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Phocylides
(409 words)
(Φωκυλίδης/
Phōkylídēs). [German version] [1] Poet from Miletus, c. 540 BC Greek poet from Miletus (Phryn. 336, p. 463 R.; Suda) who wrote hexameters and elegiac
gnomai (gnome; elegiac: Athen. 632d; both: Suda φ 643),
c. 540 BC (Suda). The Γνῶμαι/
Gnômai, aphorisms, are ascribed to P. by many authors (e.g. Plato, Aristotle, Cicero, Strabo, Dion [I 3] Chrysostomus, Athenaeus, Clement of Alexandria). They begin (as do those of Demodocus [2] of Lerus) with καὶ τόδε Φωκυλίδου/
kai tóde Phōkulídou, 'P. says this, too'). They are written in hexameters (from one to eight verses…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Jerusalem
(2,389 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Syria | Dead Sea (textual finds) | Caesar | Christianity | Zenobia | Coloniae | Alexander | Commerce | Hasmonaeans | Legio | Limes | Mesopotamia | Natural catastrophes | Phoenicians, Poeni | Pilgrimage | Pompeius | Aegean Koine [German version] I. Name Hebrew
Y
rūšālēm, presumably ‘foundation of the (god) Šalēm’, in the Masoretic texts ( Masorah) always vocalized in the dual form
Y
rūšālayim; Greek Ἱερουσαλήμ, Ἰεροσόλυμα; Latin
Ierusalem, [
H]
ierosolyma), archaizing
Šālēm (Gn 14:18; Ps 76:3) or
Y
bōs (Judg 19:10-11; 1 Chr 11:4-5), und…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Fiscus Iudaicus
(230 words)
[German version] The special tax of two drachmas per person imposed on the Jewish population after the conquest of Jerusalem (AD 70) by Vespasianus (Jos. BI 7,218). The
fiscus iudaicus (
FI) replaced the half-shekel tax levied for the Jewish Temple and was regarded as a punitive measure as it was diverted to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus in Rome. Under Domitianus the
FI was collected rigourously as a measure for preventing conversions (Suet. Dom. 12,2) [3; 4; 7], but already under Nerva the collection was eased off [1; 4]. The levying of the
FI is attested until the mid 3rd cent. AD …
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Brill’s New Pauly
Libias
(209 words)
[German version] (Λιβιάς;
Libiás, Latin
Livias, also
Iulias). Town in the eastern Jordan valley, the Aramaic name of which is
bet ramta, and which, according to Jewish tradition, is to be identified with the biblical
bet haran (or
haram; Nm 32:36; Jos 13:27) (jTalmud Shevi 9,2 [38d]). The Christian traditions of Hier. and Eus. (Euseb. On. 48,13ff.; Βηθραμφθά,
Bēthramphthá) follow this. Even if this identification is not certain,
bet ramta is undoubtedly identical with the town mentioned by Jos. (BI 17,10,6)
Bētharámata (Βηθαράματα), where Herodes [1] the Great owned a palac…
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Manaemus
(193 words)
(Μανάημος;
Manáēmos). Greek form of the Hebrew proper name Menaḥem (‘the comforter), attested in the Old Testament (2 Kgs 15:14ff.) and in other Semitic languages. [German version] [1] Essenian, 1st cent. BC Essenian ( Essenes) (1st cent. BC), who foretold Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great that he would become king and that he would turn his back on godliness and and justice, and who predicted, in a second prophecy, the duration of his reign (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,10,5). Like M. [3], the son of Judas Galilaeus, he is identified with the scribe M. [1; 2]. Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] In…
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Simon
(1,722 words)
(Σίμων/
Símōn). [German version] [1] Sculptor in bronze from Aegina, c. 480-460 BC Sculptor in bronze from Aegina. S. participated with a horse and a charioteer in the votive offerings dedicated by Phormis at Olympia; accordingly, his period of artistic activity is around 480-460 BC. The base which belonged to it has been identified. A dog and an archer by S. (Plin. HN 34,90) probably formed a further group. Neudecker, Richard (Rome) Bibliography Overbeck, nos. 402, 437 M. Zuppa, s.v. S. 2, EAA 7, 1966, 315 F. Eckstein, Anathemata, 1969, 43-49 E. Walter-Karydi, Die äginetische Bi…
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Magic, Magi
(7,505 words)
I. Ancient Orient [German version] A. General The magic of the ancient Orient and of Egypt is based on a view of the world that runs counter to that of religion. In the world-view of magic, men, gods and demons are tied to each other and to the cosmos by sympathies and antipathies, whereas in the religious world view everything is created by the gods for their own purposes; the relations between men and the cosmos are the result of deliberate actions of the gods. In the practice of religion, however, b…
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Iosephus
(1,520 words)
(Ἰώσηπ(π)ος;
Iṓsēp(p)os, Ιώσηφ(ος);
Iṓsēph(os)). From Hebrew
yosep yosipyah ‘may God add (further children)’, a prevalent Jewish name in memory of the biblical patriarch Joseph (Gen. 35; 37-50), e.g. in the Herodian family. [German version] [1] Uncle and brother-in-law of Herod [1] the Gr. Uncle and brother-in-law of Herod [1] the Great (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,65; 81). He acted as his deputy for the duration of Herod's journey to M. Antonius [I 9] in 34 BC. He became involved in the intrigues surrounding Queen Mariamme, his wife Salome pr…
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Hecataeus
(1,551 words)
(Ἑκαταῖος;
Hekataîos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Cardia, 4th cent. BC Tyrant of Cardia, kept in office by Alexander [4] although Eumenes [1] made an effort to free the city (Plut. Eumenes 3). In the Lamian War, he supported Antipater [1] (Diod. Sic. 18,14,4). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) [German version] [2] Henchman of Alexander [4] the Gr., 4th cent. BC One of the hetairoi of Alexander [4], entrusted by him in 336 BC with the removal of Attalus [1], whom he murdered (Diod. Sic. 17,2,5; 5,2). Badian, Ernst (Cambridge, MA) Bibliography Berve 2, no. 292 (not identical with …
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Matthias
(132 words)
[German version] (Ματθίας/Matthías); variant of the proper name Mattathias, Hebr.
