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[German version] (Μαδάτης, Μαδέτης; Madátēs, Madétēs). Sheik of the Uxians ( Uxii) who roamed the mountain range between Susiane and Persis and controlled the road to Persepolis that leads over a pass. They were not subjects of the Persians, and supposedly even used to collect a road toll from them. Nevertheless, M. held a kind of office (in Curtius: praefectus) in the name of the Achaemenid imperial government. When M. refused in 330 BC to allow A…

[German version] ('he who is superior in knowledge', Hittite Warballawa, Assyrian Urballa). Luwian ruler of Tuwana (Greek Tyana), formerly Assyrian Tabal (in Cappadocia). Son of Muwaharanis (İVRIZ 2, [1. 327 f.]). W. was a contemporary of Tiglatpileser [2] III and Sargon [3] II of Assyria (second half of the 8th cent. BC). In the BOR inscription (Bor Stela, [1. 291, 294]) he describes himself as …

[German version] (Πιξώδαρος/ Pixṓdaros). Hecatomnid, brother of Maussolus and the ruling dynast Ada, whom he deposed. According to the trilingual inscription of Xanthus, he was satrap of Caria and, in the Aramaic version, also of Lycia (341-336 BC). From 336 until…

(Μύρσος; Mýrsos). [German version] [1] King from the dynasty of Heraclidae of Sardis King from the dynasty of Heraclidae of Sardis ; who is only of genealogical significance. However his name is of linguistic interest. Like that of his son and heir Myrsilus (Maeonian, i.e. Lydian: Candaules), it can probably be traced back to a Hattian *Mursil, cf. Mursili, the name of the Hittite king (Hdt. 1,7, but also Nicolaus FGrH 90 F 46f.). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Envoy of the Persian satrap, Oro…

[German version] [1] H., Hellenes (Ἑλλάς; Hellás, Ἕλληνες; Héllēnes). The Hellenes (Homeric Ἕλλανες, Ionic-Attic Ἕλληνες) were a tribe in southern Thessaly at the time of Homer, more precisely, or at the most, confined to the area around the river Spercheus, the country named Hellas (Ἑλλάς) after them, adjacent to the territory of Phthia (Hom. Il. 2,683f.; 9,395, 447, 478; 16,595; Hom. Od. 11,496). Ancient and modern speculation that the Hellenes had originally settled around  Dodona are based on the un…

(Μίδας/ Mídas). [German version] I. Historical King of Phrygia, son of Gordius [1]. Assyrian sources document him as Mit-ta-a, ‘king of the land…

(Περικλῆς; Periklês). [German version] [1] Athenian Politician Athenian politician. Will, Wolfgang (Bonn) [German version] A. Descent and early career …

(Κροῖσος; Kroîsos, Latin Croesus). [German version] A. Historic person Lydian king ( c. 560-547 BC), last of the Mermnad dynasty ( Mermnadae). The most important source remains  Herodotus' Lydian Logos (Hdt. 1,6-94), even though he preserved little that is Ancient Anatolian. C.'s mother was Carian ( Caria), that of his brother Pantaleon Ionian (Hdt. 1,92). A queen is never mentioned. …

(Σπιθριδάτης/ Spithridátēs, 'granted by heaven'). [German version] [1] Persian commander, 5th cent. BC Persian commander from a highly prominent family (X…

(Ἄτυς; Átys…

(Ἀρτεμισία; Artemisía) [German version] [1] Female ruler of Halicarnassus (around 480 BC) Daughter of Lygdamis; prior to 480 BC, took over the rulership of her city of birth,  Halicarnassus, and of a few islands; in 480 joined her ships to the fleet of Xerxes (Hdt. 7.99). Herodotus was related to her. He praised her courage in the battle of Salamis and emphasized her influence on Xerxes (Hdt. 8,68-69). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) [German version] [2] Queen of Greater Caria (353-351 BC) Sister and wife of  Maussollus and after his death, queen of the satrapal kingdom of Great…

(Νικοκλῆς; Nikoklês). [German version] [1] King of Salamis on Cyprus, from 374/373 B.C. King of Salamis on Cyprus, son and, from 374/373 BC, successor of Euagoras [1] I. (Diod. Sic. 15,47,8). N. died, probably together with Strato of Sidon, in the so-called Uprising of the Satraps, the main phase of which took place c. 362-360 B.C. Although N. continued the philhellenic policies of his father (Philhellenism), Hellenistic forms of sovereignty and way of life already announced themselves in N., since Isocrates…

(Πίνδαρος/ Píndaros). [German version] [1] Tyrant of Ephesus (c. 560 BC) Tyrant of Ephesus ( c. 560 BC), nephew of Croesus. When Croesus laid siege to Ephesus, P. is said to have advised fastening the gates and walls of the town to the columns of the Artemisium (Ephesus with map) with ropes. Croesus, bound by a vow to the shrine, spared the town and promised safety and freedom but forced P. to leave; his son was spared and his fortune left untouched (Hdt. 1,26; Polyaenus, Strat. 6,50; Ael. VH 3,26). Högemann, Peter (Tübingen) Bibliography U. Muss, Bauplastik des archaischen Artemisions, 1994, 26-2…

(Μανία; Manía). [German version] [1] Greek personification of madness Greek personification of madness. Cultic worship as Maníai (plural!) in the place of that name near Megalopolis. According to Paus. 8,34,1-3, Orestes went mad there (identification with Erinyes/Eumenides? Erinys). In the singular M. is found only in Quint. Smyrn. 5,451ff. for the rage o…

(Ξάνθος/ Xánthos). [German version] [1] Name of several figures in Greek mythology Name of several male figures in Greek mythology: 1) Son of Phaenops [2], who was killed by Diomedes [1] at the gates of Troy (Hom. Il. 5,152-158). 2) Son of Triopas and Oreasis. X. received a part of Lycia; from there, he settled the deserted island of Lesbos (Diod. Sic. 5,81,2; Hyg. Fab. 145). 3) One of the sons of Aegyptus, who is killed by Arcadia, daughter of Danaus (Hyg. Fab. 170). 4) A son of Niobe (Pherecydes FGrH 3 F 126). 5) King of Crete, who, according to a rare transmission, abducts …

(Ξενόφιλος/ Xenóphilos). [German version] …

(Ἡρακλείδης; Hērakleídēs). Famous persons: the politician and writer H. [19] Lembus, the philosopher H. [16] Ponticus the Younger, the doctor H. [27] of Tarentum. I. Political figures [German version] [1] Spokesman on behalf of Athens at the Persian court, end of 5th cent. BC H. of Clazomenae (cf. Pl. Ion 541d) was in the service of the Persians and probably called basileús for that reason. Thus, he was able to perform valuable services …