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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium | | Coloniae (Γέρμα κολωνία, Γερμοκολώνεια; Gérma kolōnía, Germakolṓneia). Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Germenorum, founded between 25/24 and 21/20 BC; at the crossing of the roads Ancyra - Dorylaeum/Ancyra - Pessinus. Attested as a suffragan diocese until the 12th cent. Ruins near modern Babadat. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography H. v. Aulock, Die röm. Kolonie G., in: MDAI(Ist) 18, 1968, 221-237 Belke, 168f. Mitchell I, 87-90, 151f., 155 M. Waelkens, G., Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 4…

[German version] (Ἀναστασιούπολις; Anastasioúpolis). Town in  Galatia, remains near Dikmen Hüyük. Originally called Lagania, a station on the pilgrim route; recorded as a suffragan diocese from AD 451. Renamed after  Anastasius I (AD 491-518). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, M. Restle, Galatien und Kappadokien (TIB 4), 1984, 125 f. S. Mitchell, Anatolia. Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor, vol. 2, 1993, 126 f., 129 f. W. Ruge, s. v. A., RE 12, 454.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ueteston, Οὐέτεστον). Town in Galatia on the southern edge of the territory of the Tolistobogii (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5: Vetissus), about 8 km to the west-northwest of modern Sülüklü. Regionally organised in the Roman period as δῆμος Οὐητισσέων/ dêmos Uētisséōn (MAMA 7, 363); numerous inscriptions survive from the region around V. (MAMA 7, 311-401). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 242  E. Kirsten, s. v. V., RE 8 A, 2437-2439.

[German version] (Σωζόπετρα/ Sōzópetra, also Ζιζόατρα/ Zizóatra, Ζάπετρα/ Zápetra; in Arabic sources Zibaṭra or Zubaṭra). City in Cappadocia in the strategia of Lauiansene, which borders on Syria (Ptol. 5,7,10), modern Doğanşehir (formerly Viranşehir), 56 km to the southwest of  Melitene. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 286 f.  E. Honigmann, s.v. S., RE 3 A, 1256.

[German version] (Βασιλικὰ Θέρμα, Θέρμα, Θέρμαι Βασιλικαί; Basilikà Thérma, Thérma, Thérmai Basilikaí). City in Cappadocia, in the border region to East Galatia, today Sarıkaya (previously Terzili Haman). Thermal spa, documented as a diocese since AD 451. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 156f.

[German version] (Γαρσάουρα, Γαρσαύιρα; Garsáoura, Garsaúira). Main town of the Cappadocian strategia Garsauritis, modern Aksaray; refounded by  Archelaus [7] as  Archelais (later colonia Claudia Augusta; in Str. 12,2,6 called κωμόπολις). From AD 325 to the 14th cent. attested as a bishopric. The original name was preserved (in the Seljuq period Aqsarā). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 205f. Mitchell 1, 95f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Zenobia | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Pergamum (Πεσσινοῦς; Pessinoûs). Town in Phrygia, later part of Galatia. Temple-state with a famous sanctuary of Cybele/Mater Magna (Str. 10,12; 12,5,3), crossed by the sacred creak Gallus [2], which has buried the town area with its silt deposits; modern Ballıhisar. The territory of P. reached the mountain of Dindymum in the north, including its north-eastern slopes up…

[German version] (Κίννα, also Κίνα; Kínna, Kína). Town in the province of Galatia, modern Karahamzalı; in Antonine times (2nd cent. AD), the district of Proseilemmene was organized as a municipality ( Proseilemmenitai); attested as a diocese of Galatia I possibly as early as AD 325, then into the 12th cent. AD. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 198 Mitchell 1, 96 K. Strobel, Galatien und seine Grenzregionen, in: E. Schwertheim (ed.), Forsch. in Galatien (Asia Minor Stud. 12), 1994, 59.

[German version] Place at the exit of the Gulf of Astacus in Bithynia, originally Drepanon, modern Altinova. Birthplace of  Helena [2], elevated to a city in her honour by Constantine [1] and extended by Justinian (Amm. Marc. 26,8,1; Procop. Aed. 5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography R. Janin, Les églises et les monastères des grands centres byzantins, 1975, 97f. W. Ruge, s.v. Drepanon (4), RE 5, 1687.

