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Thibron
(355 words)
(Θίβρων/
Thíbrōn). [German version] [1] Spartan commander, around 400 BC Spartan, who inaugurated Sparta’s war against the Persians in the autumn of 400 BC, but only had command of a small force (Isoc. Or. 4,144), He had some successes only after he had taken on Cyrus’ [3] former mercenaries (about 5000-6000 men) (Xen. An. 7,6,1; 7,8,24; Xen. Hell. 3,1,4-6; Diod. Sic. 14,36,1-37,4). He then went to Caria on the instructions of the
éphoroi (Xen. Hell. 3,1,6-7), but was replaced in Ephesus by Dercylidas and punished in Sparta by being exiled be…
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Cinadon
(106 words)
[German version] (Κινάδων;
Kinádōn). In 398 BC, C. a
hypomeion (‘Inferior’), thus presumably the son of Spartan parents but without full citizens' rights, sought widespread support for a revolt to overthrow the ruling class of the Spartiatae, by approaching Helots, Neodamodes,
hypomeiones and Perioikoi. No details about his planned reforms are known. C. was betrayed, lured into a trap and killed after naming his fellow conspirators under torture. In Xenophon's version (Hell. 3,3,4-11), C. generalizes, exaggerating the tensions within Sparta. Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) Bib…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Mastigophoroi
(86 words)
[German version] (μαστιγοφόροι;
mastigophóroi, ‘whip-carriers’). In Sparta, young men (ἡβῶντες/
hēbṓntes), who assisted the
paidonómoi in the
agōgḗ of boys (Xen. Lac. 2,2). In Athens in 404 BC they were the infamous 300 policemen under the Thirty (
triákonta ; Aristot. Ath. Pol. 35,1). In Corcyra they were 425 guards in charge of prisoners (Thuc. 4,47,3). In Hellenistic Egypt they were servants to higher dignitaries, e.g. the
oikonómos, the representative of the king in the
nomoí (PTebtunis 121,58; cf. P CZ 80,4). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum)
Source:
Brill’s New Pauly
Sparta
(5,406 words)
This item can be found on the following maps: Sparta | Theatre | Christianity | Doric Migration | Dark Ages | Hellenistic states | Achaeans, Achaea | Colonization | Apollo | Macedonia, Macedones | Natural catastrophes | Persian Wars | Punic Wars | Athletes | Athenian League (Second) | Education / Culture (Σπάρτη/
Spártē, Doric Σπάρτα/
Spárta). I. Political history [German version] A. Archaic period City in Laconica on the middle reaches of the Eurotas; originally four villages (Cynosura [3], Limnae, Pitana/Pitane, Mesoa), which developed from settlements of D…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Stasippus
(114 words)
[German version] (Στάσιππος/
Stásippos). Leader of the pro-Spartan 'oligarchs' in Tegea (Xen. Hell. 6,4,18) who in the summer of 370 BC opposed annexation, instigated by anti-Spartan forces in Tegea, to a pan-Arcadian state, planned by 'democrats' in Mantinea. Initially successful in the disturbances unleashed by this [1. 505-507; 2. 105; 3. 74 f.], S. did not, however, have his defeated opponents prosecuted and, after the Mantineans intervened, he and his supporters were overcome, captured despite…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Phrourarchos
(158 words)
[German version] (φρούραρχος/
phroúrarchos). 'Commander' (
archós) of a 'guard' (
phrourá), commander of a garrison or fortress. In the Delian League the office involved performing both military and political functions. For example, after their intervention in Erythrae [2] in about 453/2 BC, the Athenians commissioned their
phrourarchos and their
epískopos [1] there to supervise the appointment of a new council. The
phrourarchos was to perform this duty every year from then on in cooperation with the local council that was stepping down (IG I3 14). The term is a…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Pinax
(1,125 words)
(πίναξ/
pínax, 'board, painted or inscribed tablet'; extended meaning, 'inscription, register'). [German version] [1] (Greek 'notice-board') Notice-board, board for announcements of all kinds (Hdt. 5,49,1; Plut. Theseus 1,1). Welwei, Karl-Wilhelm (Bochum) [German version] [2] Athenian register of citizens (
pínax ekklēsiastikós). At Athens, the register of citizens entitled to take part in the popular assembly (
ekklēsía ) (Dem. Or. 44,35). It was kept for the 139
dḗmoi (
dḗmos [2]) by the
dḗmarchos . After 338 BC, enrolment was conditional upon completion of service in the
ephēbe…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Lichas
(502 words)
(Λίχας;
Líchas). [German version] [1] Messenger of Hercules Herald of Hercules [1]; he brings Hercules the garment which Deianira, jealous of Iole, had painted with the blood of the centaur Nessus (Hes. Cat. fr. 25,20-25 M-W; Soph. Trach.; Bacchyl. 16; for possible precursors and variants, see [1]). The supposed love charm causes the death of Hercules, who, in his agony, smashes the innocent L. against a rock in the sea (Soph. Trach. 772ff.; Apollod. 2,7,7? corrupt text). Later sources (Ov. Met. 9,2…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Cleobulus
(335 words)
(Κλεόβουλος;
Kleóboulos). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Lindus, fl. 7th-6th cent. BC, poet…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Dekadarchia
(482 words)
(δεκαδαρχία;
dekadarchía). [German version] [1] Rule by ten c. 400 BC ‘Rule by ten’; commissions of ten men, used in 405/04 BC by the oligarchically inclined Spartan Lysander, especially in the former Athenian sphere of influence; according to Diodorus (14,13,1), besides
dekadarchia he also set up oligarchies, but according to Xenophon (Hell. 3,5,13; 6,3,8), Plutarch (Lys. 13) and Nepos (Lys. 1,4-2,1)
dekadarchia persisted ‘everywhere’. This is improbable, as Sparta had proclaimed freedom and autonomy as its goal in the war against Athens, and in Greek constitutional conceptions
d…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Peraia
(736 words)
[German version] (ἡ περαία;
hē peraía). Description of…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Praktor
(313 words)
(πράκτωρ/
práktōr, πρακτήρ/
praktḗr: Poll. 8,114, 'executor', 'manager', from
práttein, 'do'). [German version] I. Classical Period Greek official of a state executory authority, who, on instruction, recovered state claims, particularly fines. In Athens ten
práktores chosen by lot annually were in service. Informed by the authorized court magistrate of penalties imposed, they entered them in the list kept on the Acropolis when state debtors did not pay immediately (IG II…
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Naucleidas
(65 words)
[German version] (Ναυκλείδας/
Naukleídas). Spartiate, son of Polybiades; as an ephor, he accompanied king Pausanias to Athens in 403 BC, and supported his policy of reconciling the hostile sides in the civil war, in defiance of the intent of Lysander [1], who in revenge later accused him of debauchery (Xen. Hell. 2,4,35-36; Agatharchidas FGrH 86 F 11 = Athen. 12,550 d-e).…
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Brill’s New Pauly
Epaminondas
(1,037 words)
[German version] (Ἐπαμεινώνδας;
Epameinṓndas). Most important Theban commander of the 1st half of the 4th cent. BC. His year of birth has not been recorded. After instruction by the Pythagorean Lysis of Tarentum who lived in his father Polymis' house (Diod. Sic. 15,39,2; Plut. Mor. 583c; 585e; Paus. 9,13,1; Nep. Epaminondas 2,2), he was considered incorruptible and frugal as well as a great orator (Plut. Mor. 808e, 809a). Little is known about his political beginnings. The outline in Paus. 9,13,1-1…
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Brill’s New Pauly