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Mīrzā, second son of Bābur, and half-brother of Humāyūn; his mother was Gulruk̲h̲ Bēgam, and he was born in Kābul city about 1509. He was cleverer than Humāyūn and had a poetical turn, but he was cruel and vicious, and a restless schemer. He repeatedly rebelled against Humāyūn, who was at last compelled by his officers to make him innocuous by blinding him in the end of 1553. He went to Mecca in 1554 and died there in October 1557. The most interesting thing about him is the devotion of his wife, Māh Čīčak Bēgam Arg̲h̲ūn, daughter of S̲h̲āh Ḥasan of Sind. She insisted on going on board his vessel ¶ and …

, district in the Presidency Division of Bengal; area 2,143 sq. m.; pop. 1,372,274, of whom 713,152 are Muslims. The public offices are at Barhāmpūr, but the old capital is at Murs̲h̲idābād, which before Murs̲h̲id Kulī’s appointment was known as Mak̲h̲ṣūṣābād or Mak̲h̲sūdābād. The district is mainly agricultural, and produces much rice, jute, etc., and is famous for its mangoes. The silk industry was formerly of great importance, but has now much declined. The district played a very prominent pa…

, daughter of the Emperor Bābur, half-sister of Humāyūn, and aunt of Akbar. Her mother was. Dildār Begam, whose real name, apparently, was Ṣāliḥa Sulṭān, and who was daughter of Sulṭān Maḥmūd Mīrzā the ruler of Samarḳand. Gulbadan was born in the city of Kābul, and as in her charming Memoirs she tells us that she was eight years old when her father died, i. e. in the last week of December 1530, she must have been born in 929 (1523). She remained in Kābūl when her father went off to the conquest …

, wife of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān, and the lady for whom the Tād̲j̲ Maḥall [q. v.] was built. She was the daughter of Abu’l-Ḥasan Āṣaf Ḵh̲ān, who was Nūr Ḏj̲ahān’s brother. Her name was Ard̲j̲umand Bānū, the title Mumtāz Maḥall being conferred on her after S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān’s accession. She was his favourite wife and bore him fourteen children, seven of whom grew up. She was born in 1593, married in 1612, and died, at Burhānpūr in the Deccan, very shortly after the birth of a daughter in 1631. She was beautiful and amiabie, and S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān loved her tenderly. (H. Beveridge) Bibliography Ḵh̲wāfī Ḵh̲ān, Mun…

, the last king of the Mug̲h̲al (Mog̲h̲ul) dynasty. He was the lineal descendant of Tīmūr, as may be seen from the genealogical table in Blochmann’s translation of the Āʾīn-i Akbar. But there had been no king of Delhi who was possessed of real power since the death of Muḥammad S̲h̲āh in 1748. Bahādur S̲h̲āh’s full name was Abu ’l-Muẓaffar Sirād̲j̲ al-Dīn Muḥammad Bahādur S̲h̲āh, and he was the second son of Akbar S̲h̲āh II. He was born in October 1775 and succeeded to the title of King in September 1837. Bahādur S̲h̲āh, who was then over seventy years of age, joined the Mutineers in 1…

The old capital of Bengal, situated in the district of Mālda, Eastern Bengal and Assam, Lat. 24° 54′ N. Long. 88° 8′ E. It lies east of the Ganges, on a narrow and deserted channel of that river, and is twelve miles from the town of Mālda. The name Gaur is old, and according to Firis̲h̲ta it was founded many centuries ago by a Hindu named S̲h̲ankal. In later times it was known by the name of Lakhnawtī, an abridgement of Laks̲h̲maṇavatī, a name derived from the Hindu king of Bengal. It was captu…

, or Ḳabaḳandāzī, the gourdgame, the oriental form of the Popinjay. It was a sort of tilting at the ring, but the weapon was an arrow, and the archers were on horseback. A ring was shot through, but the mark was a pigeon or other bird set on a high mast. In Bābur’s time the mark was a duck (v. Bābur-nāma, Gibb Mem. i. and Mrs. Beveridge’s transl. i. 34, and P. de Courteille, i. 39). The game was much practised in Egypt (v. Quatremère, Hist, des Mamlouks, i. 243, note 118; also Dozy’s Supplément). It was also practised in India and Persia, (v. Akbarnūma, i., transl. p. 440; Vuller’s Lex., ii. 710). The g…