[German version] (Τέμβρις/ Témbris, also Témbros, Thýmbris, Tembrógius; modern River Porsuk). Left bank tributary of the Sangarius (Liv. 38,18,8; Plin. HN 6,4; HN 681). It rises in the Dindymum to the south of modern Kütahya, flows first to the north and then turns eastwards past Dorylaeum. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 232  W. Ruge, s. v. T., RE 5 A, 433.

[German version] Mountain massif south of Sorgun, in the Hittite period probably the cult mountain Daḫa near Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Höyük). After 600 BC building of the city of Pteria, the largest prehistoric city of Anatolia ( c. 2.5 km2 densely built up): layout to plan with grand administrative and military complexes, later condensing of the existing area; clay brick superstructure of the city wall ( c. 7.5 km long) probably not completed for political reasons; numerous tumuli. New centre of the Phrygian empire - that was restricted because of the Lydian expa…

[German version] (Μέλαινα Ἄκρα/ Mélaina Akra). Bithynian foothills to the east of the northern end of the Bosporus, modern Kara Burun. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Melaina Akra (2), RE 15, 387.

[German version] Mountain massif near Ancyra, onto which the Tectosages and Trocmi retreated from the Romans in 189 BC; the Galatae were defeated with their Paphlagonian and Cappadocian allies in the foothills (Liv. 38,24-27); today a lush outcrop (Kale/Doğandere Tepe) of the Elma Dağı-Massif (incorrect [1. 53f.]; reference to the mons Modiacus west of Ancyra at Fest. 11 cannot be correct). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 Mitchell 1. W. Ruge, s.v. M., RE 14, 287  K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1999  Belke, 207.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Coloniae (Φαυστινούπολις; Phaustinoúpolis, colonia Faustinopolitanorum). Originally the village of Halala, 24 km south-east of Tyana; the modern Başmakcı. Here died in AD 176  Faustina the Younger [3] (SHA Aur. 26,4; 9), for which M. Aurelius elevated F. to the status of colonia. Attested since 431 as a bishopric. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography M. H. Ballance, Derbe and F., in: AS 14, 1964, 139-145 R. P. Harper, s.v. F., PE, 326 Hild/Restle, 258f. T. Drew-Bear, Inscriptions de Cappadoce, in: J. DesCourtils (…

[German version] (Μνίζος/ Mnízos). Way station, later a town, on the road from Nicaea to Ancyra (Cod. Theod. 9,40,16; 9,45,3), 8 km to the west of modern-day Ayaş. It was a suffragan bishopric from AD 451 until sometime in the 12th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 207.

[German version] (Πήιον/ Pḗion, Latin Peium; Πεῶν χωρίον/ Peôn chōríon), Deiotarus' treasure fortress (Str. 12,5,2; Cic. Deiot. 17). Hellenistic and Byzantine castle, built in a meander of the river Siberis (Kirmir Çayi) on a steep-sided rock plateau, modern Tabanoğlu Kalesi. Strong entrenchment fortification, cisterns, traces of a palace and a tunnel stairway in the northern part of the site. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 212f.  S. Mitchell, Blucium and Peium, in: AS 24, 1974, 61-74  K. Strobel, Galatica II, in: Orbis Terrarum 6, 2000

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Πωδανάλα/ Pōdanála). Fortified settlement of the northeastern tetrarchy of the Trocmi on the upper city of the Hittite cult city of Zippalanda (Kuşaklı Hüyük) near Sorgun; it was here that Pompeius [I 3] and Licinius [I 26] Lucullus met in 66 BC (Str. 12,5,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Strobel, Galatica I, in: Orbis Terrarum 3, 1997, 131-153.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Ἄσπονα, Ἄσπωνα; Áspona, Áspōna). Border town of  Galatia north of the Tuz Gölü, modern Sarıhüyük. Statio on the pilgrim route, in the 4th cent. AD civitas; documented as a suffragan diocese from AD 342/343. Fortified hill with evidence of settlement as early as prehistoric times. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography K. Belke, Galatien und Lykaonien, TIB 4, 1984, 135 S. Mitchell, Regional Epigraphic Catalogues of Asia Minor 2, 1982, 403-405.