Mattityah, ‘gift of God’). Father of the historian Iosephus [4] Flavius, of whom little is known apart from his son's statements in his
vita (Jos. Vit. 1). He lived from AD 6 until after AD 70, since Iosephus reports on the fate of his parents during the Jewish War (Vit. 41; Jos. BI 5,13,1). M. was a member of the priestly clan of Yehoyarib (1 Chr 24,7) and his great-grandmother was presumably a daughter of Alexander [16] Iannaeus and therefore a Hasmonean (Vit. 1,4; critical [3], affirmative [2]). Wandrey, Iri…
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Tobiads
(397 words)
[German version] (from the Hebrew personal name
ṭōviyyȧh, Neh 2,10; Τωβιας/
Tōbias, LXX, cf. ὑιοὶ Τωβια/
hyioì Tōbia 'sons of Tobias', 2 Esr 17:62). The family of the T. played a leading economic and political role at the time of the second Temple (III) in Iudaea (Judah and Israel). Archeologically attested is Hyrcanus's fortress of Tyrus which was probably built on the ruins of the ancestral seat of the T. in present-day Irāq al-Amīr (Transjordan) [1]. The first historically traceable representative is known f…
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Pheroras
(228 words)
[German version] (Φερώρας;
Pherṓras). Youngest son of Antipater [4], born
c. 68 BC probably in Marissa (Idumaea), died
c. 5 BC. His first marriage was to a Hasmonaean princess (the sister of Mariamme [1] I, the first wife of his elder brother Herodes [1] I), his second was to a "slave girl" (Jos. BI 1,24,5; Jos. Ant. Iud. 16,7,3). P. was a close comrade-in-arms of his brother Herodes: on his commission he restored the fortress of Alexandreum to the north of Jericho (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,11,5; Jos. BI 1,16,3), acted …
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Ezechiel
(423 words)
[German version] [1] Prophet see Prophets Wandrey, Irina (Berlin) [German version] [2] Jud.-Hell. tragedian (Ἐζεκίηλος, Εζεκιῆλος;
Ezekíēlos, Ezekiêlos). Judaeo-Hellenistic tragedian, who probably lived in Alexandria (or see [5]). The draft of the
Exagōgḗ, the only known work of E., of which 5 fragments (269 trimeters) have been preserved, can be dated to the period between
c. 240 BC (
terminus post quem: origin of the Septuagint) and 100 BC (
terminus ante quem: evidence from Alexander [23] Polyhistor). The preserved verses (the most complete tragedy fragments af…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Mariamme
(392 words)
[German version] [1] Granddaughter of Aristobulus II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus II. (Hebrew
Mirjam; the form
Mariamne in Fr. Hebbel's drama is a corruption from later MSS). Granddaughter of Aristobulus [2] II. and Iohannes Hyrcanus [3] II. Born
c. 53/52 BC, M. was a celebrated beauty. Married to Herod ( Herodes [1]) the Great, she became involved in the intrigues and conflicts between Hasmoneans and Herodeans. In 29 Herod had her executed on suspicion of unfaithfulness based on the calumnies of his sister Salome (Jos. Ant. Iud. 15,218-236). Bringmann, Klaus (Frankfurt/Main) Bibliography A…
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Callirhoe
(335 words)
(Καλλιρ[ρ]όη;
Kallir(r)hóē, ‘the fair-flowing’). [German version] [1] Daughter of Oceanus Daughter of Oceanus, wife of Chrysaor [4], mother of Geryoneus (Hes. Theog. 351; 979ff.; Apollod. 2.106; Hyg. Fab. 151). She appears in the circle of Persephone (H. Hom. 5,419); also mentioned as wife of Manes or of Poseidon (Dion. Hal. Ant. 1.27.1; schol. Pind. O. 14.5). Zingg, Reto (Basle) [German version] [2] Daughter of Achelous Daughter of Achelous, wife of Alcmaeon [1], mother of Amphoterus and Acarnan (Apollod. 3.88ff.; Eur. Alcestis TGF fr. 79). Zingg, Reto (Basle) …
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Proselytes
(559 words)
[German version] (προσήλυτος/
prosḗlytos, 'one that has arrived (to join the group)'; Latin
proselytus). The first recorded use of the Greek term
prosḗlytos is in the Septuagint as a translation of the Biblical concept
gēr (a 'foreigner' resident in Israel and enjoying special legal status) [8. 40-45; 9. 51 ff.]. Towards the end of the epoch of the Second Temple (1st cent. AD),
prosḗlytos then chiefly refers to a convert to Judaism (Jos. Ap. 2,28) [4. 60 ff.], who enjoyed almost the same rights within the Jewish community as one born a Jew [1. 60-123]. Ac…
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