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Name of a Roman patrician family, probably originally from Cameria (hence the cognomen Camerinus); documented in the fasti from c. 500 BC. The otherwise rare praenomen Servius appears comparatively frequently and at times is even used in place of the nomen gentile (Tac. Hist. 2,48; Plut. Galba 3,1). The number of cognomina within the gens is high, but it has been impossible to identify clear branches. The link between the S. from the 3rd to the 2nd and 1st cent. BC is unclear. In the 2nd cent. BC, the most important branch of the family was that of…

(Δωσίθεος; Dōsítheos). [German version] [1] Jewish apostate Son of Drimylos, Jewish apostate. He is supposed to have saved the life of Ptolemy IV Philopa…

Roman surname (Schulze 78; ThlL, Onom. 2,765-770). The fictive early republican relatives of Curtius[I 1-3] are said to be the explanation for the name Lacus Curtius [1. 75ff.]. I. Republican period [German version] [I 1] C., M. Hero of Roman legend Hero of Roman legend. When a crevice opened on the forum in 362 BC and an oracle announced that it would not close up until Rome's greatest possessions were sacrificed to guarantee the eternity of Rome, Curtius interpreted this as a sign of military bravery and jumped in full armour with h…

[1] D. of Carthage, Donatists [German version] A. Definition Donatism is a derogatory term for an ethically radical Christian movement that attached itself to traditional elements in the African Church in Roman North Africa in the 4th-7th cents. AD. It led to a schism in the African Church during disputes over the consequences of the Diocletian persecutions of Christians, i.e. the question of how to deal with lay p…

[German version] Latin grammarian and rhetor, probably from the 5th cent. AD. Extant by him is part of a commentary on Cicero's De inventione which is preceded by an argumentum artis rhetoricae, a synopsis of the Rhetorica ad Herennium. Priscian (Inst. gramm. 2,35,27; 36,1f.) mentions (probably our) G. as the author of a (nonextant) work Ad Vergilium de accentibus, which must be considered a grammar dedicated to a certain Virgilius, rather than a study of Virgilian verses. Included in numerous medieval catalogues, G. was used frequently by, among others, Anselm of …

[German version] Lat. grammarian of the 1st half of the 4th cent. AD in Constantinople. He was the teacher of  Charisius, who relied extensively on him in his Ars grammatica. C.'s lost work, which served as a Latin textbook for Greeks [1. 123], was influenced by  Plotius Sacerdos. It may also have been used in the form of revised versions, by…

[German version] I Greek (Ῥουφῖνος/ Rhouphînos). [German version] [I 1] Epigrammatist Greek epigrammatist; dating uncertain (Neronian/Flavian era? [2; 4]; 2nd cent. AD? [3]; late 4th cent. AD? [1]); origin unknown (Anth. Pal. 5,9: residence in Ephesus). 37 erotic poems are extant, all in Anth. Pal. 5,2-103 (on this so-called Sylloge Rufiniana, perhaps also from the 4th cent. AD, cf. [5]). With the exception of the paederastic poem 28 (cf. also 19), R.' epigrams, in which 13 women's names are mentioned (two further fictitious ones in 44,1), treat the established themes of heterosexual love with lively originality: carpe di…

[German version] Latin grammarian and author of a Terence comm. that is also included with various Terence MSS. He may have lived in the 6th cent. AD: he used the Terence comm. of  Donatus [3]. The Commentum of E. mainly consists of notes of a rhetorical type, sometimes o…

[German version] Latin grammarian, who worked in Constantinople during the 1st half of the 4th cent. AD. Extant of his works are a treatise entitled De fabula or De comoedia (regarding the title see Rufin. Gramm. 6,554,4), which is contained in the preface to  Donatus' [3] commentary on Terence. The first three chapters of this preface are undoubtedly by E., whereas there is considerable uncertainty regarding the fourth. It is almost certain, however, that E. also commented on Terence's individual comedies, and that these c…

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(Φιλήμων; Philḗmōn). [German version] [1] Husband of Baukis Husband of Baucis. Junk, Tim (Kiel) …

[German version] Latin grammarian, assumed to have lived before Cassiodorus, probably in the first half of the 6th cent. AD. M. was the son of a certain Adamantius, whom he owed his education and who is thus named in the MSS Adamanti(i) sive Martyrii and in Cassiodorus Adamantius Martyrius. In a manuscript subscriptio the designation Sardianus grammaticu…

(Χαρίσιος; Charísios). [German version] …

[German version] Latin grammarian (on his erroneous identification with  Agrestius cf. [4. 13 f.]). As Bishop of Sens, he dedicated an Ars de orthographia to Bishop  Eucherius of Lyon ( c. AD 434 to c. 450); therefore he is classified chronologically in the middle of the 5th cent. Strictly speaking, it is not a proper orthographical treatise, but rather a listing of 138 …

[German version] I. Greek (Μάξιμος; Máximos) [German version] [I 1] Maximus of Tyre Author of lectures mainly on ethics and theology, 2nd cent. AD, [1] Maximus of Tyrus AD 2nd cent.; author of 41 short dialéxeis (lectures), according to the most important MS (Cod. Parisinus graecus 1962) delivered in Rome (the Suda dates a visit to the reign of Co…

[German version] Latin grammarian of the 2nd cent. AD from Sicca Veneria in Africa. Teacher of  Marcus Aurelius (cf. SHA Aur. 2,3. 5), who elevated him to the proconsular career. His works are lost. It is unlikely that E. is identical with the (probably fictitious) grammarian Proculus, to whom SHA trig.tyr. 22,14 attributes an (even more probably fictitious) treatise with the title of …

Lat. gentile name (Etruscan arntni ?) also as Arentius in inscriptions, derived from the Etruscan name Arruns ([1]; ThLL 2,647). The gens appeared in Rome in the 1st cent. BC, attained the consulate under Augustus and was then probably accepted into the patriciate at that time (see Stat. Silv. 1.2.71 concerning the poet Arruntius [II 12] Stella). I. Repub…

(Διομήδης; Diomḗdēs). [German version] [1] Cultic hero of the city of Argos …

[German version] Latin grammarian, compiled a commentary on the grammar of  Donatus at Constantinople in the 5th cent. He has been preserved in a very disorderly state, which in part reveals how the text, which originated in marginalia and scholastic notes on Donatus, was compiled in a later period. Gatti, Paolo (Trento) Bibliography Editions: GL 5, 9-79. Bibliography: G. Goetz, s.v. C., RE 4, 10 Schanz/Hosius 4,2, 207f. V. de Angelis, s.v. C., EV 1, 818f.

Name of an old patrician family, probably connected with the name of the god  Jupiter [1. 281; 2. 729]. The gens was one of the so-called ‘Trojan families’, who were said to have moved from Alba Longa to Rome under king Tullus Hostilius [I 4] (see below). The Iulii were prominent in the 5th and 4th cents. BC. Their connection to the family branch of the Caesares, which rose to prominence from the 3rd cent. and whose outstanding member was the dictator  Caesar (with family tree), is unclear. Caes…