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(Ἰοφῶν; Iophôn) [German version] [1] Son of Peisistratus from his second marriage Son of  Peisistratus from his second marriage to the Argive Timonassa, the daughter of Gorgilus and widow of the  Cypselid Archinus of Ambracia. In contrast to his brother  Hegesistratus [1], only I.'s name has survived ([Aristot.] Ath. pol. 17,3; Plut. Cato maior 24,8; Hdt. 5,94f.). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography L. de Libero, Die Archaische Tyrannis, 1996, 88 Traill, PAA 537360. [German version] [2] Athenian tragedian, 5th cent. BC Athenian tragedian (TrGF I 22), a son of  Sophocl…

[German version] (Φερετίμα; Pheretíma). Queen of Cyrene, wife of Battus [3] III the Lame, mother of Arcesilaus [3] III. After Arcesilaus reclaimed royal rights and in about 518 BC was banished, P. fled to Euelthon in Salamis in Cyprus and demanded military assistance. After the reconquest of Cyrene by her son and his flight to Barke she ruled as queen with a seat on the council. After Arcesilaus' murder in Barke she avenged him, helped by the Egyptian satrap Aryandes, with a campaign against the ci…

(Ἀριστόμαχος; Aristómachos). [German version] [1] Great-grandson of Heracles Great-grandson of Hercules, son of Cleodaeus (Hdt. 6,52; Apollod. 2,171; Paus. 2,7,6). His attempt to conquer the Peloponnese failed because an oracle was misunderstood. He fell in the battle and the country was conquered by his sons Temenus, Cresphontes and (in the Spartan version) Aristodemus [1] (Hyg. Fab. 124. 137) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Columbus, OH) [German version] [2] Healing hero in Rhamnus Healing hero in Rhamnus. His sanctuary lies on a hill south-west of the Rhamnus Acropolis. He …

[German version] (Κυψελίδαι; Kypselídai). Dynasty of the Corinthian tyrant  Cypselus [2], who followed the  Bacchiadae around the mid 7th cent. BC. The rule of the C. (Cypselus,  Periander,  Psammetichus) was limited (probably post-event) by the Delphic oracle to Cypselus and his sons, and was supposed to end with the generation of his grandchildren (Hdt. 5,92e). According to Aristotle (Pol. 1315b 11ff.), the  tyrannis of the C. was the second longest lasting in Greece (73 1/2 years). He explains this long duration with Cypselus' popularity (cf. also Nicolaus of Dam…

(Βάττος; Báttos). [German version] [1] B.I. King of Cyrene, around 630 BC Son of Polymnestus, from the lineage of the Minyan Euphemus of Thera (Hdt. 4,150). Leader of the colonists and King of Cyrene (Hdt. 4,153,3; SEG 9,3: ἡγεμόνα ἀρχαγέταν καὶ βασιλέα). Around 630 BC, he first settled on the island of Platea, then on the Libyan coast, and finally in the town of  Cyrene after reaching an agreement with the local residents (Hdt. 4,153; 156; 158). There he reigned for 40 years according to Herodotus (4,159).…

(Παναίτιος; Panaítios). [German version] [1] Sicilian tyrant, about 700 BC P. of Leontini, established the first known tyrannis in Sicily around 700 BC. P. overthrew the ruling oligarchy, probably by inciting the people (Aristot. pol. 5,10,1310b 29; 5,12,1316a 37; Polyaen. 5,47). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 129; 593  T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks, 1948, 66-68  N. Luraghi, Tirannidi archaiche in Sicilia e Magna Grecia, 1994, 11-20. [German version] [2] Trierarch at Salamis In 480, at the battle of Salamis, P. …

(Κλεισθένης; Kleisthénōs). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Sicyon c. 600-570 BC Tyrant of Sicyon ( c. 600-570 BC), son of Aristonymus, from the family of Orthagoras, whose tyranny lasted about 100 years ( c. 665-565 BC.; Aristot. Pol. 1315b 11ff.; cf. Nicolaus of Damascus FGrH 90 F 61). During the war with Argus C. pursued an anti-Argive domestic ideology, including prohibition of the presentation of the Homeric epics because they favoured Argos. The Argive hero  Adrastus [1] was replaced by the Theban hero  Melanippus (Hdt. 5,6…

Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Cobet, Justus (Essen) I. General (CT) [German version] A. Introduction (CT) Homer sets his tale of the wrath of Achilles and the battle for Troy (T.) in a memorial landscape whose reality was entirely due to the epic and the history of its reception. Troy was placed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1998, 130 years after Heinrich Schliemann first appeared on the site (fig. 1). Whoever "henceforth" sails the Hellespont by ship will gaze at the funeral mounds of the heroes, visible from afar, as we read in the Iliad (7,85-91 with reference to Ajax) and the Ody…

