new life (or series of lives) on earth. A possible terminological distinction might be made between transmigration and reincarnation by restricting
reincarnation primarily to the modern Western variant first proposed by G.E. Lessing (
Die Erziehung des Menschengeschlechts, 1780, §§94ff.; ET:
The Education of the Human Race, 1858), but a certain overla…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Mokṣa
(248 words)
[German Version] (Sanskrit “liberation,” also
mukti) designates the attainment of the state of salvation in the Indian religions (Hinduism) of the post-Vedic period (Vedas), i.e. release from the cycle of birth and rebirth (Reincarnation,
saṃsāra). Largely synonymous concepts are
apavarga (“completion”),
kaivalya (“isolation”),
niḥśreyasa (“the best”), and
nirvāṇa (“cessation”). The liberated being also escapes the cyclical regeneration of the world (a view rejected by the Ājīvikas).
Mokṣa is normally only possible during an incarnation as a human being; it is…
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Maṇḍala
(331 words)
[German Version] (Sanskrit “circle”). Especially in the Tantric forms of Indian religion (Tantrism),
maṇḍala designates the arrangement of deities in a cosmos-palace. Traditional (Purāṇas) cosmology (ring-shaped continents surrounding a central mountain) persists in the concentric circles of the
maṇḍala. The subdivision into four quadrants represents the cardinal points; squares symbolize the palace, further square elements mark its gates, etc. The main deity resides in the center of the
maṇḍala, while other deities flank it in the peripheral segments. The Buddhist
maṇḍala …
Source:
Religion Past and Present
Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin
(1,118 words)
*Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin (Tib. Mtho btsun grub rje) is the author of two Buddhist hymns, the
Viśeṣastava and
Sarvajñamaheśvarastotra, transmitted in Tibetan translation. The name of the poet, now widely accepted as Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin, is reconstructed from its rendering in Tibetan; another proposal was *Mudgaragomin Siddhapati (Schiefner, 1869, 64). However, two still unpublished Sanskrit manuscripts have rather Rādhasvāmin (Schneider, forthcoming). Prajñāvarman (8th/9th cent.) gives information concerning Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin’s life in the preamble to hi…
Śaṅkarasvāmin
(649 words)
Śaṃkarasvāmin (also known as *Śaṃkarapati, Tib. Bde byed bdag po) is the author of the
Devātiśayastotra (Skt. ed. Hahn, 2000; Schneider, 2014; Tib. ed. Schneider, 2014). The earliest sources containing an account of his life are Prajñāvarman’s
Viśeṣastavaṭīkā and
Devātiśayastotraṭīkā (Schneider, 1993, 2014). According to these accounts, Śaṃkarasvāmin and his elder brother Udbhaṭasiddhasvāmin were Brahmins and worshippers of Maheśvara (Śiva). On a pilgrimage to Mount Kailāsa, they witnessed Śiva paying honor to Buddhist monks. Accordi…
Wiedergeburt
(3,273 words)
[English Version]
I. Religionsgeschichtlich
1. Die menschliche Geburt ist in der Religionsgesch. seit jeher Gegenstand mannigfaltiger Vorstellungen, Riten und Gebräuche, darunter auch W. Als rite de passage ist die Geburt kein bloß natürlicher Vorgang, sondern kann eine vorherige Geburt wiederholen, den Tod als Durchgang zu neuem Leben ansehen oder innerhalb des Lebens einen physischen von einem geistigen Geburtsakt mit dazwischen liegendem rituellen Tod unterscheiden. Die griech. Terminologie ist uneinheitlich und verwendet α᾿n̆αγεn̆n̆α˜n̆/anagennán, α᾿n̆αβιου˜n̆…