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[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Achaeans, Achaea (Ἀβία; Abía). Coastal town in eastern  Messenia (Plin. HN 4,22; Ptol. 3,14,31), the modern Palaiochora, 6 km south of Kalamata. Its equation with Ἱρή (Hire), one of the seven towns mentioned in Hom. Il. 9,150, is questionable.  Perioikoi-polis of Sparta, from 338 BC controlled by  Messene, with the exception of 183-146 BC, when A. was an independent member of the  Achaean Confederacy (Pol. 23,17); sanctuaries of  Heracles and  Asc…

[German version] Gaulish people who are only mentioned in Caes. B Gall. 7,68,1 and Str. 4,2,3. Capital Alesia ( oppidum Mandubiorum). Their territory is probably identical to the modern region of Auxois ( pagus Alisiensis in the Middle Ages). In Roman times the M. appear to have merged with the Haedui people. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography P.-M. Duval, Chronique gallo-romaine, in: REA 61, 1959, 368-370.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Colonization | Pilgrimage Town in Gallia Narbonensis, the modern Arles. Originally called Theline by the Greeks (Avien. 689ff. – Phocian foundation?), the town had a Celto-Ligurian name (It. Ant. 299,4; Plin. HN 3,36). Settled from the 6th cent. BC; A’s shipping trade was severely hampered by the silting-up of the Rhône delta, but enjoyed a marked resurgence thanks to the canals built by→ Marius …

[German version] (Garunna, Γαρούνας / Garoúnas). One of the main rivers of Gaul (Tib. 1,7,11), the modern Garonne and Gironde, the boundary between the Gauls and the Aquitanians (Caes. Gall. 1,1,1; 5; 7; Str. 4,1,1; 2,1f.; 3,3; 5,2; Mela 3,20f.; Plin. HN 4,105; Amm. Marc. 15,11,2). According to Str. 4,2,1 navigable over more than 370 km. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography R. Boudet (ed.), Les Celtes, la Garonne et les Pays aquitains, 1992 Y. Roman, Les Celtes, les sources antiques et la Garonne, in: Aquitania 12, 1994, 213-219 H. Sion, Carte archéologique de la Gaule. 33/1 (Gi…

[German version] (Μάκιστον, -ος; Mákiston, - os). Settlement in Triphylia (western Peloponnese) on the southern foot of Mount Kaiapha, on whose territory was the sanctuary of ‘Samian’ Poseidon [1. 37-42] on the western tip of the mountain range as well as other sanctuaries along the Minthe range (modern Alvena) and in the coastal plain south of Mount Kaiapha. In around 400 BC, Xenophon still refers to M. as an existing city (Xen. An. 7,4,16; Xen. Hell. 3,2,25; 30); later, all knowledge of it is lost, …

[German version] (Κρομμυών or Κρεμμυών). Fortified port in the East of Corinthian territory on the Saronian Gulf south of the  Gerania mountains, 120 stadia ( c. 21 km) from  Corinth (Thuc. 4,45,1), probably near modern Hagios Theodori. According to legend Theseus killed the Crommyonian sow there. In the Classical period Crommyon was fortified. Evidence: Scyl. 55; Str. 8,6,22; Paus. 2,1,3; Xen. Hell. 4,4,13; 5,19; Steph. Byz. s.v. Κrommyon; Hierocles, Synekdemos 645,14. Epigraphy: IG IV 195f. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] Town of the Senones on an island in the Sequana river (Seine). Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,2; 6; 60,1; 61,5) uses two forms: Meclodunum (‘fortress of Metlos’) and Metlosedum (‘residence of Metlos’ = ‘reaper’); modern Melun. Metlosedum is probably the Celtic form and Meclodunum the Latin form. At M. a bridge crossed the Sequana (Caes. B Gall. 7,58,5). Sources: It. Ant. 383; Tab. Peut. 2,4. Inscriptions: CIL XIII 3010. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] (Παῖον; Paîon). Small town with well-preserved acropolis wall in western Arcadia in the spring- and vegetation-rich dale lying across the Ladon and Erymanthus valleys, modern Paleokastro, 400 m to the east of modern Neon Paos. In the early period P. was an independent polis (Hdt. 6,127), later it belonged to Cleitor and in the time of Pausanias (2nd century AD) it was desolate (8,23,9). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography F. Carinci, s.v. Arcadia, EAA 2. Suppl. vol. 1, 1994, 332  M. Jost, Villages de l'Arcadie antique, in: Ktema 11 (1986), 1990, 148f.  Jost, 45  Pritchet…

[German version] (Μεσάτις; Mesátis). One of three communities or regions from which the city of Patrae in Achaea was founded. M. had a cult of Dionysus. It was possibly the hilly country to the east and north of Patrae, at the modern Ano Sychaina-Voundeni (Paus. 7,18,4-6; 19,1; 21,14). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. D. Rizakis, Achaïe 1. Sources textuelles et histoire régionale (Meletemata 20), 1995, 164.