Pāds̲h̲āh. Full name Naṣīr al-Dīn Humāyūn, also styled Ḏj̲ahānbānī, and after his death, Ḏj̲annat Ās̲h̲iyāni (nesting in Paradise), eldest son of Bābur and Māham Bēgam, born Kābul citadel 6 March 1508, emperor of India end of December 1530, died at Dihlī by a fall down stairs from the roof of his library, 27 Jan. 1556; father of Akbar by Miryam Makānī, Ḥamīda Bānū. He was a good natured and generous prince, and inherited graceful manners from his father and from his mother who was of a Persian, …

(properly, Māldah or Māldaha), a district in Eastern Bengal and in the Rād̲j̲s̲h̲āhī Division of the Presidency of Bengal. Area 1,899 sq.m. Pop. in 1911, 1,004, 159, of whom 465,521 were Hindus, and 505,396 Muslims. In old times it was famous for its two capitals of Gaur [q. v.] or Lak̲h̲nawtī. and Pandua, where there are many ruins of the mosques and other buildings of the Muḥammadan kings of Bengal. (H. Beveridge) Bibliography Minhād̲j̲-i Sarād̲j̲, Ṭabaḳāt-i Nāṣirī, Raverty’s translation ( Bibl. Ind., 1881) G̲h̲ulām Ḥusain Salīm, Riyāḍ al-Salāṭīn (Bibl. Ind., text and translation) Moh…

, fourth son of Bābur, born early in 1519. His real name was Muḥammad Abu ’l-Nāṣir, but the name Hindāl “Taker of India” was bestowed upon him by his father who was then meditating the conquest of India. Hindāl’s mother was Dildār Begam, so that he was the full brother of Gulbadan Begam, the Memoirswriter. He proved unstable and foolish, rebelled against his elder brother Humāyūn, and had the faḳir Bahlūl brutally murdered in order to show his adherents that he would always be an irreconcilable …

I. Daughter-in-law of Tīmūr, of high rank and much esteemed by him. She was wife of Mīrān S̲h̲āh, and when he became mad, she went from Tibrīz to Samarḳand to report about him to her father-in-law on his return from India. She is mentioned by Clavigo and by S̲h̲araf al-dīn Yazdī. (See Dawlat Ḵh̲ān, ed. Browne, p. 440). II. Bābur’s full sister and five years his senior. She was with him in Samarḳand, and is said to have fallen in love with S̲h̲aibānī (see Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ, S̲h̲aibānī-nāma, ed. Vambéry). Bābur was obliged to allow the marriage in order to escape from Samarḳand. S̲h̲a…

, eldest son of Ḏj̲ahāngīr by the daughter of Rād̲j̲ā Bhagwān Dās, was born at Lahore in 1587. He was a favourite with his grandfather, Akbar, who perhaps wanted to make him his successor. He rebelled against his father in the first year of the latter’s reign, was defeated and imprisoned. He made a second conspiracy in Afg̲h̲ānistān, and this having been detected, he was, with one interval, kept in confinement for the rest of his life. He died at Asīrgarh near Burhānpūr in the Deccan in 1622, an…

, historian, author of the Rawḍat al-Ṣafāʾ (“Garden of Purity”). He was son of Burhān al-Dīn Ḵh̲āwand S̲h̲āh, native of Transoxiana, and, apparently, of Buk̲h̲ārā. He lived much in Herāt and died there on June 22, 1498, aged 66. His work is a universal history in seven volumes, beginning with the Creation and ending at the death of Sulṭān Ḥusain of Herāt in 1505. The last volume, however, is really the work of his grandson, Ḵh̲wāndāmīr [q. v.]. His work is not so interesting as his grandson’s Ḥabīb al-Siyar, for it is a compilation and wants the personal note. The style too is bomb…