I. Region [German version] A. Definition Region in central Anatolia; it received its ethnically derived name following the conquest, settlement, and formation of states by the Celtic  Tolistobogii,  Tectosages, and  Trocmi, thus replacing the older names for its constituent regions (Phrygia, Cappadocia). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) [German version] B. Geography Before 188 BC, the tribal states of G. included, in the north, peripheral areas of  Paphlagonia and the territory of the  Mariandyni (basins of Bolu and Gerede), the zone ─ rich in woodl…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Writing | Syria | Byzantium | Christianity | Xenophon | Zenobia | | Coloniae | Ḫattusa | Asia Minor | Asia Minor | Aegean Koine (Τύανα/ Týana; Luwian Tuwana). Ancient Anatolian city, capital of southern Cappadocia, on the road to the Cilician Gates [1], modern Kemerhisar (settlement mound, aqueduct, tapping of springs). Seat of a Late-Hittite kingdom, which in the later 8th cent. BC probably came under the predominance of the Phrygian kingdom (Phryges). In the Hellenistic…

[German version] (Ἄρκα; Árka). Town in  Armenia minor, present-day Akçadaǧ. Statio on the road Caesarea-Melitene (Arcas: Itin. Anton. 211,3), colonia Arca. Evidence of a bishopric from AD 431. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 152 f. G.Hirschfeld, s.v.A. 4, RE 2, 1118.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Ḫattusa (Κύβιστρα; Kýbistra). Town in  ‘Cataonia at the end of the road from the Cilician Gates across the Taurus, later also called Heraclea; modern Tont Kalesı, 13 km south-east of Ereğli; belonged later to  Cappadocia II. It was a diocese from AD 325 and an archdiocese from c. 1060. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Kybistra, RE Suppl. 4, 1123 Hild/Restle, 188-190.

[German version] (Σίβερις). Right-hand tributary of the Sangarius, dangerous because of its flooding (Procop. Aed. 5,4,1-3), also called Hieros flumen  (Plin. HN 5,149), modern Kirmir Çayı (otherwise still in [1]). From the 1st until the 3rd cent. AD it formed the border between Bithynia and Galatia (Plin. loc.cit.). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 W. Ruge, s. v. Hieros flumen, RE 8, 1589. Belke, 224.

[German version] (Εὐδοξιάς; Eudoxiás). City of Galatia II, named after the wife of Arcadius or the daughter of Theodosius II, probably Hamamkarahisar (Arslani [1. 447-464]) at the foot of the  Dindymum ([2. 129] incorrectly attributes this area to Germia); documented to have been a bishopric from 451 onwards (Hierocles, 698,2). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, Germia, in: Byzantion 49, 1979 2 Mitchell 2. K. Belke, Germia und E., in: W. Hörandner et al., Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984 Belke, 163.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Γορβεῦς, Κορβεῦντος; Gorbeûs, Korbeûntos). Residence of Castor the Elder, the tetrarch of the Tectosages, who was murdered here along with his wife by his father-in-law  Deiotarus; the latter destroyed the castle and large parts of the settlement (Str. 12,5,3). Later a road station (Ptol. 5,4,6; It. Ant. 143,2; 205,9); SE of Oğulbey, 29 km south of Ankara. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 171 K. Strobel, Die Galater 2, 1998.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium (Κύζιστρα; Kýzistra). Town and Byzantine fortress in the Cappadocian strategia of Cilicia (Ptol. 5,6,15), the modern Zengibar Kalesı, 56 km south-south-west of  Caesarea. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 219f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts Central town of the north-western  Trocmi tetrarchy, a fortified settlement of the Trocmi and a joint posting station for the roads to Ancyra and Tavium (Tab. Peut. 9,5: Eccobriga; It. Ant. 203,6: Ecobrogis), modern Kalekişla east of Sulakyurt [1. 148-151; 2. 28]. E. consisted of a steeply rising castle mount and an extensive walled lower town; scattered finds indicate settlement into the Byzantine period. The name of this obviously Celtic new foundation is derived from briga (‘fortified high place’), and can m…

[German version] (Δασκοῦσα; Daskoûsa). City and fortress on the Euphrates limes in Cappadocia (strategia Melitene) on the border to Armenia minor (Plin. HN 5,84; 6,27; Oros. 1,2,23; Ptol. 5,6,19; 21 erroneously distinguishes D. and Dagusa), later counted as part of Armenia II, on the Satala-Melitene road (It. Ant. 209,3), located near Ağın, Elazığ. In the 4th cent., the Ala Auriana is stationed there (Not. Dign. Or. 38,22). Fortified settlement hill and late-antique fortress (Pağnık Öreni) [1; 2; 3]. The military camp was established in AD 80/82 [4]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Biblio…

[German version] Fortress in Cappadocia probably built after 363 AD, modern Kaleköy at Şerefiye; possibly identical with the In Medio road station (It. Ant. 212,8). Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 288 f.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Byzantium (Νύσσα/ Nýssa). Old Anatolian settlement and city in the Cappadocian strategy of Morimene (Ptol. 5,6,23), today Büyük-/Küçükkaletepe north of Harmandalı. In AD 372, Gregorius [2] became bishop of N. The city declined as early as the 9th cent. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Hild/Restle, 246-248.