[German version] Tribe living in Gallia Lugdunensis between the Seine and the Loire, neighbours of the Senones (Str. 4,2,3; 4,3,4; Tib. 1,7,12; Ptol. 2,8,10). After fierce resistance, they were conquered by Caesar (Caes. B Gall. 2-8 passim; Plin. HN 4,107; Carnuti foederati). Their most important towns were Cenabum and Autricum. It was a Carnutan tradition for their  druids to annually hold court in a sacred location. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] Caesar (B. Gall. 5,53,6; 7,75,4; 8,31,4) means by A. (from the Celtic are-mori, along the sea) the coastal territories of the tribes between  Liger and  Sequana. According to Plin. HN 4,105,  Aquitania was formerly called A. Lafond, Yves (Bochum)

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Caesar | Christianity | Wine | | Gallia/Gaul | Commerce | Oppidum (Caes. B Gall. 6,3,4; 7,57f.; Λουκοτοκία; Loukotokía, Str. 4,3,5; Παρισίων Λουκοτεκία; Parisíōn Loukotekía, Ptol. 2,8,13; Luticia, It. Ant. 366,5f.; Luteci, Tab. Peut. 2,4). Settlement founded in c. 250-200 BC on an island in the Sequana (Seine), where a north-south trading route crosses the river, modern Paris. The river afforded natural protection while the nearby hill of Sainte-Geneviève enabled direct sur…

(Κεγχρεαί; Kenchreaí). [German version] [1] Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea This item can be found on the following maps: Christianity | Macedonia, Macedones Settlement en route from Argos to Tegea with graves of Argives fallen in the battle at the nearby Hysiae (according to Pausanias in 669/8 BC). C. was on the northern slope of Mount Ctenias opposite Hysiae on the southern side. Not exactly localizable, possibly near the modern Sta Nera, c. 3 km north-east of Achladokambos. The ‘Pyramid of C.’ at the exit of the valley further towards the north-east above t…

This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Grain Trade, Grain Import | Achaeans, Achaea | Macedonia, Macedones | Persian Wars (Σικυών; Sikyṓn). [German version] I. Site Port on the Gulf of Corinth, 26 km to the west of Corinth. Its territory was confined to the east by the river Nemea [2] (border with Corinth), to the west by the river Sythas (border with Pellene) (Paus. 7,27,12). S. was famous as early as Antiquity for the fertility of the valley and for the highlands of Neogene marl. In the Archaic and Classic…

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Theatre | Christianity | Coloniae | Gallia/Gaul | Punic Wars Town in  Gallia Narbonensis (cf. Liv. Ep. 67: 105 BC site of the Roman defeat in battle against the  Cimbri; Ptol. 2,10,8); the modern Orange. Shortly after 36 BC veterans of   legio II. founded the colonia Firma Iulia Secundanorum Arausio (CIL XII 3203), 7 km east of the  Rhodanus and south of the Aigues. 6th-cent. BC traces of the previous Celtic settlement lie 5 km to the south. A. was one of the main centres of the Cavares (Str. …

[German version] A people in Gallia Celtica, later Lugdunensis, between the Loire and the Seine, that was divided into four partial tribes (Caes. B Gall. 3,17; 7,75; Plin. HN 4,107; Ptol.Geog. 2,8): 1. The Cenomani who partly moved to Upper Italy (Liv. 5,35,1) and partly settled around Subdinum (today Le Mans) where they worshipped Mars Mullo [1. 343-348]. 2. The Diablintes/Diablinti, their main settlement was Noviodunum [2. 454-463; 3]. It was not Caesar but probably Ptolemy (Geog. 2,8,7) who cla…

[German version] (Λῆσσα; Lêssa). Village on the Argolian Acte on the border to Epidaurus, presumably near modern Ligurio, with Athena sanctuary. Literary evidence: Paus. 2,25,10; 26,1. Inscriptions: IG IV, 906-912; 1611. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography A. Frickenhaus, W. Müller, Aus der Argolis, in: MDAI(A) 36, 1911, 30 R. L. Scranton, The Pottery from the Pyramids, in: Hesperia 7, 1938, 537.

[German version] Tribe in  Gallia Lugdunensis (on the lower Loire) with the main town of Iuliomagus (modern Angers sur la Maine; Caes. B Gall. 2,35,3; 3,7,2; 7,4,6: Andes; Plin. HN 4,107 and Oros. 6,8,7: Andicavi). In the Gallic rebellion of AD 21 under the leadership of  Iulius Sacrovir, they were the first to fight, together with the  Turoni, but were soon overpowered (Tac. Ann. 3,41). Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliography M. Blanchard-Lemée et al., Recueil général des mosaïques de Gaule 2,4, 1991 M. Provost, Le Val de Loire dans l'Antiquité, 1993.

[German version] This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Achaeans, Achaea (Γερόνθραι; Gerónthrai). Spartan perioikoi town on the western edge of the Parnon above the Eurotas valley, later part of the league of the  Eleutherolakones, near modern Geraki, still inhabited in the Imperial period and thus even named in Hierocles (Synekdemos 647,9). Paus. 3,22,6f. mentions a temple of Ares with a grove, an agora with a fountain house and a temple of Apollo on the acropolis. Further evidence: Steph. Byz. s.v. Γεράνθραι; Geránthrai; IG V 1, 1110-1141. Lafond, Yves (Bochum) Bibliogr…

[German version] ( Elvii, Elvi or Ilvi, Caes. B Civ. 1,35; Ἑλουοί, Str. 4,2,1). Celtic tribe of people whose area (modern Dép. Ardèche) on the right bank of the Rhône in the north bordered on the Segusiavi, in the west on the Vellavii and Gabali and in the south on the Volcae Arecomici. The Cevennes separated them from the Arverni (Caes. B Gall. 7,8). In 52 BC in the war against Vercingetorix they were on the side of Caesar. In the new division of the province under Augustus they were attached to Aqui…