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, name given in Morocco to the money minted on the orders of Mawlāy al-Ḥasan from 1299/1881-2 onwards. The object was to replace the previous Moroccan coinage consisting of a multitude of bronze, copper or silver coins; the gold coins had practically disappeared a long time before. The currency previous to Mawlāy al-Ḥasan was victoriously rivalled by different foreign currencies, mainly Spanish, French and English, especially since the financial crisis created by the Spanish-Moroccan war of 1859-60 (cf. G. Ayache, Aspects de la crise financière au Maroc après l’expédition espagnole …

al-Ḥasanī . Practically nothing is known of this personage, who has become one of the "poles" ( ḳuṭb , [ q.v.]) of popular mysticism in Morocco. The only fairly certain fact ¶ is that he died in 625/1227-8 by assassination in his hermitage on the Ḏj̲abal al-ʿAlam, in the territory of the Banū ʿArūs, to the south-east of Tetuan. He is said to have fallen victim to a man of the region, Muḥammad b. Abī Tawād̲j̲īn al-Kutāmī, belonging to Ḳaṣr Kutāma, who had rebelled against the decaying Almohad power and was attempting to pass h…

, Turkish word meaning “maternal uncle”, which seems to have been used to designate official functions only in the Regencies of Algiers and Tunis. It probably began as a sort of honorific title (comparable to the word alp , used by the ancient Turks), and must have been difficult to acquire, as its bearer had to have demonstrated his prowess on land and sea in the Mediterranean (Pakalın, i, 407-8). This usage would conflict with the legend ¶ in which the father of the Barbarossas is supposed to have told his sons to obey K̲h̲ayr al-Din [ q.v.] for “he will be your day” (Venture de Paradis, Alger au X…

, dey of Algiers from the beginning of 1682 till 22 July 1683. He first exercised the functions of corsair-captain ( raʾīs ) at Algiers; in this capacity he took part in the revolt of 1671 which replaced the powers of the ag̲h̲a s by that of the deys. Son-in-law of the first dey, Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Muḥammad Ṭrīḳī who was also a corsair, he already played an important part in the days of this timid old man. Thus, when Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ Muḥammad fled to Tripoli on receiving news that a French fleet was coming to attack Algiers, Ḥasa…

, a descendant of a Yemeni family which settled in Spain at an unknown date, subsequently moving to the district of Msīla, in the Mag̲h̲rib, at the end of the 3rd/9th century at the latest. Like his father ʿAlī, he was at first a loyal supporter of the Fāṭimid cause, as Governor of Msila; then, probably inspired by jealousy of the Zīrids [ q.v.] who were increasingly favoured by the Fāṭimid caliphs, he changed sides in 360/971 and swore obedience to the Umayyad ¶ caliph of Spain. After a few years in favour, he incurred the displeasure of the all-powerful ḥād̲j̲ib al-Manṣūr b. Abī ʿĀmir [ q.v.] who …

, Abu ʿAlī , sultan of Morocco from 12 September 1873 to 9 June 1894. He was the son of Sayyidī Muḥammad b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān whom, at the age of 37, he succeeded without dispute. Soon after his accession, however, revolts broke out at several places: Azammūr, against the local governor; Meknès, where an uncle rose as pretender to the throne; Fez, where the tanners rebelled in order to obtain the abolition of a local tax. The sultan repressed these risings quickly and without exc…

, a term of Greek origin (πανδοχεĩον) used, particularly in North Africa, to denote hostelries at which animals and humans can lodge, on the lines of the caravanserais or k̲h̲ān s of the Muslim East. These hostelries consist of a court-yard surrounded by buildings on all four sides. The ground floors are generally used to house animals from caravans or owned by passing country-dwellers and also, when necessary, any merchandise stored there until such time as the consignee takes delivery of it. On the up…

, ʿAlawid [ q.v.] sultan of Morocco, whose first reign started 4 S̲h̲aʿbān 1141/5 March 1729, while his last ended with his death 27 Ṣafar 1171/10 Nov. 1757. This sovereign was in fact deposed several times, five times according to the Arabic historians, and as often recalled to power. For the good order established in Morocco under Mawlāy Ismāʿīl [ q.v.] was at that time but a memory. When ʿAbd Allāh assumed power, two of his brothers, Aḥmad al-Ḏh̲ahabī and ʿAbd al-Malik, had been fighting for it for two years, and had roused, by their mutual bids and t…

, chief town of the department of the Saoura (Organisation Commune des Régions Sahariennes), created by a decree of 7 August 1957. This town is quite recent; before the French occupation, which dates from 13 November 1903, a few villages, with no historical importance, had been built unevenly along the banks of the Oued Bechar (Wādī Bas̲h̲s̲h̲ār), which sustained a scanty group of palms. From 1857 the region had been explored by Captain de Colomb, whose name has been used for the new town; to this has been joined the…

