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Johne, Klaus-Peter (Berlin) I. To 1600 (CT) [German version] A. History and Social Development under Carolingian Rule to 918 (CT) The coronation of Charlemagne as emperor (800) laid the foundation for the medieval German empire. In a lengthy process, the German people evolved from those Germanic tribes that had remained settled during the great migration of the peoples, together with some foederati, Rome's former allies. Larger communities developed around many villae, still evident in some place names, particularly in the Rhineland, but settlements also develope…

[German version] A. Definition Demonology is the philosophical doctrine of the daímones ( Demons) ─ intermediate beings between gods and men ─ that the Platonic Academy first systematically developed subsequent to the problem posed by the Socratic daimónion (δαιμόνιον). Baltes, Matthias (Münster) [German version] B. Preplatonic It is not possible to reconstruct a systematic Pre-platonic demonology although later philosophers, e.g., Aetius (1,8,2), Aristoxenus (fr. 34), Aristotle (fr. 192 Rose) and Plutarch (De Is. et Os. 360e), believed th…

[German version] On 7 March 203 AD, five young Christians, including Perpetua and Felicitas, died in the amphitheatre of Carthage. The most important Latin account of martyrdom, the passio Sanctarum Perpetuae et Felicitatis, which was written a short time later, tells of their imprisonment and execution. Its heart is the journal P. kept in prison. It tells in simple, spirited language of the personal side of her passion, for example her concern for her child and the pain of her heathen father, for whom she feels pity. Her fear…

[German version] [1] High official of the late 4th/early 5th cents. AD Vicarius Hispaniarum AD 395-397, at the court of Mediolanium [1] (Milan) from 398; addressee, with his brother Patroinus, of numerous letters from Symmachus. He gained an unknown office in 401 ( comes rerum privatarum?). From 402-408, P. was praef. praet. per Gallias; while there, he introduced a convocation of the seven provinces, which met annually at Arelate (Arles) (Zos. Epist. 8 = MGH Epp 3, p. 14). He may have been recalled in connection with the usurpation of Constantine…

('winner, victor(ious)'). [German version] [1] Roman cognomen Roman cognomen, only attested from the mid-1st cent. BC (Cic. Att. 14,14,2), but from then one of the commonest bynames, and a name of choice. Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (Bochum) Bibliography Kajanto, Cognomina, 57; 72; 89; 96; 98; 278 H. Solin, Die stadtrömische Sklavennamen, 1996, 100 f. [German version] [2] Roman epithet for gods (Roman epithet for gods), see Hercules; Iuppiter; Mars; Tibur. Groß-Albenhausen, Kirsten (Frankfurt/Main) [German version] [3] Imperial title Roman Imperial title from the early 4th c…

[German version] Apart from the stories of the Passion of Christ in the Gospels, the Christian literature of martyrdom begins around the middle of the second century with two Greek missives by persecuted communities in Asia Minor and Gaul, the ‘Martyrdom of Polycarpus and the letter of the communities of Vienne and Lyons. Both letters describe the events from arrest to execution. Because of several parallels with Christ's Way of the Cross, the Martyrium Polycarpi elevates the death by burning of the bishop of Smyrna (AD 167/8?) to a perfect end in accordance with the …

[German version] [1] Roman jurist, c. 200 Roman jurist of the Severan Period (around AD 200), wrote Quaestiones ('Legal questions', 8 bks.) and the only monograph De castrensi peculio ('On the property of those in military service', 1 bk.) in the legal literature. Justinian's Digesta preserves only five fragments from the two works [1]. The identification, suggested by Euseb. Hist. eccl. 2,2,4, of this iuris antiqui interpres ('interpreter of the old law', Cod. Iust. 5,70,7,1a) with the legally proficient Church Father T. [2] is not inconceivable [2; 3]. Giaro, Tomasz (Frankfurt/Ma…