[German version] (Ἀριαράθεια; Ariarátheia). Town in  Cappadocia, strategia of Sargarausene, modern Pınarbaşı (former Aziziye), founded by Ariarathes IV. Documented as a suffragan diocese from AD 431. Under Constantine incorporated into  Armenia minor. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography F. Hild, M. Restle, Kappadokien (TIB 2), 1981, 151 G. Hirschfeld, s. v. Ariarath(e)ia, RE 2, 815.

[German version] (Σαγγάριος/ Sangários). River in Asia Minor, modern Sakarya, c. 520 km long, source (according to Str. 12,3,7; cf. 12,4,4; 5,3) 150 stadia from Pessinus (according to Liv. 38,18,8 at mons Adoreus) in Phrygia (Phryges). The headwaters of the upper course collect the water of the Phrygian highlands. In the prehistoric era, the southern river system of the S. was more significant; it carried away the precipitation from the area around Ilgın in the south to Yunak and today has left evidence of itself in a heavily…

[German version] (Γέρμια; Gérmia). Town on the northern edge of the Dindymon in Galatia II, modern Gümüşkonak (previously Yürme; different [1]); attested from 553 as a suffragan diocese, then as an archdiocese.  Eudoxias Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 M. Waelkens, Germa, Germokoloneia, G., in: Byzantion 49, 1979, 447-464. K. Belke, G. und Eudoxias, in: W. Hörandner, Byzantios. FS H. Hunger, 1984, 1-11 Belke, 166-168, 247 Mitchell II, 129.

[German version] (Ἰουλιούπολις; Ioulioúpolis). Originally Gordiou Kome, settlement in Galatia where the road from Nicaea to Ancyra crossed over the  Scopas (Procop. Aed. 5,4). Home of the dynast Cleon, who defected to Augustus in 31 BC. The settlement was named I. in his honour and extended to become a city (Str. 12,8,9; Plin. HN 5,143). After 25/4 BC it belonged to Bithynia (Plin. HN 5,149), from the time of Diocletian to the province of Galatia, then to Galatia I. Also called Basilaion (Basileon)…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | | Ḫattusa | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Celts | Pompeius | Patricius also Tavia, Tabia (Τάουιον/ Táouion, Ταβία/ Tabía…

[German version] (Συκεών/ Sykeṓn, Σικεών/ Sikeṓn). Place in Galatia (Proc. Aed. 5,4,1) where the road from Nicaea [5] to Ancyra crosses the Siberis, about 10 km to the south-southwest of modern Beypazarı, as a road station …

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(Βιθυνία; Bithynía). [German version] A. Geographical location Region and kingdom in north-western Asia Minor, with a Thracian population. Its core territory (Str. 12,3,2f.; 12,3,7; 4,1-10; [2; 3. 190ff.]) lies between the  Bosporus [1] and the area around the lower  Sangarius, from the Black Sea Coast to the Gulf of Cius, Lake Ascania and the Kapıorman Dağları range. The northern coastal region up to the Kales formed the original territory of  Thyni(a)s, inhabited by the related tribe of the  Thyni, …

[German version] (Τολιστοβόγιοι/ Tolistobógioi). Celtic tribe (Syll.3 591: Tolistoágioi) which, together with the Trocmi and led by Leonnorius, passed through Thracia in 279/8 BC and into Byzantium where Nicomedes [2] recruited them as allies [1.236-252]). After 275/4 BC the T. took possession of northwest Phrygia. Until 189 BC Gordium was their municipal centre and their territory extended fro…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Τολαστοχόρα; Tolastochóra). Town in Galatia (Ptol. 5,4,7; Tab. Peut. 9,5) at a crossing over the former southern main tributary of the Sangarius from Lake Ak (River Gökpınar) at modern Gökpınar in the southwestern border region of the Tolistobogii. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography Belke, 236.