, banū , a Berber tribe of the Zenata group mentioned as living in the Lower Zab (south of Msīla) at the beginning of the 4th/10th century. These Berbers, in conflict with the Fāṭimid Caliph, ʿUbayd Allāh, who built the fortress of Msīla as a look-out against them, supported the Ḵh̲ārid̲j̲ite agitator, Abū Yazīd [ q.v.], and offered him refuge when he was pursued by the Fāṭimid Caliph, al-Manṣūr. Although the latter pardoned them, they nevertheless took part in the rebellion of the governor of the Zāb, Ḏj̲aʿfar Ibn al-Andalusī [ q.v.] in 360/971. Fāṭimid repression forced them to flee…

, successor of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn as governor of Algiers, when the latter was recalled to Istanbul on 17 Rabīʿ I 942/15 October 1535 to become ḳapudan-pas̲h̲a . Ḥasan was of Sardinian origin; he was captured as a child by an Algerine pirate and made a slave of K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn, who set him free and made him a eunuch and his confidant. While his master was in command at Algiers he performed various civil and military duties, K̲h̲ayr al-Dīn leaving him at the head of the government with the title of k̲h̲alīfa . Until the attack by Charles V (1541) he seems to have acquit…

, plural of the nisba Darḳāwī, a religious brotherhood founded in north Morocco at the end of the 18th century by an Idrīsī sharīf , Mawlāy al-ʿArbī al-Darḳāwī. His name is supposed to come from the appelation of one of his ancestors who used to be called Abū Darḳa, the man with the leather shield. He was the pupil at Fās of another Idrīsī s̲h̲arīf , ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Djamal, an adept of the mystical doctrine of al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī [ q.v.], and after the latter’s death, he organized a brotherhood inspired by this doctrine. The seat of this group was at first the zāwiya o…

This is the name both of a river of south Morocco which rises on the southern slope of the High Atlas and flows into the Atlantic south of the D̲j̲ebel Bānī, and of a Moroccan province which stretches along the two cultivated banks of this water-course from Agdz as far as the elbow of the river Darʿa, for a distance of about 120 miles in a generally north-west to south-east direction. This province is traditionally divided into eight districts corresponding with the wider parts of the valley which are separated by mountain barriers forming narrows. From north to so…

, Berber prophet of the beginning of the 4th/10th century, who appeared among the G̲h̲umāra Berbers, or, to be more exact, in the tribe of the Mad̲j̲kasa settled not far from Tetuan. He began to preach his religion in 313/925 and was killed not far from Tangier, in a battle against the Maṣmūḍa, in 315/927-8. His religion appears to have survived him for a period whose length is unknown, but which did not go beyond the end of the 4th/10th century. Just as in the religion of the Barg̲h̲awāṭa [ q.v.], this doctrine, about which we have very little information, was in part a garbled vers…

, part of the Moroccan coast situated approximately between the Wādī Lukkus, the Wādī Subū and the mountains which border the coastal plain to the east. This territory has never been precisely defined, but its limits have varied according to the tribes which occupied it and were or were not considered as tribes of the G̲h̲arb. It is an alluvial plain, humid and marshy, along the coast and bordered to the east by rolling hills. The G̲h̲arb, thus roughly defined, was at first inhabited by Berbers and probably formed part of the territory of the Barg̲h̲awāṭa [ q.v.]. These were exterminated by…

is the name given to the islets just off the north-west coast of Algiers Bay, ¶ and which now constitute the Admiralty of the town. The Arabs applied the name of the islets to the town, which was founded in the 4th/10th century on the mainland opposite them. Under the Turks it became the capital of Algeria, and has remained so ever since. It was the French who transformed its Arab name into “Alger” (Algiers). It lies at a latitude of 36° 47′ N., and a longtitude of 3° …

, a Berber confederation belonging to the Maṣmūda group, established in the Tāmasnā [ q.v.] province, extending along the Atlantic coast of Morocco, between Salé and Safi, from the 2nd/8th to the 6th/12th century. ¶ They were an important confederation, able, according to the Andalusian geographer al-Bakrī, to put more than 12,000 cavalry into the field simultaneously. They appear to have played a certain political rôle up to the arrival of the Almoravids (second half of the 5th/11th century). Prior to this time, our information …

or ahl Fās , a name given to the inhabitants of Fās. In the local dialect this name does not apply to all those who live in Fās, but to those who were born there and have right of citizenship through having adopted the ways and customs of the city and its code of good manners. The population of Fās was formed little by little of many diverse elements. The original basis was certainly made up of Berbers and some Arab companions of the Idrīsids. From the beginning of the 3rd/9th century on, the population grew through the coming of political refugees f…

, a river on the Algero-Moroccan borders, a sub-tributary on the left bak of the Tafna. Of little importance in itself, this river was the scene of several battles, since…

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