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[German Version] Screening tests, also called filtering tests, are diagnostically predictive tests, especially mass screening of defined population groups using the methods of molecular genetics, to identify the bearers of specific markers for or predispositions to a disease. The many potential applications of the resulting data – economic (working conditions, insurance), sociopolitical (criminal proceedings, preventive health policies), and psychological…

[German Version] In everyday speech, moralism denotes morally rigorous thinking which, firstly, tends to reduce moral judgments (Morals, Ethics) to the principles of abstract formal legalism, thus faili…

[German Version] Women’s studies flourished in the public sphere in the early 20th century but largely came to an end under National Socialism. Modern women’s studies developed in the early 1970s in the United States and Western Europe in the context of the New Feminism, primarily as a discipline studying the social and cultural evolution of the issue of women’s rights (Feminism and feminist theology: I), in service to the social emancipation of…

[German Version] (Jul 9, 1913, Strasbourg – Aug 7, 1982, Breitnau), head of the Birklehof secondary school at Hinterzarten between 1946 and 1956; head of the research center of the Evangelische Studiengemeinschaft (FEST; Protestant Student Fellowship) from 1968 to 1982; professor of the philosophy of religion at Heidelberg between 1965 and 1978. Influenced by the crisis experience of National Socialism and by the Platonic ideal of philosophical responsibility for the community, Picht took an activ…

[German Version] (Oct 27, 1904, Stuttgart – Jun 13, 1980, Tübingen), lawyer. The historical experience of National Socialism impressed on Raiser the need for active civil co-responsibility in democratic society. Therefore, as full professor and rector from 1945 to 1952 in Göttingen, and from 1955 to 1973 in Tübingen, and in many roles in academic and university politics, he took an ac…

[German Version] I. Dogmatics – II. Ethics – III. Philisophy – V. History – VI. Mission I. Dogmatics Freedom of religion, as general…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies In comparison with expiation (I), reconciliation is defined more specifically; as a rule, its goal is to restore a personal relationship undermined by guilt or sin. In reconciliation we are dealing with a category rooted in ¶ the Judeo-Christian tradition that cannot be translated readily into other contexts. In comparison with Western Christianity, the understanding of reconciliation in Judaism displays several distinctive features. As in Christianity, the concept of reconciliation is complementary to guilt, but it differs substantially in its ritual, juridical, religious, and ethical dimensions and develops quite specifi…

[German Version] I. Religious Studies Use of the Greek word σύμβολον/ sýmbolon in a sense relevant to religious studies is attested quite early in the history of European religions; Dio of Prusa (1st/2nd cent. ce), for example, used it in his speech on Phidias’s statue of Zeus in Olympia ( Oratio 12.59). In this context, the Greek term reflects the problem posed by images of the gods: what is intrinsically inaccessible to human vision (Vision/Intuition) is somehow to be represented visually. In religious studies, especially in the phenomenology of religion, the concept of sy…