(Αἰάκης; Aiákēs). [German version] [1] Father of the tyrants  Polycrates and  Syloson of Samos (6th cent BC) Father of the tyrants  Polycrates and  Syloson of Samos (Hdt. 3,39). His identification with A., son of Brychon, erector of a statue in the Heraeum, is doubtful. Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [German version] [2] Tyrant of  Samos (beginning of 5th cent, BC) Grandson of the foregoing, son of Syloson. Tyrant of  Samos and vassal of Darius (Hdt. 4,138). Deprived of his power in the Ionian rebellion, by order of the Persians he convinced several Samia…

[German version] (Λάαρχος; Láarchos; Hdt.: Λέαρχος; Léarchos). Son of Battus [2] II. of Cyrene. L. fought together with unnamed brothers over their succession against their brother Arcesilaus [2] II. of Cyrene. L. founded Barce, about 100 km to the west. At the same time he incited the Libyan tribes to rebel against Cyrene. He murdered Arcesilaus around 560/550 BC after the lat ter's defeat at Leucon in Libya and was probably murdered by Arcesilaus's wife Eryxo while attempting to become his successor (Hdt. 4,160). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei …

(Κύψελος; Kýpselos). [German version] [1] Son of Aepytus [2] Son of  Aepytus [2], ruler of Arcadia at the time when the Heraclids attempted to invade the Peloponnese once more. He gave his daughter Mesope in marriage to  Cresphontes, Heraclid and king of Messenia, and was thus spared the invasion (Paus. 4,3,6; 8,5,6). Frey, Alexandra (Basle) [German version] [2] Tyrant of Corinth, probably 657-627 BC Tyrant of Corinth (probably 657-627 BC), son of Eëtion. He followed the  Bacchiadae, a group of ruling aristocrats, and established the first  tyrannis in Greec…

(Θρασύβουλος/ Thrasýboulos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Miletus [2], ca. 600 BC Prýtanis or aisymnḗtēs, then tyrant (Aristot. Pol. 1305a 16-18) of Miletus [2], at the time of its greatest prosperity around the turn of the 7th to the 6th cent. BC; a contemporary of Thales (Diog. Laert. 1,27). According to Herodotus, T. was able to end a twelve-year war against the Lydian kings Sadyattes [2] and Alyattes (Hdt. 1,17-23; Polyaenus, Strat. 6,47) by a trick (Hdt. 1,22: pretended wealth), and to persuade Alyatte…

(Καλλίας; Kallías, Ion. Καλλίης; Kallíēs). Common Attic name from the 6th -- 4th cent. BC, especially in the rich priestly family (several dadouchoi) of the Ceryces, which was associated with the cult of Eleusis. C. appears there in alternation with  Hipponicus. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [German version] [1] Mythical son of the Heraclid Temenos Mythical son of the Heraclid  Temenus, king of Argos, and the brother of Agelaus, Eurypylus and  Hyrnetho. Since the king preferred Hyrnetho and her husband  Deiphontes to his sons, they had Temenus murder…

(Θεαγένης/ Theagénēs). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Megara, 7th cent. BC Tyrant of Megara [2] in the last quarter of the 7th cent. BC; he probably descended from a noble family and maintained hospitality with aristocrats all over Greece. According to a later tradition, when he seized power, he is said to have won the people's confidence in his fight against the city's landowners (by slaughtering their flocks: Aristot. Pol. 5,1305a 21-26) and to have been granted a body guard by the assembly (Aristot. Rh.…

(Ἱππίας/ Hippías, Ion. Ἱππίης/ Hippíēs). …

(Ἀρκεσίλαος; Arkesílaos). [German version] [1] Arcesilaus I. King of Cyrene (beginning of 6th cent. BC) Son and successor of  Battus I as king of  Cyrene. R…

(Λέαινα; Léaina). [German version] [1] Hetaera of Aristogiton [1], 6th cent. BC Legendary hetaera of Aristogeiton [1]. After the murder of Hipparchus [1], Hippias [1] allegedly raped and killed her (Paus. 1,23,1f.; Plut. Mor. 505E; Ath. 596f; Cic. fr. 8,12 Merguet). In another version, she bit off her tongue while being tortured by Hippias so she would not betray her lover (Polyaenus, Strat. 8,45). A bronze lioness was supposedly erected to commemorate her. The name of the heroine (‘Lioness’) and the mor…