(Τεκτόσαγες/ Tektósages). [German version] I. Overview Sub-tribe of the Volcae, a Celtic group of peoples, referred to as Volcae T., who probably originated in the low mountain ranges from Thuringia to northeastern Bavaria ( circum Hercyniam silvam, Caes. B Gall. 6,24,1-4) ([1. 172-179]; differing: [4]). In the 4th cent. BC, the majority group of the Volcae were caught in a migration-dynamic in which a part of them, dominated by the T., moved across the Danube region into southeastern Europe. Another group of the T. adopted strong influences of the Danub…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Κράτεια, Κράτια). City in Bithynia, known today as Gerede, newly founded as Flaviopolis in the Flavian period (end of the 1st cent. AD). It was the main city of the South Paphlagonian border area in the Gerede Basin and was annexed to Galatia in …

[German version] (Προῦσα, Προῦσα πρὸς Ὀλύμπῳ τῷ ὄρει/ Proûsa, Proûsa pròs Olýmpōi tôi órei). City in Bithynia, on the northern slopes of Olympus [13] in Mysia (Str. 12,4,3), modern Bursa. A Prusias who is supposed to have fought Croesus  (Str. ibidem), the Bithynian king Prusias [1] I (Arr. FGrH 156 F 29) and Hannibal [4] (Plin. HN 5,148; [1. 1103 f.] accordingly dates the foundation to 188 or 187 BC) have been named as founders. Coins show the official tradition of foundation by Prusias I, who created it as…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Celts (Βλούκιον; Bloúkion, Blucium). Residential castle of Deiotarus I (Str. 12,5,2; Cic. Deiot. 17). Archaeological finds: necropolis, settlements near Karalar [1; 2]. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography 1 R. O. Arık, Karalar Hafriyatı, in: TTAD 2, 1934, 103-167…

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This item can be found on the following maps: Hellenistic states [German version] [1] City in Cataonia This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Coloniae | Education / Culture (Κόμανα; Kómana). City in  Cataonia (Str. 12,2,3), Hittite Kummanni; temple state of the goddess Ma-Enyo (Artemis Tauropolios;  Enyo; Roman  Bellona). Bishopric as early as the Severian period (2nd/3rd cents AD); today's Şar. Strobel, Karl (Klagenfurt) Bibliography W. Ruge, s.v. Komana, RE 11, 1127f. Hild/Restle, 208f. [German version] [2] C. Pontica This item can be found on the foll…

[German version] A. Roman period Roman double province (after Diocletian, 284-305, only Bithynia) with  Nicomedia as its capital. In 74 BC the death of Nicomedes IV [2;7]; M. Iunius Iuncus, proconsul Asiae, is given the task of securing the kingdom as a Roman province; in the autumn of 74 the province of Bithynia is conferred upon the incumbent consul M.  Aurelius Cotta and Asia and B. established as a unitary customs zone (SEG 39, 1180 = AE 1989, 681 [1;4]). The 3rd Mithridatic war began in early 73 [2; 4; 7; 8]; Mithridates VI occupied B., where in the winter of 73/72  Lucullus forced him to take flight to Pontus, whence he had to flee in 71. In 72 Amisus was captured; in 70, Heraclea Pontica, Tius, Amastris and Sinope. Mithridates VI returned in the autumn of 68. In 67 the Senate commission was unsuccessful in having Pontus established as a pro…

(Προυσίας/ Prousías). [German version] [1] P. I, the Lame King of Bithynia from 230 BC…

This item can be found on the following maps: Pontos Euxeinos | Byzantium | Christianity | | Coloniae | Commerce | Hellenistic states | Hellenistic states | Asia Minor | Limes | Natural catastrophes | Pergamum | Pompeius | Patricius | Rome | Rome (Νικομήδεια/ Nikomḗdeia, Latin Nicomedia). [German version] I. From the foundation to the death of Nicomedes IV Town at the northeast end of the gulf of Astacus or N., modern İzmit or Kocaeli. Founded and named by Nicomedes [2] I in 264/3 BC as the capital of the Bithynian kingdom (Memnon FGrH 434 F 12; Arr. FGrH 156 F 29; [1; 2. 269ff.]). The population for the new foundation was recruited through a planned synoikismós , and its location was determined by miraculous signs. The residence was turned into a splendid metropolis by its founder. An archaeological study of the town has not occurred so far. N. was occu…