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1. OT 1.1. Term The Heb. root ṣdq is as comprehensive in meaning as the …

1. Term and History The term “democracy,” which comes from ancient Greece, literally means “rule by the people.” In political philosophy, democracy was viewed as a form of government. It stood between aristocracy (the rule of the elite) and the negatively viewed ochlocracy (mob rule; Aristotle Pol. ). Classical Greece—or more narrowly the city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries b.c. up to its subjugation by Philip II of Macedonia and the end of its independence in 338 b.c.—ranked as a model democracy. In Athens male citizens had the right to vote at popular assemblies that made political decisions. The sphere of political decisions embraced potentially all areas of social life. There was no sharing of power in the modern sense, nor did the popularly elected executive make use of any bureaucratic machinery. Th…

1. Beginnings Like socialism in general, religious socialism is a political and social movement that sought to replace the existing order by a new and more just social order. Triggered by the drastic social effects of the industrial revolution (Industrial Society) but largely irrelevant after World War II, it involved the idea that the Christian faith has crucial relevance for the carrying out of politic…

[German Version] (Diaconal Ministry [= DW] of the Evangelical Church in Germany). The DW of the EKD came into being when the “Central Committee for Inland Mission of the German Evangelical Church (DEK)” (formed in 1848) merged with the “Zentralbüro des Hilfswerks der EKD” (Head Office of the EKD Relief Organization), which had been founded in 1945 on the initiative of E. Gerstenmaier. The DW …

[German Version] I. History of Religions – II. Christian Charity I. History of Religions In the Christian context, the term charity signifies the practical implementation of the commandment to love one's neighbor (Love of one 's neighbor) in kindly acts for the benefit of others, such as support for the needy (Poor, Care of the) or the care of the sick (Diakonia; …

[German Version] 1. Theodor (Jan 21, 1800, Eppstein – Oct 4, 1864, Kaiserswerth), husband of 2, Friederike. Beside J.H. Wichern, Theodor Fliedner was one of the most important initiators of the Diakonia and of the diaconate of women in particular. He became a pioneer of participation of women in the work of the Evangelical Church in Germany, and his influence can be seen even today far beyond the national borders. In 1822, after theological study in Giessen and Göttingen, in which Fliedner had alrea…

[German Version] Youth Care, Upbringing and Education (henceforward YCUE, Ger. Fürsorgeerziehung) in pastoral studies relates to children and young people for whom educational provision for life in the family, neighborhood, kindergarten, ¶ school, youth group and work training has either broken down, or whose personal development is hampered by significant deficiencies. In these cases YCUE (Youth, Pastoral care of) services enter the educational process. The origins of…

[German Version] is a key anthropological concept that at all times has defined the way human beings live together and that has been shaped by religion. In the biblical tradition, it is taken for granted that believers are willing to help. This is based on the religious traditions and moral laws not only of the Judaism of the Hellenistic period ¶ but also of the ancient Near East, in which both private ethics and public or royal ethics were grounded. Plato, for example, distinguished between material, bodily, professional, and legal help. For him, in addi…

[German Version] I. Terminology The term welfare system, which goes back to the workers’ welfare associations of the 19th century, covers a variety of endeavors. Distinct from poor relief (Poor, Care of the) and private charity, it denotes the broa…

[German Version] I. General The term profession denotes a particular form of vocation that modern society inherited from the estate-based, corporative world of early modern Europe. The ¶ earliest examples were the academic vocations of theologians, jurists, and physicians, who were educated by the faculties of the medieval and early modern universities. An important element was therefore a clo…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies …