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Lex Iulia et Papia

(204 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] To improve conjugal morals and to combat childlessness, Augustus, through the lex Iulia de maritandis ordinibus (18 BC), forbade marriages outside one's class and ordered through the lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9) that citizens of a marriageable age had a duty to marry, with unmarried people penalized by the forfeiture ( caducum ) of assets gifted to them in wills, and childless married people with the forfeiture of half of this; on the other hand, anyone who had children was accorded numerous privileges ( ius liberorum, ‘children's privilege’). Which regulations should…

Substitutio

(325 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law the appointment of a substitute heir ( substitutus), so as to avoid the danger that a will might become ineffective through the potential absence of the heir appointed by it (as a consequence of prior death or refusal; Succession, laws of III. D.). Instances of the modern-day persistence of substitutio vulgaris ('common substitution') are ' gemeine Substitutio' (§ 604 Austrian ABGB) and ' Ersatzerbeinsetzung' (§ 2096 German BGB). In the case of dependent minors of either sex, a Roman testator could prepare a second will settling the su…

Lex Voconia

(324 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] A law introduced by the people's tribune Q. Voconius Saxa in 169 BC, which barred testators of the 1st census class (minimum assets of 100,000 as, Gai. Inst. 2,274) from naming a female heir in their will; this did not affect the intestate law of succession of women but following the law ( Voconiana ratione) women also had the intestate law of succession withdrawn from them from the 3rd degree of kinship (Paulus, Sent. 4,8,20). At the same time, the lex Voconia (LV) limited the maximum amount of legacies to half the inheritance (Gai. Inst. 2,226). In practice, …

Inheritance, division of

(147 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] Greek law   datetai . In early Roman law, co-heirs formed a joint ownership community ercto non cito (‘without division undertaken’ [2]; each co-heir was authorized to dispose alone over estate property. The division occurred by consent or by the

Praeteritio

(171 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] ('passing-over'). According to Roman ius civile, all sui heredes (natural heirs) had to be mentioned in the will, either by being expressly appointed heirs or by being disinherited ( exheredatio ). Sons and postumi (posthumous children) of both genders could be effectively disinherited only when this done by name (nominatim), while for all…

Sui heredes

(263 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] ('house heirs') in Roman law were the offspring subject to the power of the testator who, on his death, immediately became independent ( sui iuris) (Gai. Inst. 3,2-5), i.e. children, grandchildren, whose father predeceased them, etc., the uxor in manu ('wife in the manus', i…

Abstentio

(134 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] According to Roman law sui heredes acquired the inheritance due to them on succession; if a suus had not yet outwardly shown that he wanted to keep the inheritance, the praetor permitted him to abstain from it ( se abstinere). In this case the suus was still the heres, but did not receive the inheritance and was not responsible for the debts of the estate; the next in line received the bonorum possessio. An extraneus did not need an abstentio; as he did not acquire the inheritance until he came into it, he could simply relinquish it, but also declare a disclaimer ( omittere). …

Exheredatio

(241 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] Disinheritance. Archaic Roman law allowed the appointment of an inheritor in a will probably only when there was no suus heres (family heir). Later, it became possible to appoint one among several   sui heredes as an heir and to disinherit the rest. In the historical era there were no limits on the disinheritance of sui, but this had to be expressly stated in the will. Sons had to be disinherited by name, other sui (wife ─ uxor in manu ─, grandchildren…

Cognatio

(162 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] According to Roman law, the kinship established by a blood relationship, which also applies to non-agnates; the degree was determined by the number of mediated procreations or births. The cognatio gained legal importance with the lex Cincia (204 BC): the cognati up to the 6th degree of relationship ( sobrini, great grandchildren from the same great-grandfather) …

Executor

(149 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In the mancipation will of Roman law ( Testament) the testator assigned his property by   mancipatio to a ‘purchaser of the family’ ( familiae emptor). The latter may possibly have acted as an executor in the archaic period but there is no reference to it in any of the sources [1. 108, 679; 3. 1014]. In Classical Roman law of the 1st-3rd cents. AD, execution of wills existed as a separate institution only in embryonic form: by   fideicommissum an heir or legatee might be obligated to release the estate or a portion of it to another party, or by instruction (  mandatum ) someone might be given the duty of executing the will. The executor was not established in law as a fully developed institution until late antiquity [2; 3. 1015-1016].…

Immiscere, se

(132 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] ( alicui rei, ‘to become involved in something’). A suus heres (immediate heir,  Succession, law of III A) could not effectively disclaim a legal or testamentary legacy according to  ius civile ( semel heres semper heres), but if he declared the disclaimer before the praetor, he was treated by the praetor as if he had not become the heir (  abstentio ). However, if he had once behaved outwardly like an heir ( se immiscere), he lost the  beneficium abstinendi. Se immiscere further designates the start of the discharge of other transactions. Only from the 4th cent. AD has se immiscere taken on the meaning of ‘to interfere without authority’ or ‘to commit punishable acts’ (differently [1]). Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography 1 A. Berger, s.v. I. se, RE 9, 1107-1112 2 Kaser, RPR I, 715.

Legatum

(797 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law, the legacy (from legare: ‘to pronounce a binding declaration of will’, lex ). The possibility of bequeathing someone property through testamentary disposition ( Will) to the detriment of the heir was acknowledged in the XII Tables (5,3). There were two main types: 1) By legatum per vindicationem (arranged by: Titio hominem Stichum do lego, ‘to Titius I give and bequeathe the slave Stichus’) the legatee acquired the ownership of the bequeathed object directly with the succession and was able to claim this object from the h…

Minimum share

(320 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] As wills passing over sons were not admissible in classical Greek law ( diathḗkē B.), the question of minimum share did not arise. Even in Roman law, however, a law of minimum share for close relatives developed only slowly. At the beginning of the development there was the right of mandatory heirs ( Succession, laws of III E) to invalidate the will entirely or receive at least a part of the estate in case they were passed over ( praeteritio ). Against disinheritance ( exheredatio ) the mandatory heirs were powerless. A true right of minimum share did exist for a patronus , who was always able to propose (even in the case of formal disinheritance) bonorum possessio contra tabulas (‘possession of assets contrary to the will’) for half of the estate of his freedman against anybody but his children [3]. From the 1st cent. BC, the idea of minimum share was realised by means of a

Vacantia bona

(169 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] An heirless estate ( Bona ). In the Republic, the members of the gens of a deceased person had a right of acquisition (Gai. Inst. 3,17); if they did not exercise it, anybody could take possession of the estate and obtain it by usucapio ('adverse possession') (Gai. Inst. 2,52-58). If in a will ( Testamentum ) an heir was appointed, but had become unavailable, the will and all its dispositions were ineffective. From the

Mortis causa capio

(120 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law, any ‘acquisition mortis causa ’not based on succession or legacy (Inheritance law III. H.): (1) gift mortis causa ( donatio ); what someone (2) received in fulfilment of a condition of a will or (3) on the condition that a third party (not the executing party) would die, or in exchange (4) for waiving an acquisition under inheritance law or (5) for an application for provisional safeguarding of an estate in favour of an unborn child (

Fideicommissum

(767 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] The fideicommissum (literally: ‘entrusted to faith’), which from the 2nd cent. BC (Ter. Andr. 290-298) appeared alongside the legatum (legacy), was a request of the testator to an heir or legatee to pass on the inheritance in part or total to a third party. Since a fideicommissum was not subject to the same restrictions as the civil law of succession, it was used to make a bequest to a person who would otherwise not be eligible to be an heir or to receive a legacy (non-citizens; women according to the lex Voconia,  Laws of succession III. D.; the unmarried and the chil…

Caducum

(180 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] The lex Papia Poppaea (AD 9), by economic pressure, indirectly forced marriage and the having of child…

Intestatus

(556 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] A person who died without leaving a valid testament. Under Roman ius civile the estate of the deceased firstly devolved upon the   sui heredes , or else upon the agnatic relatives of the next degree ( agnati proximi). According to the Law of the Twelve Tables (5th cent. AD), s ui became heredes in the case of succession, agnati only acquired property ( familia, XII 5.4) and became successors through   usucapio ; in classical Roman law (1st-3rd cent. AD) agnates became successors through   aditio hereditatis . From the 2nd cent. BC on, agnatic relatives in the female l…

Consanguinei

(66 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] Siblings with a common father ( uterini share the mother). According to Roman civil law consanguine sisters had a legal right of inheritance while agnatic relatives of a higher degree of relationship (aunts, nieces etc.) were excluded from intestate inheritance (Gai. Inst. 3,14; Inst. Iust. 3,2,3a).  Agnatio;  Succession, law of Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography H. L. W. Nelson, U. Manthe, Gai Institutiones III 1-87, 1992, 65f.

Decuma

(121 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)

Heredium

(146 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In the language of the XII Tables (7,3) the farmstead measuring two iugera (0.5 ha.; Plin. HN 19,4,50), consisting of a hortus (farm with garden, Paul Fest. 91,12 L.) and ager (agricultural land). Tradition has it that Romulus assigned to each citizen an inalienable heredium, which was passed on to the respective heir ( heres) (Varro Rust. 1,10,2); the XII Tables already allowed the entire property to be sold and inherited (6,1; 5,3), this therefore included the heredium. As a heredium was insufficient to sustain a large family with servants, Mommsen's assum…

Prodigus

(120 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] A prodigus ('spendthrift') was placed by the Twelve Tablets (7,4c) under the care ( cura) of their closest agnates ( agnatio ) who were to administer his wealth, so that their future right of inheritance (inheritance law III. C.; intestatus ) should not be at risk. In the classical law of the 1st-3rd cents. AD, a prodigus would be equated with a minor under the protection of a guardian ( tutela ); a cura p…

Aditio hereditatis

(76 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] According to Roman law a suus heres acquired the inheritance left to him without any further action on his part, but an extraneus only on accession ( aditio). The aditio could take place by formal declaration of accession ( cretio) or by informal exercise of the will to accept ( pro herede gestio).  Succession, law of III B;  Abstentio Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography…

Agnatio

(202 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law the relationship between persons who are under the manus or patria potestas of the same pater familias or would be if he were still alive (in other words were descended from him in a purely male line, not interrupted by emancipation, Gai. Inst. 1,156). Those persons subjected to this power, who on the death of their

Codicilli

(126 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] The last will and testament written down as an informal document. In a codicil, only individual instructions could be laid down, but not the appointment or removal of an heir. Codicils were valid as an amendment to a testament if their establishment was reserved in an earlier testament or confirmed in a later one (

Querela inofficiosi testamenti

(295 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] 'Complaint because of a testament contrary to duty'. If, according to Roman law, a next-of-kin of a testator was effectively disinherited (Succession, laws of, III. E) or bequeathed less than one quarter of his legal share of the inheritance (

Bonorum possessio

(105 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[German version] In Roman law of succession the right to possession of a bequest, granted by the praetor. The bonorum possessor was not the heir by ius civile ( heres), but in certain cases could defend himself against inheritance actions by the heir (Gai. Inst. 3,35ff.). According to whether the praetor's opinion as to succession was based on statute, on the will itself or on special circumstances, distinctions were made between bonorum possessio intestati, secundum tabulas and contra tabulas.  Bona;  Succession, law of Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography 1 H. Honsell, Th. Mayer…

Prodigus

(101 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Den p. (“Verschwender”) stellten die XII Tafeln (7,4c) unter die Pflegschaft ( cura) der nächsten Agnaten ( agnatio ), damit diese sein Vermögen verwalteten, so daß ihr künftiges Erbrecht (Erbrecht III. C.; intestatus ) nicht gefährdet wurde. Im klass. Recht des 1.-3. Jh. n. Chr. wurde der p. einem Minderjährigen, der unter …

Codicilli

(103 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)

Mortis causa capio

(111 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Im röm. Recht jeder ‘Erwerb von Todes wegen’, der nicht auf Erbfolge oder Vermächtnis beruhte (Erbrecht III. H.): (1) Schenkung von Todes wegen ( donatio ); was jemand (2) zur Erfüllung einer testamentarischen Bedingung oder (3) unter der Bedingung, daß ein Dritter (nicht der Leis…

Querela inofficiosi testamenti

(249 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] “Beschwerde wegen pflichtwidrigen Testaments”. War nach röm. Recht ein nächster Angehöriger des Erblassers wirksam enterbt (Erbrecht III. E.) oder zu weniger als einem Viertel seines gesetzlichen Erbteils (s. intestatus ) eingesetzt und hatte er dieses Viertel auch nicht durch Vermächtnis ( legatum , fideicommissum ) oder Schenkung auf den Todesfall ( donatio mortis causa ) erhalten, so konnte er mit der q.i.t. gegen den Testamentserben auf Aufhebung des Testaments vor den centumviri oder auf dem Wege der cognitio extra ordinem klagen. Die q.i.t. hatte Erfolg,…

Abstentio

(121 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Nach röm. Recht erwarben sui heredes die ihnen angefallene Erbschaft mit dem Erbfall; solange ein suus noch nicht äußerlich gezeigt hatte, daß er die Erbschaft behalten wollte, gestattete ihm der Prätor, sich ihrer zu enthalten ( se abstinere). In diesem Fall blieb der suus zwar heres, erhielt aber nicht die Erbschaft und ha…

Praeteritio

(149 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] (“Übergehung”). Nach röm. ius civile mußten alle sui heredes (Hauserben) im Testament erwähnt werden, indem sie entweder ausdrücklich als Erben eingesetzt oder enterbt ( exheredatio ) wurden. Söhne und

Intestatus

(456 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Ohne die Hinterlassung eines wirksamen Testaments Verstorbener. Der Nachlaß eines i. fiel nach röm. ius civile zuerst den sui heredes an, sonst den gradnächsten agnatischen Verwandten ( agnati proximi). Sui wurden nach den XII Tafeln (5. Jh. v.Chr.) mit dem Erbfall

Consanguinei

(54 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Geschwister mit gemeinsamem Vater ( uterini haben die Mutter gemeinsam). Nach röm. Zivilrecht hatten konsanguine Schwestern gesetzliches Erbrecht, während Agnatinnen höheren Verwandtschaftsgrades (Tanten, Nichten usw.) von der Intestaterbfolge ausgeschlossen waren (Gai. inst. 3,14; Inst. Iust. 3,2,3a).…

Caducum

(138 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Die lex Papia Poppaea (9 n.Chr.) erzwang mittelbar Eheschließung und Kindererzeugung, indem sie Unverheirateten die ganze, verheirateten Kinderlosen die halbe Erwerbsfähigkeit ( capacitas) für das ihnen erbrechtlich Zugewandte entzog; Ehegatten hatten untereinander nur für ein Zehntel capacitas (Decuma). Die Zuwendung fiel als c. (“verfallenes” Gut) an diejenigen im Testament genannten Männer, welche Kinder hatten, sonst (seit Caracalla stets) an die Staatskasse. Ebenfalls kaduzierten Zuwendungen, wenn ein Bedachter nach…

Cognatio

(136 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Nach röm. Recht die durch Blutsverwandtschaft begründete Verwandtschaft auch der Nichtagnaten; der Grad bestimmte sich durch die Zahl der vermittelnden Zeugungen oder Geburten. Die c. gewann seit der l. Cincia (204 v.Chr.) rechtliche Bedeutung: die cognati bis zum 6. Verwandtschaftsgrad ( sobrini, vom selben Urgroßvater abstammende Urenkel) waren vom Schenkungsverbot dieses Gesetzes ausgenommen. Die l. Furia (Anf. 2. Jh.v.Chr.) na…

Lex Iulia et Papia

(172 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)

Decuma

(116 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] (= decima sc. pars). Die lex Papia Poppaea (9 n.Chr.) beschränkte die Fähigkeit, aus dem Testament eines anderen etwas zu erwerben ( capacitas), für Ehegatten in manus-freier Ehe auf ein Zehntel des Nachlasses (mit Zuschlägen für Kinder); die in manus-Ehe lebende Frau war hierbei als sua heres ganz erwerbsfähig [2]. Die Beschränkung wurde 410 n.Chr. aufgehoben (Cod. Iust. 8,57,2). Außerhalb des Erbrechts findet sich der Zehnte als Gegenstand eines Gelübdes (Varro ling. 6,54; Dig. 50,12,2,2) und als Abgabe von Bodenerträgen von Provinzialland [1]. Caducum Manthe,…

Legatum

(652 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Im röm. Recht das Vermächtnis (von legare: “eine bindende Willenserklärung, lex , aussprechen”). Die Möglichkeit, jemandem durch letztwillige Verfügung (Testament) Gegenstände zu Lasten des Erben zuzuwenden, wurde in den XII Tafeln (5,3) anerkannt. Es gab zwei Hauptarten: 1) Durch l. per vindicationem (angeordnet durch: Titio hominem Stichum do lego, ‘dem Titius gebe und vermache ich den Sklaven Stichus’) erwarb der Legatar das Eigentum an der vermachten Sache unmittelbar mit dem Erbfall und konnte diese vom Erben mit der Klage des Eigentümers (

Immiscere, se

(117 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] ( alicui rei, “sich in etwas einlassen”). Ein suus heres (Hauserbe, Erbrecht III A) konnte eine gesetzliche oder testamentarische Erbschaft nicht wirksam nach ius civile ausschlagen ( semel heres semper heres), wurde aber, wenn er vor dem Prätor die Ausschlagung erklärte, von diesem so behandelt, als sei er nicht Erbe geworden ( abstentio ). Hatte er sich aber einmal äußerlich wie ein Erbe verhalten ( i.), so verlor er das beneficium abstinendi. Ferner bezeichnet i. den Beginn der Wahrnehmung sonstiger G…

Pflichtteil

(273 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)

Fideicommissum

(596 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Das seit dem 2. Jh. v.Chr. (Ter. Andr. 290-298) neben dem legatum (Vermächtnis) auftretende f. (wörtl.: “das der Treue Anvertraute”) war eine Bitte des Erblassers an einen Erben oder Vermächtnisnehmer, einem Dritten etwas aus der Erbschaft oder die ganze Erbschaft auszufolgen. Da ein f. den Beschränkungen des zivilen Erbrechts nicht unterlag, diente es dazu, jemandem etwas letztwillig zuzuwenden, der nicht Erbe sein oder ein Legat empfangen durfte (Nichtbürger; Frauen nach der lex Voconia, Erbrecht III D; Unverheiratete und Kinderlose nach der lex Papia, caducum ), oder dazu, die Legatsgrenze von drei Vierteln der Erbschaft nach der lex Falcidia ( legatum ) zu überschreiten. Die Bitte konnte innerhalb oder außerhalb des Testaments, vor allem in einem Intestatkodizill ( codicilli ) in beliebiger Form ausgesprochen werden. Das f. war nicht klagbar, nur nach…

Aditio hereditatis

(67 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Nach röm. Recht erwarb ein suus heres die ihm angefallene Erbschaft ohne sein weiteres Zutun, ein extraneus erst durch Antritt ( aditio). Die aditio konnte durch förmliche Antrittserklärung ( cretio) oder durch formlose Betätigung des Annahmewillens ( pro herede gestio) geschehen. Erbrecht III B; abstentio Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography 1 H. Honsell, Th. Mayer-Maly, W. Selb, Röm. Recht, 41987, 469 ff. 2 Kaser, RPR I, 715 ff.

Lex Voconia

(255 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Ein vom Volkstribun Q. Voconius Saxa 169 v.Chr. eingebrachtes Gesetz, das Erblassern der 1. Censusklasse (Mindestvermögen 100000 As, Gai. inst. 2,274) verbot, eine Frau im Testament zur Erbin einzusetzen; das Intestaterbrecht der Frauen blieb unberührt, doch wurde im Anschluß an das Gesetz ( Voconiana ratione) Fraue…

Agnatio

(173 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Im röm. Recht die Verwandtschaftsbeziehung zwischen den Personen, die unter der manus oder patria potestas desselben pater familias stehen oder stehen würden, falls dieser noch leben würde (also von diesem in rein männlicher und nicht durch Emanzipation unterbrochener Linie abstammten, Gai. inst. 1,156). Diejenigen Gewaltunterworfenen, die mit dem Tode ihres pater familias unmittelbar gewaltfrei ( sui iuris) wurden, bildeten den engeren Kreis der sui heredes ; eine bes. Gruppe der Agnaten waren die consanguinei

Heredium

(128 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] In der Sprache der XII Tafeln (7,3) das Bauerngut im Ausmaß von zwei iugera (0,5 ha; Plin. nat. 19,4,50), aus hortus (Bauernhof mit Garten, Paul. Fest. 91,12 L.) und ager (Ackerland) bestehend. Nach der Tradition hatte Romulus jedem Bürger ein unveräußerliches h. zugeteilt, welches jeweils dem Erben ( heres) zufiel (Varro rust. 1,10,2); die XII Tafeln erlaubten schon die Veräußerung und Vererbung der Gesamthabe (6,1; 5,3), damit auch des h. Da ein h. zur Ernährung einer Großfamilie mit Gesinde kaum ausreichte, leuchtet Mommsens Annahme [1] ein, das h. sei nur die …

Exheredatio

(190 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)

Ademptio legati

(48 words)

Author(s): Manthe, Ulrich (Passau)
[English version] Der Widerruf eines förmlichen Vermächtnisses, anfangs nur durch förmliche Erklärung ( non do; heres ne dato) im Testament, seit dem 2. Jh. n. Chr. auch durch formlose Willensbetätigung (z. B. Veräußerung des Objekts) möglich (Dig. 34,4). Legatum Manthe, Ulrich (Passau) Bibliography Kaser, RPR I, 755
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