(Κινέας; Kinéas). [German version] [1] Of Konde, king of the Thessalians, offered military help to Hippias against the Spartans in 511 BC C. of Konde, king ( basileús) of the Thessalians, in 511 BC offered military help in the form of 1,000 Thessalian horsemen to the Athenian tyrant  Hippias [1] when he was threatened by the Spartans, and defeated them at Phalerum (Hdt. 5,63f.; [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 19,5).…

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(κορυνηφόροι; korynēphóroi, ‘mace-bearers’). [German version] [1] Bodyguards of Peistratus Bodyguards who were to protect Peisistratus against an alleged thre…

[German version] (Φύη; Phýē). Daughter of Socrates from the Paeania deme. As Peisistratus [4] attempted his second seizure of power in 546/5 BC, she was, on acount of her tall stature ( …

[German version] (Τῆλυς; Têlys). King or tyrant (Hdt. 5,44,47; Diod. Sic. 12,9,2) in proverbially rich Sybaris [4] c. 510 BC. Probably supported by the dêmos, he banished the 500 richest citizens of the city …

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[German version] (τυραννοκτονία/ tyrannoktonía; Latin tyrannicidium). Term coined in Hellenistic and Roman rhetoric, historiography and law (initially Greek, Diod. Sic. 16,14,1, Latin Sen. Controv. 4,7). The term goes back to the public veneration of the tyrannicides in Athens (Harmodius [1], Aristogiton [1]). Their deed quickly became a democratic topos (Thuc. 1,20; 6,53,3-6,54,1). Injustice, lawlessness and despotism (Pl. Plt. 291e; Pl. Resp. 9,571-586) justified tyrannicide (Pl. Prt. 322d) and the…

[German version] (Βαττιάδαι; Battiádai). Designation for the dynasty of Cyrene that lasted for eight generations; four kings by the name of  Battus alternated with four others by the name of  Arcesilaus (Hdt. 4,159). The eponym is Battus I (since c. 630 in Cyrene). The king's privileges mentioned by Herodotus (4,161) are unusual. Since  Arcesilaus II ( c. 560), we find the typical aristocratic divisions in Cyrene which led to tyrannis in Greek cities of that time. The successors either tried to dominate or pushed for agreement. In order to stay in power, the king…

(Τελέστης; Teléstēs). [German version] [1] Last king of Corinth According to a list of kings in Diod. 7,9,2-5, T. was the last king of Corinth. The name's apt meaning ( …

(Προκλῆς/ Proklês). [German version] [1] Legendary Spartan king The legendary Spartan king. P. was considered to be a son of Aristodemus [1] - and hence a direct descendant of Heracles [1] - and the ancestor of the Eurypontids, named after Eurypon, his son (Hdt. 8,131) or grandson (Plut. Lycurgus 1). As late as the 5th cent. BC, P. and his twin brother Eurysthenes [1] and not, e.g., Lycurgus [4], appear in Hellanicus (FGrH 4 F 116) as the framers of the Spartan constitution. Ephorus (FGrH 70 F 117) also…

(Ἵππαρχος; Hípparchos). [German version] [1] Second son of Peisistratus, around 530 BC Second son of  Peisistratus and an Athenian woman. T…

[German version] (Φάλαρις; Phálaris). Tyrant of Acragas, son of Leodamas of Rhodes; ruled the city, which was founded c. 580 BC, from c. 570-555 BC. Aristotle (Pol. 5,10, 1310b 28) counts him among those tyrants who achieved power by virtue of their high official status ( ek tōn timôn). Elsewhere (Aristot. Rh. 2,20,1393b 5-8), Aristotle cites a fable of Stesichorus, according to which P. first held the office of a strateg…

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[German version] (Μίκυθος; Míkythos). Son of Chirus, from the house of the tyrant Anaxilaus [1] of Rhegium. For nine years after Anaxilaus' death around 476 BC he was governor (ἐπίτροπος; epítropos) of Rhegium for his sons who were not legally of age (Hdt. 7, 170; Iust. 4,2,5; Diod. 11,48ff.). M. helped the people of Tarentum against the tribes of the Iapyges but suffered huge losses to his army. Probably after an intervention of Hieron [1] of Syracuse he handed over control to Anaxilaus' sons and went to Tegea in Arcadia. F…

(Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs). [German version] [1] Father of Peisistratus, from Brauron Father of  Peisistratus. H. is presumed to have come from Brauron, the later deme of Philaidai, and traced his ancestry back to Neleus (Hdt. 1,59; 5,65; Plut. Solon 10; 30). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography Traill, PAA 538385. [German version] [2] Son of Megacles from Athens, approx. 6th cent. BC Son of the Alcmaeonid ( Alcmaeonids)  Megacles from Athens, born around 560 BC, H. was the brother of Cleisthenes, the father of  Megacles and Agariste [2] and thus th…

