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[German Version] I. Sources – II. Effects Balaam (Heb. בלעם, LXX Βαλααμ, var. Βαλαμ, son of Beor; on the name forms see HALAT). The name Balaam is associated with the following questions: 1. how do we explain the difference between the depiction of Balaam in Num 22–24 (incorruptible man of God's word) and Num 31 (a seducer of the people)? 2. Why does the non-Israelite Balaam speak in the name of YHWH, with …

[English Version] I. Religionswissenschaftlich, religionsgeschichtlich 1.  PhänomenologischDie christl.-abendländischen Konnotationen des durch die Forschung von außen an religionsgesch. Befunde herangetragenen Seelenbegriffs sind am weitesten auszuschließen, wenn man S. als Prinzip wahrnehmbarer oder kulturell für wahrnehmbar gehaltener Lebensäußerungen versteht, die allerdings selten unte…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies 1. Phenomenology Western, Christian connotations of the concept of the soul, imposed on the religio-historical evidence by outside studies, must be generally excluded if the soul is understood as the principle of manifestations of life that are perceptible (or culturally considered to be perceptible), although they are rarely categorized under a common umbrella term. It is therefore reasonable to speak of a multiplicity of souls – for example four among the Ob-Ugrians (Hasenfratz, Einführung, 38–41), five among the Proto-Germanic peoples ( ibid., 82–85); texts from India often count five “souls”: the power of breath ( prāṇa), the power of speech ( vāc), the power of sight ( cakṣus), the power of hearing ( śrotra), and the power of thought ( manas); collectively these are usually called prāṇa ( ibid., 94): the blood soul, the breath soul, the shadow soul, the name soul – or, with Hasenfratz, functional classes like the ego soul, the vital soul, the outwa…