, a district in eastern Afg̲h̲ānīstān. It is often referred to by Bābur, see W. Erskine’s translation of his “Memoirs”, p. 141 and P. de Courteille, i. 287. The name is fancifully connected with Lamech, the father of Noah. (H. Beveridge)

, poetical name of Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Muḥammad Ḵh̲ān. He adopted this name (meaning holy) because he was a native of Mas̲h̲had. He came to India in the 5th year of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān (1631—1632). There is a notice of him, with some extracts, in vol. i., p. 351, of the Bāds̲h̲āhnāma. He is highly praised by the author of the Amal-i Ṣāliḥ, who gives the couplets which Ḳudsī composed for the Peacock-throne (see also Bāds̲h̲āhnāma, i., part ii., p. 80). He wrote a poetical S̲h̲āhd̲j̲ahānnāma and a poem in praise of Kas̲h̲mīr. He died at Lahore in 1056 (1646). Rieu (ii. 684b) is mistaken in saying that he di…

, k̲h̲ān-k̲h̲ānān, whose name is also spelt Bairām, was the son of Saif ʿAlī Beg, and the fourth or fifth in descent from ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr Turkaman. ʿAlī S̲h̲ukr (cf. Bābur’s Memoirs, ed. Erskine, p. 30), belonged to the Bahārlū tribe. and held large possessions in Hamadān etc. His son or grandson S̲h̲īr ʿAlī, who seems also to be known as Pīr ʿAlī, was an officer of Ḏj̲ahān S̲h̲āh Barānī of the Black Sheep. When the dynasty of the Black Sheep was overthrown by Uzun Ḥasan, S̲h̲īr ʿAlī entered into the service of Aba Saʿīd, and w…

was commonly known as the Bēgam Ṣāḥib, and is also sometimes called Pāds̲h̲āh Bēgam. She was the eldest surviving child of S̲h̲āh Ḏj̲ahān, and was born in March 1614, probably at Ad̲j̲mīr. Her mother was the Ard̲j̲ūmand Bānū, or Mumtāz Maḥal or Mumtāz al-Zamānī the daughter of Āṣaf Ḵh̲an (No. II.) and niece of Nūr Ḏj̲ahān, for whom the Tāj Maḥal was built. Ḏj̲ahānārā was never married, and was distinguished for her beauty and accomplishments, and her affection for her father and ¶ for her brother and spiritual guide, Dārā S̲h̲ikōh. Both Bernier and Manucci have a good deal of…

, wife of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān, and the lady for whom the Tād̲j̲ Maḥall [ q.v. and hind. vii. Architecture] was built. She was the daughter of Abu ’l-Ḥasan Āṣaf K̲h̲ān, who was Nūr D̲j̲ahān’s brother. Her name was Ard̲j̲umand Bānū, the title Mumtāz Maḥall being conferred on her after S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān’s accession. She was his favourite wife and bore him fourteen children, seven of whom grew up. She was born in 1001/1593, married in 1021/1612, and died, at Burhānpūr in the Deccan, very shortly after the birth of a daug…

, muḥammad hās̲h̲im niẓām al-mulkī , historian; his title of K̲h̲wāfī K̲h̲ān was given him by Muḥammad S̲h̲āh and is derived from a family connection with K̲h̲wāf [ q.v.], a district of eastern Persia, famous for its distinguished men. He was a son of K̲h̲wād̲j̲a Mīr, a confidential servant of Murād Bak̲h̲s̲h̲, youngest son of S̲h̲āh D̲j̲ahān. The place and date of his birth are not known, but it seem probable that he was born in India, and a statement in his history (i, 739) implies that his birth took place about 1074/1664. The statemen…

, eldest son of the Mughal emperor Djahāngīr [ q.v.] by the daughter of Rād̲j̲ā Bhagwān Dās, was born at Lahore in 995/1587. He was a favourite with his grandfather, Akbar, who perhaps wanted to make him his successor. He rebelled against his father in the first year of the iatter’s reign (sc. in 1015/1606), was defeated and imprisoned. He made a second conspiracy in Afg̲h̲ānistān, and this having been detected, he was, with one interval, kept in confinement for the rest of his life. He died at Asīrgaŕh …