[German version] (Περίανδρος/ Períandros, Lat. Periander). Around 655/627 BC, P. succeeded his father  Cypselus [2] as tyrant of Corinth. According to the summary records from a…

(Κινέας). [English version] [1] aus Konde, König der Thessaler, unterstützte 511 v. Chr. Hippias gegen die Spartaner militärisch K. aus Konde, König ( basileús) der Thessaler, bot 511 v.Chr. dem von den Spartanern bedrohten athen. Tyrannen Hippias [1] mil. Unterstützung in Form von 1000 thessal. Reitern und schlug die Spartaner bei Phaleron (Hdt. 5,63f.; [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 19,5). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [English version] [2] Thessaler (ca. 350-277 v. Chr.), Diplomat des Königs Pyrrhos, Kenner der röm. Aristokratie Der Thessaler K. (ca. 350-277 v.Chr.), Diplomat des…

[English version] (Μίκυθος). Sohn des Choiros, aus dem Hause des Tyrannen Anaxilaos [1] von Rhegion, war nach dessen Tod um 476 v.Chr. für dessen minderjährige Söhne neun Jahre Statthalter (ἐπίτροπος) von Rhegion (Hdt. 7, 170; Iust. 4,2,5; Diod. 11,48ff.). M. leistete den Tarentinern unter großen Verlusten Waffenh…

[English version] (Φύη). Tochter des Sokrates aus dem Demos Paiania. Sie wurde wegen ihrer großen Gestalt (ca. 1,80 m) bei der zweiten Machtergreifung des Peisistratos [4] 546/5 v.Chr. als Göttin Athene in Waffen gekleidet auf einem Wagen mitgeführt, zum Zeichen, daß die Göttin ihm den Weg weise (Hdt. 1,60; Aristot. Ath. pol. 14). Schon Herodot erzählt dies in Form einer Legende. In späteren Versionen wird Ph. zu einer thrakischen Kranzverkäuferin. Der Name Ph. ist auch für die Ehefrau des Hipparchos [1] überl. (Kleidemos FGrH 323 F 15).…

(Κύψελος). [English version] [1] Sohn des Aipytos Sohn des Aipytos [2], der über Arkadien herrscht, als die Herakleiden wieder versuchen, in die Peloponnes einzudringen. Er gibt dem Herakleiden und Messenerkönig Kresphontes seine Tochter Merope zur Frau und wird so vom Einfall verschont (Paus. 4,3,6; 8,5,6). Frey, Alexandra (Basel) [English version] [2] Tyrann von Korinth, wohl 657-627 v. Chr. Tyrann von Korinth (wohl 657-627 v.Chr.), Sohn des Eëtion. Er löste die Herrschaft der Bakchiadai, einer Gruppe herrschender Aristokraten, ab und etablierte die …

(Αἰάκης). [English version] [1] Vater des Tyrannen Polykrates von Samos (6. Jh. v. Chr.) Vater der Tyrannen Polykrates und Syloson von Samos (Hdt. 3,39). Seine Identität mit A., Sohn des Brychon, Stifter einer Statue im Heraion, ist zweifelhaft. Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) [English version] [2] Tyrann von …

(Προκλῆς). [English version] [1] Legendärer spartanischer König Legendärer spartanischer König. P. galt als Sohn des Aristodemos [1] - und somit als direkter Nachfahre des Herakles [1] - sowie als Stammvater der Eurypontidai - benannt nach seinem Sohn (Hdt. 8,131) oder Enkel (Plut. Lykurgos 1) Eurypon. Noch im 5. Jh. v. Chr. erscheinen bei Hellanikos (FGrH 4 F 116) P. und sein Zwillingsbruder Eurysthenes [1], nicht etwa Lykurgos [4], als Stifter der spartan. Verfassung. Ephoros (FGrH 70 F 117) schreibt…

(Βάττος). [English version] [1] B.I. König von Kyrene um 630 v. Chr. …

(Ἀρκεσίλαος). [English version] [1] A.I. König von Kyrene (Anf. 6. Jh. v.Chr.) Sohn und Nachfolger des Battos I. im Königsamt von Kyrene. Regierte Anf. des 6. Jh. v.Chr. für 16 Jahre (Hdt. 4,159).…

(Ἱπποκράτης). [English version] [1] Vater des Peisistratos, aus Brauron Vater des Peisistratos. H. stammte vermutlich aus Brauron, dem späteren Demos Philaidai, und führte seine Abstammung auf Neleus zurück (Hdt. 1,59; 5,65; Plut. Solon 10; 30).…

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[English version] (Κυψελίδαι). Geschlecht des korinth. Tyrannen Kypselos [2], das die Herrschaft der Bakchiadai um die Mitte des 7. Jh.v.Chr. ablöste. Die Regierung der K. (Kypselos, Periandros, Psammetichos) wurde vom delphischen Orakel (wohl im nachhinein) auf Kypselos und seine Söhne begrenzt; sie sollte in der Enkelgeneration enden (Hdt. 5,92e). Nach Aristoteles (pol. 1315b 11ff.) war die Tyrannis der K. die zweitlängste in Griechenland (73 1/2 J.). Er begründet diese Dauer mit der Volkstümlichkeit des Kypselos (vgl. auch N…

(Ἱππίας, ion. Ἱππίης). [English version] [1] Ältester Sohn des Peisistratos, Erbe des Vaters 528/7 v. Chr. Ältester Sohn des Peisistratos aus dessen erster Ehe mit einer Athenerin. Gemeinsam mit den Brüdern Hipparchos [1] und Thessalos trat er 528/7 v.Chr. das Erbe des Vaters an und führte dessen gemäßigte Politik fort (Thuk. 6,54-55; [Aristot.] Ath. pol. 18,1), z.B. als Archon im J. 526/7. Als aber Hipparchos beim Panathenäenfest von 514 ermordet wurde, entwaffnete H. das Volk, ließ foltern, morden und schickt…

(Ἀριστόμαχος). [English version] [1] Urenkel des Herakles Urenkel des Herakles, Sohn des Kleodaios (Hdt. 6,52; Apollod. 2,171; Paus. 2,7,6). Sein Versuch, die Peloponnes zu erobern, scheiterte an einem falsch verstandenen Orakel. Er fiel in der Schlacht; seine Söhne Temenos, Kresphontes und (in spartanischer Version) Aristodemos [1] eroberten das Land (Hyg. fab. 124. 137) [1]. Graf, Fritz (Princeton) [English version] [2] Heilheros in Rhamnus Heilheros in Rhamnus. Sein Heiligtum liegt südwestl. der Akropolis von Rhamnus auf einem Hügel. Er heißt auch einfach hḗrōs iatrós, wi…

[English version] (Βαττιάδαι). Bezeichnung für die acht Generationen umfassende Dynastie von Kyrene; vier Könige mit Namen Battos alternieren mit vier namens Arkesilaos (Hdt. 4,159). Der Eponym ist Battos I. (seit ca. 630 in Kyrene). Ungewöhnlich sind die von Herodot (4,161) erwähnten Privilegien des Königs. Seit Arkesilaos II. (ca. 560) zeigen sich in Kyrene die typischen aristokratischen Parteiungen, die in den griech. Städten jener Zeit zur Tyrannis führen. Das Verhalten der Nachfolger wechselt…

(κορυνηφόροι, “Keulenträger”). [English version] [1] Leibwache des Peisistratos Leibwache, die dem Peisistratos zum Schutz vor angeblicher Bedrohung durch seine Gegner vom athenischen Volk gewährt wurde. Er nutzte sie, um die Akropolis zu besetzen (Hdt. 1,59). Solon habe das S…

(Παναίτιος). [English version] [1] Sizilischer Tyrann um 700 v. Chr. P. von Leontinoi, errichtete um 700 v.Chr. die erste bekannte Tyrannis auf Sizilien. P. stürzte die herrschende Oligarchie wahrscheinlich durch Motivierung des Volkes (Aristot. pol. 5,10,1310b 29; 5,12,1316a 37; Polyain. 5,47). Patzek, Barbara (Wiesbaden) Bibliography H. Berve, Die Tyrannis bei den Griechen, 1967, 129; 593  T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks, 1948, 66-68  N. Luraghi, Tirannidi archaiche in Sicilia e Magna Grecia, 1994, 11-20. [English version] [2] Trierarch bei Salamis Befehligte 480 v.Ch…

(Καλλίας, ion. Καλλίης). Verbreiteter att. Name im 6.-4. Jh.v.Chr., bes. in der reichen, mit dem Kult von Eleusis verbundenen Priesterfamilie (mehrere Daduchoi) der Kerykes, wo K. im Wechsel mit Hipponikos erscheint. Meier, Mischa (Bielefeld) [English version] [1] myth. Sohn des Herakleiden Temenos Mythischer Sohn des Herakleiden Temenos, des Königs von Argos, und Bruder des Agelaos, Eurypylos un…